Elizabethan Era

1558–1603 Image File history File links Elizabeth_I_(Armada_Portrait). ... January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Preceded by	Tudor period
Followed by	Jacobean era
Monarch	Queen Elizabeth I

The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke away from England's past style of plays and theatre. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the Protestant Reformation became entrenched in the national mindset. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Not to be confused with Jacobinism or Jacobitism. ... Elizabeth I Queen of England and Ireland Queen of France, nominal title Elizabeth I (September 7, 1533–March 24, 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from November 17, 1558 until her death. ... Kings College Chapel outside view The Tudor style in English architecture is the final development of medieval architecture during the Tudor period (1485–1603) and even beyond, for conservative college patrons. ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ... January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... England is the largest and most populous of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. ... The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. ... The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S... Many regard William Shakespeare as the greatest English poet. ... Elizabethan theatre is a general term covering the plays written and performed publicly in England during the reign (1558 - 1603) of Queen Elizabeth I. The term can be used more broadly to also include theatre of Elizabeths immediate successors, James I and Charles I, until the closure of public... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... “Reformation” redirects here. ...

The Elizabethan Age is viewed so highly because of the contrasts with the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace between the English Reformation and the battles between Protestants and Catholics and the battles between parliament and the monarchy that would engulf the seventeenth century. The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement and parliament was still not strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. This box:      King Henry VIII of England. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I.This response was set out in two acts of parliament. ...

England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of foreign domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent, the centuries long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The one great rival was Spain, with which England conflicted both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. An attempt by Philip II of Spain to invade England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 was famously defeated, but the tide of war turned against England with a disastrously unsuccessful attack upon Spain, the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589. Thereafter Spain provided some support for Irish Catholics in a draining guerilla war against England and Spanish naval and land forces inflicted a series of defeats upon English forces. This badly damaged both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeth's prudent guidance. English colonisation and trade would be frustrated until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeth's death. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-08-08 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796, depicts the battle of Gravelines. ... Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II de Habsburgo; Portuguese: Filipe I) (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England (as husband of Mary I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen... For the modern navy of Spain, see Armada Española. ... The English Armada (also known as the Counter Armada, or The Drake-Norris Expedition, 1589) was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). ... The Somerset House Conference. ...

England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government, largely a result of the reforms of Henry VII and Henry VIII. Economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade. Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... “Henry VIII” redirects here. ...

Romance and reality

Elizabeth ushers in Peace and Plenty. Detail from The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, c.1572, attributed to Lucas de Heere.

The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era. The Encyclopædia Britannica still maintains that "The long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, was England's Golden Age...'Merry England,' in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture, and in adventurous seafaring."^[1] This idealizing tendency was shared by Britain and an Anglophilic America. (In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn.)^[2] Image File history File links Detail from the The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, c1572, attributed to Lucas de Heere. ... Image File history File links Detail from the The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, c1572, attributed to Lucas de Heere. ... “Henry VIII” redirects here. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... Lucas de Heere (1534-1584) was a Flemish portrait painter. ...

In response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers in post-imperial Europe have tended to take a far more literal-minded and dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period. The grinding poverty of the rural working class, which comprised 90% of the population, has also received more attention than in previous generations. The Elizabethan role in the slave trade and the repression of Catholic Ireland—notably the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years' War—have also drawn historians' attention. Despite the heights achieved during the era, the country was to descend into the English Civil War less than 40 years after the death of Elizabeth.

On balance, it can be said that Elizabeth provided the country with a long period of general if not total peace, and generally increasing prosperity. Having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Her fiscal restraint cleared the regime of debt by 1574, and ten years later the Crown enjoyed a surplus of £300,000.^[3] Economically, Sir Thomas Gresham's founding of the Royal Exchange (1565), the first stock exchange in England and one of the earliest in Europe, would prove to be a development of the first importance, for the economic development of England and soon for the world as a whole. With taxes lower than other European countries of the period, the economy expanded; though the wealth was distributed with wild unevenness, there was clearly more wealth to go around at the end of Elizabeth's reign than at the beginning.^[4] This general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that "Golden Age" advocates have stressed.^[5]

Both from an anachronistic modern perspective and from that of 19th-century Humanism, England in this era, had some positive aspects that set it apart from contemporaneous continental European societies. Torture was rare, since the English legal system reserved torture only for capital crimes like treason^[6]—though forms of corporal punishment, some of them extreme, were practised. The persecution of witches was also comparatively rare; while some persecutions did occur, they never reached the hysterical proportions that disfigured some European societies so severely in this period.^[7] The role of women in society was, for the historical era, relatively unconstrained; Spanish and Italian visitors to England commented regularly, and sometimes caustically, on the freedom that women enjoyed in England, in contrast to their home cultures.

Elizabeth's determination not to "look into the hearts" of her subjects, to moderate the religious persecutions of previous Tudor reigns—the persecution of Catholics under Henry VIII and Edward VI, and of Protestants under Mary—appears to have had a moderating effect on English society in general. While Elizabethan England has been characterised by one sceptic as a "brutal dictatorship,"^[8] it was, as brutal dictatorships go, one of the more benign.

Science, technology, exploration

Lacking a dominant genius or a formal structure for research (as the following century would have both Sir Isaac Newton and the Royal Society), the Elizabethan era nonetheless saw significant scientific progress. The astronomers Thomas Digges (1546–95) and Thomas Harriot (ca. 1560–1621) made important contributions; William Gilbert (1544–1603) published his seminal study of magnetism, De Magnete, in 1600. Substantial advancements were made in the fields of cartography and surveying. The eccentric but influential John Dee (1527–1608) also merits mention. Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... Thomas Digges (1546 – August 24, 1595) was an English astronomer, son of Leonard Digges, inventor of the theodolite, and great populariser of science. ... Thomas Harriot (ca. ... For other persons named William Gilbert, see William Gilbert (disambiguation). ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the American college basketball coach, see John Dee (basketball coach). ...

Much of this scientific and technological progress related to the practical skill of navigation. English achievements in exploration were noteworthy in the Elizabethan era. Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1540–96) circumnavigated the globe (1577–81), and Martin Frobisher (ca. 1535–94) explored the Arctic. The first attempt at English settlement of the Eastern seaboard of North America occurred in this era—the abortive colony at Roanoke Island (1587). This article is about the Elizabethan naval commander. ... Martin Frobisher by Cornelis Ketel. ... , Roanoke Island is an island in Dare County near the coast of North Carolina, United States. ... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

While Elizabethan England is not thought of as an age of technological innovation, some progress did occur. In 1564 one "Guilliam Boonen" came from the Netherlands to be Queen Elizabeth's first coach-builder—thus introducing the new European invention of the spring-suspension coach to England, as a replacement for the litters and carts of an earlier transportation mode. Coaches quickly became as fashionable as sports cars in a later century; social critics, especially Puritan commentators, noted the "diverse great ladies" who rode "up and down the countryside" in their new coaches.^[9] For the record label, see Puritan Records. ...

Fine arts

It has often been said that the Renaissance came late to England, in contrast to Italy and the other states of continental Europe; it is also a truism that the fine arts in England during the Tudor and Stuart eras were dominated by foreign and imported talent—from Hans Holbein the Younger under Henry VIII to Anthony van Dyck under Charles I. Yet within this general trend, a native school of painting was developing. In Elizabeth's reign, Nicholas Hilliard (ca. 1547–1619), the Queen's "limner and goldsmith," is the most widely recognized figure in this native development; but George Gower (1540–1596) has begun to attract greater notice and appreciation, as knowledge of him and his art and career has improved.^[10] A 1543 portrait miniature of Hans Holbein the Younger by Lucas Horenbout Holbeins 1533 painting The Ambassadors Hans Holbein the Younger (c. ... Self Portrait With a Sunflower Sir Anthony (Anton) van Dyck (22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish artist who became the leading court painter in England. ... Self-portrait, 1577. ... The Armada portrait of Elizabeth I by George Gower c 1588 George Gower, (born ca. ...

Sports and entertainment

Main article: Elizabethan leisure

There were many different types of Elizabethan sports and entertainment: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Feasts 

A large, elaborately prepared meal, usually for many persons and often accompanied by court entertainment. Often celebrated religious festivals

Banquets 

A ceremonial dinner honouring a particular guest

Fairs 

The Annual Summer Fair was often a bawdy affair

Plays 

Started as plays enacted in town squares followed by the actors using the courtyards of taverns or inns (referred to as Inn-yards) followed by the first theatres (great open air amphitheatres built in the same style as the Roman Coliseum) and then the introduction of indoor theatres called Playhouses

Mystery Plays 

Re-enactment of stories from the Bible

Festivals 

Celebrating Church festivals

Jousts / Tournaments 

A series of tilted matches between knights

Games and Sports 

Sports and games which included archery, bowling, cards, dice, hammer-throwing, quarter-staff contests, quoits, skittles and wrestling

Animal Sports 

Included Bear and Bull baiting, and Dog and Cock fighting

Hunting 

Sport followed by the nobility often using dogs

Hawking 

Sport followed by the nobility with hawks (otherwise known as falconry)

Bear-baiting in the 18th century, engraving, 1796. ...

Elizabethan festivals, holidays, and celebrations

A wedding feast, c.1569.

During the Elizabethan era, people looked forward to holidays because opportunities for leisure were limited, with time away from hard work being restricted to periods after church on Sundays. For the most part, leisure and festivities took place on a public church holy day. Every month had its own holiday, some of which are listed below: Image File history File links Hoefnagel_marriage. ... Image File history File links Hoefnagel_marriage. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ...

• The first Monday after Twelfth Night (any time between 7th and 14th) of January was Plough Monday. It celebrated returning to work after the Christmas celebrations and the New Year.
• February 2: Candlemas. Although often still very cold, Candlemas was celebrated as the first day of spring. All Christmas decorations were burned on this day, in candlelight and torchlight processions.
  February 14: Valentine's Day. Sending gifts to one another was a Pagan tradition ^{[citations needed]}, still carried on under a Christian guise. This was also a celebration based on the Roman Lupercalia.^{[citations needed]}
• Between March 3-9: Shrove Tuesday (known as Mardi Gras or Carnival on the Continent). On this day, apprentices were allowed to run amok in the city in mobs, wreaking havoc, because it supposedly cleansed the city of vices before Lent.
  The day after Shrove Tuesday was Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent when all were to abstain from eating and drinking certain things.
  March 24: Lady Day, or the feast of the Annunciation, the first of the Quarter Days on which rents and salaries were due and payable. The legal New Year when courts of law convened after a winter break, and it marked the supposed moment when the Angel Gabriel came to announce to the Virgin Mary that she would bear a child.
• April 1: All Fool's Day, or April Fool's Day. This was a day for tricks, jests, jokes, and a general day of the jester.
• May 1: May Day, celebrated as the first day of summer. This was one of the few Celtic festivals with no connection to Christianity, and patterned on Beltane. It featured crowning a May Queen, a Green Man and dancing around a maypole.
• June 21: Midsummer, (Christianized as the feast of St John the Baptist) and another Quarter Day.
• August 1: Lammastide, or Lammas Day. Traditionally, the first day of August, in which it was customary to bring a loaf of bread to the church.
• September 29: Michaelmas, another Quarter Day. Michaelmas celebrated the beginning of autumn, and St. Michael the Archangel.
• October 25: St. Crispin's Day. Bonfires, revels, and an elected 'King Crispin' were all featured in this celebration. Dramatized by Shakespeare's in Henry V.
  October 28: The Lord Mayor's Show, which still takes place today in London.
  October 31: Halloween. The beginning celebration of the days of the dead.
• November 1: All Saints' Day, followed by All Souls' Day.
  November 17: The anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession to the throne, celebrated for dozens of years after her death.
• December 24: The Twelve Days of Christmas started at sundown and lasted until Epiphany on January 6. Christmas was the last of the Quarter Days for the year.

Twelfth Night is a holiday in some branches of Christianity marking the coming of the Epiphany, concluding the Twelve Days of Christmas, and is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day... Plough Monday is the traditional start of the English agricultural year. ... For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ... Candlemas (Russian: Sretenie, Spanish: Candelaria) is a Christian feast commemorating the purification of the Virgin Mary and the presentation of the infant Jesus in the Temple. ... For other uses, see Valentines Day (disambiguation). ... The Lupercalia was an annual very ancient, possibly pre-Roman pastoral festival, held on February 15 to honour Faunus, god of fertility and forests. ... Pancakes with strawberry syrup and black currants Shrove Tuesday is the term used in the United Kingdom,[1] Ireland,[2] and Australia[3] to refer to the day after Shrove Monday (or the more old fashioned Collop Monday) and before Ash Wednesday (the liturgical season of Lent begins on Ash... For other uses, see Mardi Gras (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Cuaresma be merged into this article or section. ... In the Christian calendar, Lady Day is the Feast of the Annunciation (25 March) and the first of the four traditional Irish Quarter days and English quarter days. ... In British and Irish tradition, the quarter days were the four dates on which servants were hired, and rents and rates were due. ... — Mark Twain April Fools Day or All Fools Day is a notable day, though not of its own right a holiday, celebrated in many countries on April 1. ... May Day is May 1, and refers to any of several holidays celebrated on this day. ... This article is about the European people. ... This article is about the Gaelic holiday. ... May Queen is a term which has two distinct but related meanings. ... For other uses, see Green Man (disambiguation). ... Dancing around the maypole, in Ã…mmeberg, Sweden The maypole is a tall wooden pole (traditionally of hawthorn or birch), sometimes erected with several long coloured ribbons suspended from the top, festooned with flowers, draped in greenery and strapped with large circular wreaths, depending on local and regional variances. ... Midsummer may refer to the period of time centered upon the summer solstice and the diverse celebrations of it around the world, but more often refers to European celebrations that accompany the summer solstice, or to Western festivals that take place in June and are usually related to Saint John... In English-speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere, August 1 is Lammas Day (loaf-mass day), the festival of the first wheat harvest of the year. ... For the first term of many universities in the British Isles, see Michaelmas Term. ... Saint Crispins Day is the feast day of the Christian saints Crispin and Crispinian, twins who were martyred circa 286 AD. It falls on 25 October each year. ... Title page of the first quarto (1600) Henry V, also known as The Cronicle History of Henry the fift, is a play by William Shakespeare based on the life of King Henry V of England. ... In 1747, the Lord Mayor went to the City of Westminster on a barge via the River Thames. ... This article is about the holiday. ... This article is about the Christian holiday. ... This article is about the Christian religious holiday. ... The Twelve Days of Christmas and the associated evenings of those twelve days (Twelve-tide), are the festive days beginning the evening of Christmas Day (December 25) through the morning of Epiphany on (January 6). ... The Wise Men (Magi) adoring the infant Jesus. ... For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Tudor England
• English Renaissance
• Elizabethan theatre
• Elizabethan architecture
• Music in Elizabethan Era
• Tudor style
• 1550-1600 in fashion
• Tudor people
• Health and diet in Elizabethan England

England is the largest and most populous of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. ... The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. ... Elizabethan theatre is a general term covering the plays written and performed publicly in England during the reign (1558 - 1603) of Queen Elizabeth I. The term can be used more broadly to also include theatre of Elizabeths immediate successors, James I and Charles I, until the closure of public... Elizabethan Style, in architecture, the term given to the early Renaissance style in England, which flourished chiefly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I; it followed the Tudor style, and was succeeded in the beginning of the 16th century by the purer Italian style introduced by Inigo Jones. ... Music in the Elizabethan Era, or Elizabethan Music, refers to music during the sixteenth century. ... The Tudor style, a term applied to the Perpendicular style, was originally that of the English architecture and decorative arts produced under the Tudor dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, characterized as an amalgam of Late Gothic style formalized by more concern for regularity and symmetry, with round... English opulence, Italian reticella lace ruff, (possibly) Polish ornamentation, a French farthingale, and Spanish severity: The Ermine Portrait of Elizabeth I Fashion in the period 1550-1600 in Western European clothing is characterized by increased opulence, the rise of the ruff, the expansion of the farthingale for women, and, for... England during the Elizabethan era (1558 - 1603), though frequently regarded as the zenith of Renaissance, did not give its people a high standard of health. ...

Compare

• Tudorbethan (Revival architecture)
• Jacobethan (Revival architecture)

The Tudorbethan Revival which manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the20th century, and was also of influence in some other countries. ... Anthony Salvins Harlaxton Manor, 1837 – 1855, defines the Jacobethan taste. ...

Notes

The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), is a romantic drama film based on the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I (played by Bette Davis) and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (played by Errol Flynn). ... 1940s paperback edition The Sea Hawk is a novel by Rafael Sabatini, originally published in 1915. ... The English Armada (also known as the Counter Armada, or The Drake-Norris Expedition, 1589) was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). ...

References

Culture

• Yates, Frances A. The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
• Yates, Frances A. Theatre of the World. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Exploration

• Wilson, Derek. The World Encompassed: Francis Drake and His Great Voyage. New York, Harper & Row, 1977.

Fashion and the domestic arts

• Arnold, Janet: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W S Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds 1988. ISBN 0-901286-20-6
• Ashelford, Jane. The Visual History of Costume: The Sixteenth Century. 1983 edition (ISBN 0-89676-076-6), 1994 reprint (ISBN 0-7134-6828-9).
• Digby, George Wingfield. Elizabethan Embroidery. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1964.

Bibliography

• Hutton, Ronald:The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400–1700, 2001. ISBN 0-19-285447-X
• Hutton, Ronald: The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain, 2001. ISBN 0-19-285448-8
• Strong, Roy: The Cult of Elizabeth, The Harvill Press, 1999. ISBN 0-7126-6493-9
• Smith, John: "The Rise of Elizabeth", Books, 2001.

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History	Prehistoric · Roman Britain · Logres · Anglo-Saxon England · Kingdom of England · Norman conquest · Wars of the Roses · Tudor period · English Renaissance · English Reformation · Elizabethan era · Jacobean era · Civil War · Union with Scotland · Georgian era · Victorian era · The Blitz Ronald Hutton is Professor of History at the University of Bristol and is an occasional commentator on British television and radio on the history of paganism in the British Isles. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_England. ... England is the largest and most populous of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. ... Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that extended throughout prehistory, ending with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43. ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... Logres (also spelt Logris or Loegria) is another name for England in Arthurian legend. ... The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066. ... Motto Dieu et mon droit(French) God and my right Territory of the Kingdom of England Capital Winchester; London from 11th century Language(s) Old English (de facto, until 1066) Anglo-Norman language (de jure, 1066 - 15th century) English (de facto, gradually replaced French from late 13th century) Government Monarchy... The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings and the events leading to it. ... Lancaster York For other uses, see Wars of the Roses (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. ... This box:      King Henry VIII of England. ... Not to be confused with Jacobinism or Jacobitism. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... The Acts of Union were a pair of Acts of Parliament passed in 1706 and 1707 (taking effect on 1 May 1707) by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. ... The Georgian architecture of The Circus, Bath, built between 1754 and 1768 The Georgian era is a period of British history, normally defined as including the reigns of the kings George I, George II, George III and George IV, i. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... For other uses, see Blitz. ...
Politics	Government of England · Elizabethan government · Parliament of England · Monarchy of England · English flags (national) · Royal Coat of Arms see also Politics of the United Kingdom This politics-related article is a stub. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... England under Queen Elizabeth Is reign, the Elizabethan Era, was ruled by the very structured and complicated Elizabethan government. ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ... For the various rulers of the kingdoms within England prior to its formal unification, during the Heptarchy, see Bretwalda. ... This is a list of flags used exclusively in England. ... The Flag of England (5:3) The Flag of England is the St Georges Cross. ... The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom The Royal Arms of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II are her arms of dominion in right of the United Kingdom. ...
Geography	Regions · Counties · Districts · Gardens · Islands · Places · Towns · Parishes The region, also known as Government Office Region, is currently the highest tier of local government subnational entity of England in the United Kingdom. ... The traditional counties as usually portrayed. ... The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. ... Gardens in England is a link page for any garden, botanical garden, arboretum or pinetum open to the public in England. ... List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places within counties List of places in Bedfordshire List of places in Berkshire List of places in Buckinghamshire List of places in Cambridgeshire List of places in Cheshire List of places in Cleveland List of places... This is a link page for towns and cities in England. ... This is a list of civil parishes in England, the smallest level of local government, split by county. ...
Demographics	English language in England · English people (list)
Culture	Castles · Church of England · Education · National cricket team · The Football Association · Museums · National rugby team · Innovations and discoveries · Cuisine · St George's Day · Anglosphere · Anglophile This article discusses the Demographics of England as presented by the United Kingdom Census in 2001. ... English is a West Germanic language originating in England. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // Castles in England is a link page for any castle in England. ... The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The logo of the England Cricket Team which shows the three Lions of England below a five-pointed crown The England cricket team is the national cricket team which represents England and Wales. ... The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. ... Museums in England is a link page for any museum in England. ... First international (also the worlds first)  Scotland 4–1 England  (27 March 1871) Largest win  England 134–0 Romania  (17 November 2001) Worst defeat  Australia 76–0 England  (6 June 1998) World Cup Appearances 6 (First in 1987) Best result Champions, 2003 The England national rugby union team represents... English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to a person born in England; in some cases, their Englishness is determined by the fact that they were brought into existence in England , by non-English people working in the country. ... English cuisine is shaped by the countrys temperate climate, its island geography and its history. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Definitions of the Anglosphere vary: Countries in which English is the first language of a large fraction of the population are shown in blue. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...