For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. For the music genre, see Fungi (music)

Fungi Fossil range: Early Silurian - Recent
Clockwise from top left: Amanita muscaria, a basidiomycete; Sarcoscypha coccinea, an ascomycete; black bread mold, a zygomycete; a chytrid; a Penicillium conidiophore.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukarya Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 (unranked) Opisthokonta Kingdom: Fungi (L., 1753) R.T. Moore, 1980[1]
Subkingdom/Phyla
Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Dikarya (inc. Deuteromycota) Calvin the Bogeyman book cover Calvin the Bogeyman (1977) is a critically acclaimed childrens graphic novel by British artist Raymond Briggs. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... For other uses, see Silurian (disambiguation). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1220x1062, 354 KB) Compiled from public domain images and one creative commons image, using Photoshop, by myself. ... Binomial name (L.:Fr. ... Sarcoscypha is a genus of ascomycete fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae. ... Binomial name (Ehrenb. ... Species Penicillium bilaiae Penicillium camemberti Penicillium candida Penicillium claviforme Penicillium crustosum Penicillium glaucum Penicillium marneffei Penicillium notatum Penicillium purpurogenum Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium stoloniferum Penicillium viridicatum Penicillium verrucosum Penicillium commune Penicillium is a genus of ascomyceteous fungi that includes: Penicillium bilaiae, which is an agricultural inoculant. ... Conidiophore of Hyaloperonospora parasitica harboring several conidiospores Conidia on conidophores Conidia, or conidiospores, are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... Kingdoms Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... Robert Whittaker (1920-1980) was an American vegetation ecologist, active in the 1950s through the 1970s. ... Lynn Margulis Dr. Lynn Margulis (born March 15, 1938) is a biologist and University Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. ... The opisthokonts (Greek opistho- rear, posterior + kontos pole i. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Orders Chytridiales Spizellomycetales Monoblepharidales Blastocladiales Neocallimasticales Chytridiomycota is a division of the Fungi kingdom and contains only one class, Chytridiomycetes. ... Genera Allomyces E.J. Butler 1911 Blastocladia Reinsch 1877 Coelomomyces Keilin 1921 Blastocladiomycota is phylum of zoosporic Fungi[3]. ^ a b James, T.Y., (2006). ... Type species Neocallimastix (I.B. Heath 1983) Vavra & Joyon Genera Anaeromyces Caecomyces Cyllamyces Neocallimastix Orpinomyces Piromyces Wikispecies has information related to: Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycota is a phylum of anaerobic fungi, found mainly within the stomachs of ruminants, but with possible distributions elsewhere. ... Orders Archaeosporales Diversisporales Paraglomerales Glomerales The division (phylum) Glomeromycota is a taxon within the kingdom Fungi that includes those species that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants. ... Orders Dimargaritales Endogonales Entomophthorales Harpellales Kickxellales Microsporidia Mucorales Zoopagales Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, are a division of fungi. ... Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons. ... The Deuteromycota are a form division of the fungi, including those fungi in which sexual reproduction is unknown. ... Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Fungi (singular fungus) are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. The fungi are heterotrophic organisms characterized by a chitinous cell wall, and in the majority of species, filamentous growth as multicellular hyphae forming a mycelium; some fungal species also grow as single cells. Sexual and asexual reproduction is via spores, often produced on specialized structures or in fruiting bodies. Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are examples of fungi. Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants, yet the discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi, known as mycology, often falls under a branch of botany. Subphyla/Classes Archaeascomycetes Euascomycetes Hemiascomycetes or Pezizomycotina Laboulbeniomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Leotiomycetes Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes Dothideomycetes (and many more) Saccharomycotina Saccharomycetes Taphrinomycotina Neolectomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes The Ascomycota, formerly known as the Ascomycetae, or Ascomycetes, are a Division of Fungi, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi, which produce spores... Subphyla/Classes Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Agaricomycotina Incertae sedis (no phylum) Wallemiomycetes Entorrhizomycetes Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla, that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the Higher Fungi within the Kingdom Fungi. ... In biological taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a taxon in either (historically) the highest rank, or (in the new three-domain system) the rank below domain. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Chromalveolata Protista Alternative phylogeny Unikonta Opisthokonta Metazoa Choanozoa Eumycota Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Cabozoa Rhizaria Excavata Corticata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. ... Life on Earth redirects here. ... A heterotroph (Greek heteron = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. ... Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. ... Plant cells separated by transparent cell walls. ... A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament that, with other hyphae, forms the feeding thallus of a fungus called the mycelium. ... Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... In fungi, the fruiting body (also known as sporocarp) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. ... Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast used in both baking and brewing. ... Moldy cream cheese Molds (British English: moulds) are various fungi that cover surfaces as fluffy mycelium and usually produce masses of asexual, sometimes sexual spores. ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... For the song by Girls Aloud see Biology (song) Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, speech lit. ... Mycology (from the Greek μύκης, meaning fungus) is the study of fungi, their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicinals (e. ... Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...

Occurring worldwide, most fungi are largely invisible to the naked eye, living for the most part in soil, dead matter and as symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi. They perform an essential role in all ecosystems in decomposing matter and are indispensable in nutrient cycling and exchange. Some fungi become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or molds. Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ...

Etymology and definition

The word fungus is derived from the Latin fungus meaning 'mushroom', used in Horace and Pliny, or 'stupid person'.^[2] This in turn is derived from the Greek sphongos/σφογγος 'sponge'. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... In the Oxford Latin Course book, Quintus is based on the famous poet, Horace. ... There are two famous persons named Pliny: Pliny the Elder, a Roman nobleman, scientist and historian who died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD The great-nephew of the former, Pliny the Younger, a statesman, orator, and writer who lived between 62 AD and 113 AD. This...

Diversity

Fungi have a worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide range of habitats, including deserts. Most fungi grow in terrestrial environments, but several species occur only in aquatic habitats. Fungi along with bacteria are the primary decomposers of organic matter in almost all terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. There are an estimated 1.5 million fungal species of which around 70,000 have been described. Most fungi grow as thread-like filaments called hyphae, which form a mycelium, while others grow as single cells. ^[3][4] A variety of terricolous fungi inhabit the biological soil crust of arid regions. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Decomposers (also called reducers) are organisms (often fungi or bacteria) that break down organic materials to gain nutrients and energy. ... Organic material or organic matter is informally used to denote a material that originated as a living organism; most such materials contain carbon and are capable of decay. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... Hyphae of Penicillium A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filamentous cell of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. ... Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. ...

Importance for human use

Sacharomyces cerevisiae cells in DIC microscopy.

Human use of fungi for food preparation or preservation and other purposes is extensive and has a long history: yeasts are required for fermentation of beer, wine ^[5] and bread, some other fungal species are used in the production of soy sauce and tempeh. Mushroom farming and gathering is a large industry in many countries. Many fungi are producers of antibiotics, including β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin.^[6] Widespread use of these antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, and many others began in the early 20th Century and continues to play a major part in anti-bacterial chemotherapy. The study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi is known as ethnomycology. Image File history File links S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy. ... Image File history File links S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 1,500 species described. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bread (disambiguation). ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce is a fermented sauce made from soybeans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. ... Fresh tempeh at the market, Jakarta, Indonesia. ... For other uses, see Mushroom (disambiguation). ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... β-lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics including penicillin derivatives, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems and β-lactamase inhibitors; basically any antibiotic agent which contains a β-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure. ... For the Japanese rock band, see Penicillin (band). ... The cephalosporins, are a class of β-lactam antibiotics. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... Syphilis is a curable sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema pallidum spirochete. ... For the malady found in the Hebrew Bible, see the article Tzaraath. ... Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ... Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi, most specifically psychoactive mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria and those containing psilocybin, and can be considered a branch of both mycology and anthropology. ...

Cultured foods

Baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single-cell fungus, is used in the baking of bread and other wheat-based products, such as pizza and dumplings.^[7] Several yeast species of the genus Saccharomyces are also used in the production of alcoholic beverages through fermentation.^[8] Mycelial fungi, such as the shoyu koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae), are used in the brewing of Shoyu (soy sauce) and preparation of tempeh.^[9] Quorn is a high-protein product made from the mould, Fusarium venenatum, and is used in vegetarian cooking. Binomial name Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ... Binomial name Meyen ex E.C. Hansen Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ... For other uses, see Bread (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pizza (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Species Saccharomyces bayanus Saccharomyces boulardii Saccharomyces bulderi Saccharomyces cariocanus Saccharomyces cariocus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces chevalieri Saccharomyces dairenensis Saccharomyces ellipsoideus Saccharomyces martiniae Saccharomyces monacensis Saccharomyces norbensis Saccharomyces paradoxus Saccharomyces pastorianus Saccharomyces spencerorum Saccharomyces turicensis Saccharomyces unisporus Saccharomyces uvarum Saccharomyces zonatus Saccharomyces is a genus in the kingdom of fungi that includes... Alcoholic beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... Aspergillus oryzae (Japanese: kōji 麹) is a fungus used in Japanese cuisine. ... Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce (UK) is a fermented sauce, made from soybeans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt, commonly used in Asian cuisine, and in some Western cuisine dishes, especially Worcestershire sauce. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce is a fermented sauce made from soybeans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. ... Fresh tempeh at the market, Jakarta, Indonesia. ... For other uses, see Quorn (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Fusarium venenatum Fusarium venenatum is a fungus, more precisely a mold, from which a mycoprotein can be derived. ... For animals adapted to eat primarily plants, sometimes referred to as vegetarian animals, see Herbivore. ...

Other human uses

Fungi are also used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like lactic acid, antibiotics and even to make stonewashed jeans.^[10] Several fungal species are ingested for their psychedelic properties, both recreationally and religiously (see main article, Psilocybin mushrooms). For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Jeans are trousers traditionally made from denim, but may also be made from a variety of fabrics not including corduroy. ... Psychedelic drugs are psychoactive drugs whose primary action is to alter the thought processes of the brain. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ... Psychedelic mushrooms redirects here. ...

Edible and poisonous fungi

Asian mushrooms, clockwise from left, enokitake, buna-shimeji, bunapi-shimeji, king oyster mushroom and shiitake.

Black Périgord Truffle (Tuber melanosporum), cut in half.

Stilton cheese veined with Penicillium roqueforti.

Some of the best known types of fungi are the edible and the poisonous mushrooms. Many species are commercially raised, but others must be harvested from the wild. Agaricus bisporus, sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello musrooms when larger, are the most commonly eaten species, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes. Many Asian fungi are commercially grown and have gained in popularity in the West. They are often available fresh in grocery stores and markets, including straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea), oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), shiitakes (Lentinula edodes), and enokitake (Flammulina spp.). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 441 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,024 × 564 pixels, file size: 423 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 441 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,024 × 564 pixels, file size: 423 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Species Flammulina callistosporioides Flammulina elastica Flammulina fennae Flammulina ferrugineolutea Flammulina mediterranea Flammulina mexicana Flammulina ononidis Flammulina populicola Flammulina rossica Flammulina similis Flammulina stratosa Flammulina velutipes Enokitake (Japanese: えのき茸）) are long and thin white mushrooms used in the Cuisine of Japan and China. ... Binomial name (De Cand. ... Binomial name Lentinula edodes (Berk. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 257 KB) Other versions Truffe01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 257 KB) Other versions Truffe01. ... For other uses, see Truffle. ... Download high resolution version (903x700, 76 KB) Blue Stilton cheese. ... Download high resolution version (903x700, 76 KB) Blue Stilton cheese. ... Stilton cheese is a cheese of England. ... Binomial name Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus, that is widespread in nature and can be isolated from soil, decaying organic substances and plant parts. ... It has been suggested that Mycophagy be merged into this article or section. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... Binomial name (J.E.Lange) Imbach Agaricus bisporus, known as table mushroom, cultivated mushroom or button mushroom, is an edible basidiomycete fungus which naturally occurs in grasslands, fields and meadows across Europe and North America, though has spread much more widely and is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms... Binomial name Volvariella volvacea (Bulliard ex Fries) Singer Volvariella volvacea (also known as straw mushroom or paddy straw mushroom; syn. ... Binomial name Volvariella volvacea (Bulliard ex Fries) Singer Volvariella volvacea (also known as straw mushroom or paddy straw mushroom; syn. ... Binomial name Pleurotus ostreatus Champ. ... Binomial name Pleurotus ostreatus Champ. ... Binomial name Lentinula edodes (Berk. ... Binomial name (Berk. ... Species Flammulina callistosporioides Flammulina elastica Flammulina fennae Flammulina ferrugineolutea Flammulina mediterranea Flammulina mexicana Flammulina ononidis Flammulina populicola Flammulina rossica Flammulina similis Flammulina stratosa Flammulina velutipes Enokitake (Japanese: えのき茸）) are long and thin white mushrooms used in the Cuisine of Japan and China. ... Species Flammulina callistosporioides Flammulina elastica Flammulina fennae Flammulina ferrugineolutea Flammulina mediterranea Flammulina mexicana Flammulina ononidis Flammulina populicola Flammulina rossica Flammulina similis Flammulina stratosa Flammulina velutipes Enokitake (Japanese: えのき茸）) are long and thin white mushrooms used in the Cuisine of Japan and China. ...

There are many more mushroom species that are harvested from the wild for personal consumption or commercial sale. Milk mushrooms, morels, chanterelles, truffles, black trumpets, and porcini mushrooms (Boletus edulis) (also known as king boletes) all demand a high price on the market. They are often used in gourmet dishes. Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushroom, such as those illustrated in the above chart, are essential for correct mushroom identification. ... Binomial name (L. ex Fr. ... Species Morchella angusticeps Morchella conica Morchella costata Morchella crassipes Morchella elata Morchella esculenta Morchella gigas Morchella semilibera Morchella spongiola Morchella spongiola var. ... Species Cantharellus is a genus with many delicious and popular edible mushrooms. ... Species Tuber aestivum Tuber brumale Tuber gibbosum Tuber himalayensis Tuber magnatum Tuber melanosporum Tuber mesentericum Tuber oregonense Tuber sinensis The true truffles are a group of several valuable and highly sought-after edible species of underground ascomycetes belonging to the fungal genus Tuber. ... Species Black chanterelle – also called black trumpet, horn of plenty, or trumpet of death – is the common name for the edible mushroom Craterellus cornucopioides. ... Binomial name Boletus edulis Bull. ...

For certain types of cheeses, it is also a common practice to inoculate milk curds with fungal spores to foment the growth of specific species of mold that impart a unique flavor and texture to the cheese. This accounts for the blue colour in cheeses such as Stilton or Roquefort which is created using Penicillium roqueforti spores.^[11] Molds used in cheese production are usually non-toxic and are thus safe for human consumption; however, toxic fungal metabolites (e.g., aflatoxins, roquefortine C, patulin, or others) may accumulate due to fungal spoilage during cheese ripening or storage.^[12] Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ... This article is about the fungi known as molds. ... Cabrales bleu Cheese Blue cheese, known in French as bleu (blue), is a general classification of cows milk, sheeps milk, or goats milk cheeses that has had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue or blue-green mold. ... Stilton cheese is a cheese of England. ... Country of origin  France Region, town region surrounding Roquefort-sur-Soulzon Source of milk Ewe Pasteurised No Texture Semi-hard Aging time 3 months Certification AOC 1925 Roquefort is a pungent ewes-milk blue cheese from the south of France, and one of the most famous of all French... Binomial name Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus, that is widespread in nature and can be isolated from soil, decaying organic substances and plant parts. ... Chemical structure of aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. ... Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium. ...

Many mushroom species are toxic to humans, with toxicities ranging from slight digestive problems or allergic reactions as well as hallucinations to severe organ failures and death. Some of the most deadly mushrooms belong to the genera Inocybe, Cortinarius, and most infamously, Amanita, which includes the destroying angel (A. virosa) and the death cap (A. phalloides), the most common cause of deadly mushroom poisoning. ^[13] The false morel (Gyromitra esculenta) is considered a delicacy by some when cooked yet can be deadly when raw. Tricholoma equestre is one which was considered edible for centuries yet recently responsible for a series of serious poisonings in France. Allergy is an abnormal reaction to a substance foreign to the body that is acquired, predictable and rapid. ... A hallucination is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ... Inocybe is a large, complex genus of mushrooms. ... Cortinarius is a genus of mushrooms. ... Species 600, see List of Amanita species Synonyms Aspidella The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide. ... Binomial name Amanita virosa A Destroying Angel (Amanita virosa, , , and ) is a deadly toxic mushroom in the amanita genus, which contains some of the most toxic known mushrooms. ... Binomial name (Vaill. ... Binomial name Gyromitra esculenta The false morel or beefsteak mushroom (Gyromitra esculenta) is a mushroom of the lorchel (Helvellaceae) family that is edible by most people, but poisonous to some. ... Tricholoma equestre or Tricholoma flavovirens, also known as Man on horseback or Yellow knight is a formerly widely eaten but hazardous fungus of the Tricholoma genus that forms ectomycorrhiza with pine trees. ...

Fly agaric mushrooms (A. muscaria) also cause occasional poisonings, mostly as a result of ingestion for use as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic properties. Historically Fly agaric was used by Celtic Druids in Northern Europe and the Koryak people of north-eastern Siberia for religious or shamanic purposes.^[14] It is difficult to identify a safe mushroom without proper training and knowledge, thus it is often advised to assume that a mushroom in the wild is poisonous and not to consume it. Binomial name (L.:Fr. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The general group of pharmacological agents commonly known as hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. ... This article is about the European people. ... Druidry or Druidism was the religion of the ancient druids, the priestly class in ancient Celtic and Gallic societies through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in the British Isles. ... See also: Koryakia Autonomous District Koryaks, a Mongoloid people of northeastern Siberia, inhabiting the coastlands of the Bering Sea to the south of the Anadyr basin and the country to the immediate north of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ...

Fungi in the biological control of pests

Some fungi capable of competing with or infecting other organisms are considered beneficial for human use. For example in agriculture, some fungi may be used to restrict or eliminate the populations of harmful organisms like pest insects, mites, weeds, nematodes and other fungi, such as those that affect the growth or even kill plants.^[15] This has generated strong interest in the use and practical application of these fungi for the biological control of pests. Some of these fungi can be used as biopesticides, like the ones that kill insects (entomopathogenic fungi).^[16] Specific examples of fungi that have been developed as bioinsecticides are Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Hirsutella spp, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, and Verticillium lecanii.^{[17] [18]} Endophytic fungi of grasses of the genus Neotyphodium, such as N. coenophialum produce alkaloids toxic to a range of different herbivores, thus protecting the grass plants from herbivory, but also causing poisoning of grazing animals, such as cattle and sheep. ^[19] Infection of grass cultivars of turf or forage grasses with isolates of the grass endophytes that produce only specific alkaloids to improve grass hardiness and resistance to herbivores such as insects, while being non-toxic to livestock, is being used in grass breeding programs.^[20] Families Tetranychidae - Spider mites Eriophyidae - Gall mites Sarcoptidae - Sarcoptic Mange mites The mites and ticks, order Acarina or Acari, belong to the Arachnida and are among the most diverse and successful of all the invertebrate groups, although some way behind the insects. ... Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... Biological control of pests and diseases Overview A key belief of the organic gardener is that diversity furthers health. ... A cropduster spreading pesticide. ... An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that kills, or parasitizes and seriously disables, insects. ... Biological control of pests and diseases is a method of controlling pests and diseases in agriculture that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals. ... Binomial name Beauveria bassiana (Bals. ... Binomial name Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin Metarhizium anisopliae is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasite; it thus belongs to the entomopathogenic fungi. ... Verticillium lecanii This is a fungus. ... Neotyphodium species are fungal endophytes that are obligate, asexual, seed-borne symbionts, which live intercelluarly within cool-season grass plant tissues. ... Neotyphodium coenophialum is a systemic and seed-transmissible symbiont (endophyte) of Lolium arundinaceum (=Festuca arundinacea; tall fescue), a grass endemic to Eurasia and North Africa, but widely naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand / Aotearoa. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plants (rather than meat). ... A lawn is an area of recreational or amenity land planted with grass, and sometimes clover and other plants, which are maintained at a low, even height. ... Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. ...

Ecological role

Polypores growing on a tree in Borneo

Although often inconspicuous, fungi occur in every environment on Earth and play very important roles in most ecosystems. Along with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers in most terrestrial (and some aquatic) ecosystems, and therefore play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles and in many food webs. As decomposers, they play an indispensable role in nutrient cycling, especially as saprotrophs and symbionts, degrading organic matter to inorganic molecules, which can then re-enter anabolic metabolic pathways in plants or other organisms.^[21][22] ImageMetadata File history File links Fungi_in_Borneo. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Fungi_in_Borneo. ... Polypores are a group of tough, leathery poroid mushrooms similar to boletes, but typically lacking a distinct stalk. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... In ecology, an ecosystem is a community of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms - also referred as biocenose) together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a unit. ... Decomposers (also called reducers) are organisms (often fungi or bacteria) that break down organic materials to gain nutrients and energy. ... In ecology, a biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (bio-) and abiotic (geo-) compartments of an ecosystem. ... Figure 1. ... In ecology and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (bio-) and abiotic (geo-) compartments of an ecosystem. ... A Saprotroph (or saprobe) is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ...

Fungi as symbionts

Many fungi have important symbiotic relationships with organisms from most if not all Kingdoms.^[23][24][25] These interactions can be mutualistic or antagonistic in nature, or in case of commensal fungi are of no apparent benefit or detriment to the host. ^[26][27][28] Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... In biological taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a taxon in either (historically) the highest rank, or (in the new three-domain system) the rank below domain. ...

In symbiosis with plants

Mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is one of the most well-known plant-fungus associations and is of significant importance for plant growth and persistence in many ecosystems; over 90% of all plant species engage in some kind of mycorrhizal relationship with fungi and are dependent upon this relationship for survival.^[29][30][31] The mycorrhizal symbiosis is ancient, dating to at least 400 million years ago.^[32] It often increases the plant's uptake of inorganic compounds, such as nitrate and phosphate from soils having low concentrations of these key plant nutrients.^[21] In some mycorrhizal associations, the fungal partners may mediate plant-to-plant transfer of carbohydrates and other nutrients. Such mycorrhizal communities are called "common mycorrhizal networks". ^[33] A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant. ... u fuck in ua ... Trinitrate redirects here. ... A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. ...

Lichens are formed by a symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria (referred to in lichens as "photobionts") and fungi (mostly various species of ascomycetes and a few basidiomycetes), in which individual photobiont cells are embedded in a tissue formed by the fungus. ^{[citation needed]} As in mycorrhizas, the photobiont provides sugars and other carbohydrates, while the fungus provides minerals and water. The functions of both symbiotic organisms are so closely intertwined that they function almost as a single organism. ^{[citation needed]} For other things named Lichen, see: Lichen (disambiguation). ... Algae have conventionally been regarded as simple plants within the study of botany. ... Orders The taxonomy is currently under revision. ... A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant. ...

In symbiosis with insects

Many insects also engage in mutualistic relationships with various types of fungi. Several groups of ants cultivate fungi in the order Agaricales as their primary food source, while ambrosia beetles cultivate various species of fungi in the bark of trees that they infest.^[34] Termites on the African Savannah are also known to cultivate fungi.^[35] Ant-fungus mutualism is a verifiable symbiosis seen in certain ant and fungal species, where ants actively cultivate fungus much like humans farm crops as a food source. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Species etc. ...

Fungi as pathogens and parasites

However, many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi. Serious fungal pathogens of many cultivated plants causing extensive damage and losses to agriculture and forestry include the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea,^[36] tree pathogens such as Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi causing Dutch elm disease,^[37] and Cryphonectria parasitica responsible for chestnut blight, ^[38] and plant-pathogenic fungi in the genera Fusarium, Ustilago, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus; ^[27] fungi with the potential to cause serious human diseases, especially in persons with immuno-deficiencies, are in the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptoccocus,^[39][28][40] Histoplasma,^[41] and Pneumocystis. ^[42] Several pathogenic fungi are also responsible for relatively minor human diseases, such as athlete’s foot and ringworm. Some fungi are predators of nematodes, which they capture using an array of devices such as constricting rings or adhesive nets.^[43] Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... Binomial name Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr Synonyms Magnaporthe grisea, also commonly know as rice blast fungus, is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes a disease affecting rice, and can also infect a number of other agriculturally important cereals including wheat, rye and barley, causing diseases called... Binomial name Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr Synonyms Pyricularia grisea Magnaporthe grisea, also commonly know as rice blast fungus, is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes a disease affecting rice, and can also infect a number of other agriculturally important cereals including wheat, rye and barley, causing... Branch death, or flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Branch death, or flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Binomial name Cryphonectria parasitica The chestnut blight is a fungal disease, Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly Endothia parasitica). ... Binomial name Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr The chestnut blight is a fungal disease caused by the sac fungus (Ascomycota), Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly Endothia parasitica). ... Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. ... Species (Pers. ... Species Many, see text Alternaria is a genus of ascomycete fungi. ... Species Cochliobolus carbonum Cochliobolus cymbopogonis Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Cochliobolus heterostrophus Cochliobolus lunatus Cochliobolus miyabeanus Cochliobolus oryzae Cochliobolus ravenelii Cochliobolus sativus Cochliobolus setariae Cochliobolus spicifer Cochliobolus stenospilus Cochliobolus victoriae The genus Cochliobolus includes 55 species [[1]], including the following plant pathgenic species: C. carbonum, C. heterostrophus, C. miyabeanus , C. sativus and C... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... Species Aspergillus caesiellus Aspergillus candidus Aspergillus carneus Aspergillus clavatus Aspergillus deflectus Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus glaucus Aspergillus nidulans Aspergillus niger Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus parasiticus Aspergillus penicilloides Aspergillus restrictus Aspergillus sojae Aspergillus sydowi Aspergillus terreus Aspergillus ustus Aspergillus versicolor Aspergillus is a genus of around 200 filamentous fungi... Species C. albicans C. dubliniensis C. glabrata C. guilliermondii C. kefyr C. krusei C. lusitaniae C. milleri C. oleophila C. parapsilosis C. tropicalis C. utilis Candida is a genus of yeasts. ... Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeastlike fungus that can live in both plants and animals. ... Species Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi commonly found in bird and bat fecal material. ... Species Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly ) Pneumocystis murina Pneumocystis A Pneumonia that affects individuals whose immunological defenses (immune system) have been compromised, that is caused by a microorganism (Pneumocystis Carinii) and that attacks esp. ... This article is about the medical term. ... Athletes Foot is a fungal infection of the skin, usually between the toes, caused by parasitic fungi. ... This article is about the fungal infection. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ...

Nutrition and possible autotrophy in fungi

Growth of fungi as hyphae on or in solid substrates or single cells in aquatic environments is adapted to efficient extraction of nutrients from these environments, because these growth forms have high surface area to volume ratios. These adaptations in morphology are complemented by hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the environment for digestion of large organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and other organic substrates into smaller molecules. ^[44][45][46] These molecules are then absorbed as nutrients into the fungal cells. Hyphae of Penicillium A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filamentous cell of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. ... In chemical reactions involving a solid material, the surface area to volume ratio is an important factor for the reactivity, that is, the rate at which the chemical reaction will proceed. ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... Cellulase is an enzyme complex which breaks down cellulose to beta-glucose. ... Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Some common lipids. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...

Traditionally, the fungi are considered heterotrophs, organisms that rely solely on carbon fixed by other organisms for metabolism. Fungi have evolved a remarkable metabolic versatility that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol.^{[47] [48]} Recent research raises the possibility that some fungi utilize the pigment melanin to extract energy from ionizing radiation, such as gamma radiation for "radiotrophic" growth. ^[49] It has been proposed that this process might bear some similarity to photosynthesis in plants, ^[49] but detailed biochemical data supporting the existence of this hypothetical pathway are presently lacking. Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph, heterotroph, or a subtype A heterotroph (Greek heterone = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. ... Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Trinitrate redirects here. ... For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... An acetate, or ethanoate, is a salt or ester of acetic acid. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Broadly, melanin is any of the polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole blacks and browns or their mixed copolymers. ... Radiation hazard symbol. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Radiotrophic fungi are a recent discovery, first seen as black molds growing inside and around the defunct nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine. ...

Morphology

Mold covering a decaying peach over a period of six days. The frames were taken approximately 12 hours apart.

Though fungi are part of the opisthokont clade, all phyla except for the chytrids have lost their posterior flagella.^[50] Fungi are unusual among the eukaryotes in having a cell wall that, besides glucans (e.g., β-1,3-glucan) and other typical components, contains the biopolymer chitin.^[51] Many fungi grow as thread-like filamentous macroscopic structures called hyphae, and an assemblage of intertwined and interconnected hyphae is called a mycelium. ^[3] Fungal mycelia can become visible macroscopically, for example, as concentric rings on various surfaces, such as damp walls, and on other substrates, such as spoilt food (see figure), and are commonly and generically called mould; fungal mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes are usually referred to as colonies, with many species exhibiting characteristic macroscopic growth morphologies and colours, due to spores or pigmentation. Image File history File links DecayingPeachSmall. ... The opisthokonts (Greek opistho- rear, posterior + kontos pole i. ... Orders Chytridiales Spizellomycetales Monoblepharidales Blastocladiales Neocallimasticales Chytridiomycota is a division of the Fungi kingdom and contains only one class, Chytridiomycetes. ... A glucan molecule is a polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds. ... Biopolymers are a class of polymers produced by living organisms. ... Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. ... Hyphae of Penicillium A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filamentous cell of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. ... Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. ... Moldy cream cheese Molds (British English: moulds) are various fungi that cover surfaces as fluffy mycelium and usually produce masses of asexual, sometimes sexual spores. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Man looking at fungus inside of petri dishes A Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical dish that biologists use to culture microbes. ... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ...

Hyphae can be septate, i.e., divided into hyphal compartments separated by a septum, each compartment containing one or more nuclei or can be coenocytic, i.e., lacking hyphal compartmentalization. However, septa have pores, such as the doliporus in the basidiomycetes that allow cytoplasm, organelles, and sometimes nuclei to pass through.^[3] Coenocytic hyphae are essentially multinucleate supercells. ^{[citation needed]} In some cases, fungi have developed specialized structures for nutrient uptake from living hosts; examples include haustoria in plant-parasitic fungi of nearly all divisions, and arbuscules of several mycorrhizal fungi ^[52], which penetrate into the host cells for nutrient uptake by the fungus. Specialized fungal