جمهورية العراق
Jumhūrīyat al-`Irāq
كۆماری عێراق
Komara `Îraqê
Republic of Iraq | | | Motto
الله أكبر (Arabic)
"Allahu Akbar" (transliteration)
"God is Great" | Anthem
Mawtini (new)
Ardh Alforatain (previous)1 | | | Capital
(and largest city) | Baghdad2
33°20′N, 44°26′E | | Official languages | Arabic | | Government | Developing parliamentary democracy, currently occupied by US | | - | President | Jalal Talabani | | - | Prime Minister | Nouri al-Maliki | | Independence | | - | from the Ottoman Empire |
October 1, 1919 | | - | from the United Kingdom |
October 3, 1932 | | Area | | - | Total | 438,317 km² (58th)
169,234 sq mi | | - | Water (%) | 1.1 | | Population | | - | 2006 estimate | 26,783,3834 (40th) | | - | Density | 66 /km² (125th)
171 /sq mi | | GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate | | - | Total | $89.8 billion (not ranked) | | - | Per capita | $3,600 (not ranked) | | Currency | Iraqi dinar (IQD) | | Time zone | AST (UTC+3) | | - | Summer (DST) | ADT (UTC+4) | | Internet TLD | .iq | | Calling code | +964 | | 1 | The Kurds use Ey Reqîb. | | 2 | The capital of Iraqi Kurdistan is Arbil. | | 3 | Arabic is the official languages of the Iraqi government. According to Article 4, Section 4 of the Iraqi Constitution, Assyrian (Syriac) (a dialect of Aramaic) and Iraqi Turkmen (a dialect of Southern Azerbaijani) languages are official in areas where the respective populations they form the majority. | | 4 | CIA World Factbook | Iraq[1] (conventional short form: Iraq) (Arabic: العراق (help·
info) transliteration: 'al-‘Irāq,Turkish: Irak, Kurdish: عيَراق), is a country in Southwest Asia spanning most of Mesopotamia as well as the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert. It shares borders with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the west, Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and Iran to the east. It has a very narrow section of coastline at Umm Qasr on the Persian Gulf. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ...
Image File history File links COA_of_Iraq. ...
The flag of Iraq has had four different designs since the estalishment of Iraq in 1921. ...
The Coat of arms of Iraq includes the golden Eagle of Saladin associated with 20th-century pan-Arabism, with a shield of the Iraqi flag, and holding a scroll below with the Arabic words الجمهورية العراقية (al-Jumhuriya al-`Iraqiya or The Iraqi Republic). Coat of arms of Egypt Coats of arms...
Many countries choose to include the national motto in the coat of arms. ...
Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ...
For other usages of the phrase Allahu Akbar, see Allahu Akbar (disambiguation). ...
Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ...
A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ...
Mawtini (My Homeland) (Arabic: موطني) is a popular poem written by famous Palestinian poet Ibrahim Touqan (Arabic: إبراهيم طوقان) around 1934 in Palestine and became the de facto national anthem of Palestine and Iraq. ...
This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ...
Distribution of Religious and Ethnic Groups in Iraq Iraq was known in ancient times as Mesopotamia. ...
Baghdad (Arabic: ‎ ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...
An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ...
Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ...
A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ...
The President of Iraq is Iraqs head of state. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ...
Nouri Kamel Mohammed Hassan al-Maliki (Arabic: نوري كامل المالكي, transliterated NÅ«rÄ« KÄmil al-MÄlikÄ«; born c. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...
October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ...
This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ...
This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ...
A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ...
This is a list of sovereign states and other territories by population, using the most recently available official figures. ...
Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ...
Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ...
The Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory was developed by Gustav Cassel in 1920. ...
Map of world GDP (PPP) by country using the IMF list for 2005 There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ...
Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ...
Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the 2005 IMF data. ...
ISO 4217 Code IQD User(s) Iraq Inflation rate 33% Source The World Factbook, 2005 est. ...
ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ...
A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ...
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precison atomic time standard. ...
Daylight saving time around the world DST used DST no longer used DST never used Daylight saving time (DST), also summer time in British English, is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. ...
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precison atomic time standard. ...
The following is a list of currently existing Internet Top-level domains (TLDs). ...
.iq is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Iraq. ...
This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ...
Ey Reqib is sung by Kurdish nationalists as the Kurdish national anthem. ...
Motto: None Anthem: Ey Reqîb (English: Hey Guardian) Capital Arbil Largest city Erbil Official languages Kurdish, Arabic, (Assyrian (Syriac)) and (Iraqi Turkmen) [1] Government Parliamentary Democracy - President Masoud Barzani - Prime Minister Nechervan Idris Barzani - Deputy Prime Minister Omer Fattah Hussain Formation of Autonomous Region - Autonomy Accord Agreement is Signed...
Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil; BGN: ArbÄ«l; Arabic: ‎, ArbÄ«l; Kurdish: , Hewlêr; Syriac: ÜÜªÜ’Ü Ü, Arbela) is believed by many to be the oldest continuously-inhabited city in the world and is one of the larger cities in Iraq [1] [2] [3]. The city lies eighty kilometres (fifty miles...
The current constitution of Iraq was approved by a referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. ...
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ...
The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ...
Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ...
Image File history File links Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya. ...
Due to the fact that the Arabic language has a number of phonemes that have no equivalent in English or other European languages, a number of different transliteration methods have been invented to represent certain Arabic characters, due to various conflicting goals. ...
The Kurdish language is a language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. ...
In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical entity, a territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ...
The Zagros Mountains (Persian: رشته كوه زاگرس), (Kurdish: Çîyayên Zagrosê), make up Iran and Iraqs largest mountain range. ...
The Syrian Desert is a combination of steppe and true desert that is located in parts of the nations of Syria, Jordan, and Iraq. ...
Cranes at Umm Qasr await cargo. ...
Map of the Persian Gulf. ...
Iraq was home to the earliest known civilization, Sumer. Today, it is a developing nation that has gained considerable international attention because of the Iraq War. Sumer (or Å umer) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian applies...
It has been suggested that Underdevelopment be merged into this article or section. ...
For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ...
Name There are several suggested orgasim for the name Iraq. One dates to the Sumerkum city of Uruk (or Erech); another posits that Iraq comes from the Aramaic language, meaning "the land along the banks of the rivers;" another, that Iraq refers to the root of a palm tree numerous in the country. Sumer (or Å umer) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian applies...
Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ...
Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...
Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (sometimes known by the names Palmae or Palmaceae, although the latter name is taxonomically invalid. ...
Under the Persian Sassanid dynasty, there was a region called "Erak Arabi," referring to the part of the south western region of the Persian Empire that is now part of southern Iraq. The name Al-Iraq was used by the Arabs themselves, from the 6th century, for the land Iraq covers. The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of...
The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ...
Pronunciation of Iraq - (1) [ɪ.ˈɹɑ(ː)k], (2) [ɪ.ˈɹæk], (3) [aɪ.ˈɹæk] (1) is the preferred pronunciation in most dictionaries, and the only pronunciation listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. MQD lists (2) first. (3) is considered uneducated or unacceptable to some. It is the pronunciation which is least like the original Arabic pronunciation [ʕiˈrɑːq]. The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is generally regarded as the most comprehensive and scholarly dictionary of the English language. ...
The Arabic language has a standard pronunciation, which is basically the one used to recite the Quran. ...
History -
This article includes an overview from prehistory to the present in the region of the current state of Iraq in Mesopotamia. ...
Ancient Mesopotamia -
Iraq was historically known as Mesopotamia, which, in Greek, literally means "between the rivers". It was home to the world's first known civilization, the Sumerian culture, which was followed by the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian cultures, whose influence extended into neighboring regions as early as 5000 BC. These civilizations produced the earliest writing and some of the first sciences, mathematics, laws and philosophies of the world; hence its common epithet, the "Cradle of Civilization". Ancient Mesopotamian civilization dominated other civilizations.[specify] Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
This diorite head is believed to represent Hammurabi Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurÄpi, the kinsman is a healer, from ˤAmmu, paternal kinsman, and RÄpi, healer; 1810 BC?–1750 BC) also rarely transliterated Ammurapi, Hammurapi, or Khammurabi) was the sixth king of Babylon. ...
An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi (also known as the Codex Hammurabi and Hammurabis Code), created ca. ...
Sumer (or Å umer) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian applies...
Akkad (or Agade) was a city and its region of northern Iraq) between Assyria to the northwest and Sumer to the south. ...
Babylon (in Arabic: بابل; in Syriac: Ü’Ü’Ü™Ü in Hebrew:בבל) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia (modern Al Hillah, Iraq), the ruins of which can be found in present-day Babil Province, about 50 miles (80 km) south of Baghdad. ...
For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ...
// Events 4860 BC - Mount Mazama in Oregon collapses, forming a caldera that later fills with water and becomes Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. ...
Scribe Writing Writing, in its most common sense, is the preservation and the preserved text on a medium, with the use of signs or symbols. ...
Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...
Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ...
Lady Justice or Justitia is a personification of the moral force that underlies the legal system (particularly in Western art). ...
The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Cities are a major hallmark of human civilization. ...
In the sixth century BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great and thus Mesopotamia was incorporated in the Achaemenid Persian Empire for nearly four centuries, before it was conquered again by Alexander the Great, and then remained under Hellenistic rule for nearly two centuries. A Central Asian tribe of ancient Iranian peoples known as the Parthians then annexed the region, followed by the Sassanid Persians. The region remained as a province of the Persian Empire for nine centuries, until the 7th century.
(7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC - other centuries) (600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Cyrus the Great conquered many...
Through the centuries of Assyrian domination, Babylonia enjoyed a prominent status, or revolting at the slightest indication that it did not. ...
Cyrus the Great (Old Persian: Kūruš[1], modern Persian: کوروش بزرگ, Kurosh-e Bozorg) (ca. ...
The Achaemenid Empire (Old Persian: HakhÄmanishiya, هخامنشیان also frequently, the Achaemenid Persian Empire.) (559 BC–330 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran. ...
The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ...
Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC–June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history. ...
The term Hellenistic (derived from Héllēn, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ...
Central Asia is a region of Asia. ...
Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. They remain dominant throughout Classical Antiquity in Scythia and Persia. ...
Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf...
The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of...
The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...
Arab Empire -
Beginning in the seventh century AD, Islam spread to what is now Iraq during the Islamic conquest of Persia, led by the Muslim Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid. Under the Rashidun Caliphate, the prophet Mohammed's cousin and son-in-law Ali moved his capital to Kufa "fi al-Iraq" when he became the fourth caliph. The Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from Damascus in the 7th century, ruled the province of Iraq. The Arab Empire usually refers to the following Caliphates: Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661) Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750) - Successor of the Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Emirate in Islamic Spain (750 - 929) Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in Islamic Spain (929 - 1031) Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) - Successor of the Umayyad Caliphate Fatmide Caliphate...
The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...
Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islamic conquest of Afghanistan. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Mizrachi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ‎); is a member of a Non-Semetic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases...
KhÄlid ibn al-WalÄ«d (592 - 642) (Arabic: خالد بن الوليد) also known as Sayf-AllÄh al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God), was one of the two renowned Arab generals (see also: Amr ibn al-Aas) during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th Century. ...
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( transliteration: ) is a term used in both Sunni and Shia Islam to refer to the rightly guided Caliphs prophesised in the famous tradition, Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood). ...
The Caliphate (Arabic خلاÙØ©) is the theoretical federal government that would govern the Islamic world under Islamic law, ruled by a Caliph as head of state. ...
For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation). ...
Kufa (الكوفة al-Kufa in Arabic) is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. ...
For main article see: Caliphate Khalif is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ...
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...
Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-ShÄm) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ...
The city of Baghdad was built, in Iraq, in the 8th century as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became the leading city of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries. Baghdad was the largest multicultural city of the Middle Ages, peaking at a population of more than a million, and was the centre of learning during the Islamic Golden Age, until its eventual destruction during the sack of Baghdad in the 13th century. Baghdad (Arabic: ‎ ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...
(7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ...
Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, AbbÄsÄ«yÅ«n) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ...
Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ...
Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. ...
Multiculturalism is a philosophy that is sometimes construed as ideology advocating that modern society should at least embrace and include distinct cultural groups with equal cultural and political status. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
Photo taken from medieval manuscript by Qotbeddin Shirazi (1236–1311), a Persian Astronomer. ...
Combatants Mongols Abbasid Caliphate Commanders Hulagu Khan Guo Kan Caliph Al-Mustasim Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown, but believed minimal Military, 50,000(est. ...
Mongol Conquest -
In 1257 Hulagu Khan set out for Baghdad with perhaps the largest army ever fielded by the Mongols. When they arrived at this Islamic capital, Hulagu demanded surrender but the caliph refused. This angered Hulagu, and consistent with Mongol strategy of discouraging resistance Bagdhad was decimated. Estimates of the numbers of dead range from 200,000 to a million. Combatants Mongols Abbasid Caliphate Commanders Hulagu Khan Guo Kan Caliph Al-Mustasim Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown, but believed minimal Military, 50,000(est. ...
Hulagu Khan (also known as Hülegü, and Hulegu) (1217 – 8 February 1265) was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. ...
The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ...
The Grand Library of Baghdad (Arabic بيت الحكمة Bayt al-Hikma, lit., House of Wisdom), containing countless precious historical documents was destroyed along with the Abbasid Caliphate, and the city would never again be a major center of culture and influence. The House of Wisdom (Arabic بيت الØكمة Bayt al-Hikma) was a library and translation institute in Abbassid-era Baghdad. ...
Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, AbbÄsÄ«yÅ«n) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ...
Ottoman Empire Later, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535. The Ottomans lost Baghdad to the Iranian Safavids in 1509, and took it back in 1632. Ottoman rule lasted until World War I, during which the Ottomans sided with Germany and the Central Powers. Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ...
The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ...
The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ...
This article is becoming very long. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ...
World War I -
During World War I the Ottomans were driven from much of the area by the United Kingdom during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The British lost 92,000 soldiers in the Mesopotamian campaign. Ottoman losses are unknown but the British captured a total of 45,000 prisoners of war. By the end of 1918 the British had deployed 410,000 men in the area, though only 112,000 were combat troops. The Mesopotamian Campaign was a theater of the First World War fought between Allied forces represented by British and Anglo-Indian troops, and Central forces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
This article is becoming very long. ...
The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29...
// Balkan Wars The Ottoman army in the balkans was large and appeared on the surface to be modern. ...
The Mesopotamian Campaign was a theater of the First World War fought between Allied forces represented by British and Anglo-Indian troops, and Central forces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...
Partitioning -
During World War I the British and French divided the Middle East in the Sykes-Picot Agreement. The Treaty of Sèvres, which was ratified in the Treaty of Lausanne, led to the advent of the modern Middle East and Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Iraq and Palestine (which then consisted of two autonomous regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ...
Zones of French and British influence and control established by the Sykes-Picot Agreement The Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 16, 1916 was a secret understanding between the governments of Britain and France defining their respective spheres of post-World War I influence and control in the Middle East (then...
The Treaty of Sèvres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in Sèvres, France. ...
Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. ...
Palestine and Transjordan were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the Mandate for Palestine issued by the League of Nations to Great Britain on 29 September, 1923. ...
The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi...
Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ...
British Mandate of Mesopotamia -
At the end of World War I, the League of Nations granted the area to the United Kingdom as a mandate. It was formed out of three former Ottoman vilayets (regions): Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra. The British Mandate of Iraq was a League of Nations Class A mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to Britain when the Ottoman Empire was divided in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. This award was completed on April 25, 1920, at the Sanremo conference in...
The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. ...
Mandates in the Middle east and Africa. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
Vilâyet (also eyalet or pashaluk) was the Turkish name for the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
In 1879 Mosul Vilayet (province) was separated from Baghdad Vilayet. ...
Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by God) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ...
Basra Vilayet was a vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire. ...
For three out of four centuries of Ottoman rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the British mandate, the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against British rule. They selected the Hashemite king, Faisal, who had been forced out of Syria by the French, to be their client ruler. The government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by British authorities, selected from the Sunni Arab elite in the region.[specify][2] The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29...
The British Mandate of Iraq was a League of Nations Class A mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to Britain when the Ottoman Empire was divided in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. This award was completed on April 25, 1920, at the Sanremo conference in...
The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
The armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majestys Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces of the Crown[1], encompasses a navy, army, and air force. ...
Hashemite is the Anglicised version of the Arabic: هاشمي (transliteration: Hashemi) and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashem, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ...
Hashemite monarchy Iraq was granted independence in 1932 on the urging of King Faisal, though the British retained military bases and transit rights for their forces. King Ghazi of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups (dictatorships), until his death in 1939. Iraq was invaded by the United Kingdom in 1941, for fear that the government of Rashid Ali might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his strong idealogical leanings to Nazi Germany. A military occupation followed the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy, and the occupation ended on October 26, 1947. The rulers during the occupation and the remainder of the Hashemite monarchy were Nuri al-Said, the autocratic prime minister, who also ruled from 1930-1932, and 'Abd al-Ilah, an advisor to the king Faisal II. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by and/or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. ...
King Ghazi I of Iraq Ghazi (Arabic: ) (March 21, 1912 - April 4, 1939) was king of Iraq from 1933 to 1939. ...
El-Gaylani Rashid Ali was the Pro-Axis leader of Iraq who fled to Iran when the Allies invaded Iraq. ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
Belligerent military occupation occurs when one nations military occupies all or part of the territory of another nation or recognized belligerent. ...
October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 66 days remaining. ...
1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...
Nuri al-Said (1888 – July 14, 1958) (نوري السعيد) was a prominent Iraqi politician, who served in various key cabinet positions, including fourteen times as prime minister: March 23, 1930 – October 19, 1932 October 20, 1930 – October 27, 1932...
Abd al-Ilah (also written Abdul Ilah) was the cousin of and brother-in-law of King Ghazi, and was regent of Iraq for King Faisal II from April 4, 1939 to May 2, 1953, when Faisal came of age. ...
Faisal II of Iraq Faisal II (May 2, 1935 - July 14, 1958) was the last king of Iraq from April 4, 1939 to 1958. ...
Republic of Iraq The reinstated Hashemite monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown by a coup d'etat of the Iraqi Army, known as the 14 July Revolution. The coup brought Brigadier General Abdul Karim Qassim to power. He withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union, but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by Colonel Abdul Salam Arif. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif, assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist Baath Party. This movement gradually came under the control of Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti, who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, while killing off many of his opponents. Hashemite is the Anglicised version of the Arabic: هاشمي (transliteration: Hashemi) and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashem, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ...
A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ...
The New Iraqi Army is being developed by the Coalition Military Assistance Training Team (CMATT) with the ultimate task of assuming responsibility for all Iraqi land-based military operations following the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. ...
This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ...
Abdul Karim Qassim (Arabic: ‎; also various other spellings; including Kassem, Quasim; popularly known as az-Za‘īm (Arabic: الزعيم) the leader) (1914 – February 9, 1963), was an Iraqi military officer involved in the 1958 military coup détat. ...
The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with...
Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ...
Abdul Salam Arif (1921, Baghdad - April 13, 1966), president of Iraq (1963-1966). ...
Abdul Rahman Arif (Arabic عبد الرØمان عارÙ) (born 1916 or 1918) was president of Iraq from April 16, 1966 to July 16, 1968. ...
Arab Socialism (ar. ...
Baath Party symbol Party flag The Arab Socialist Baath Party (also spelled Bath or Baath; Arabic: Øزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي Ḥizb al-Ba`ṯ al-`ArabÄ« al-IÅ¡tirÄki) was founded in 1947 as a radical, secular Arab nationalist political party. ...
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ...
Saddam Hussein -
Saddam's regime lasted throughout the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), during which Iraqi forces attacked Iranian soldiers and civilians with chemical weapons. The war ended in stalemate. This period is notorious for the Saddam regime's human rights abuses, for instance, during the Al-Anfal campaign.[3][4][5] Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ...
Combatants Iran Iraq Commanders - Ruhollah Khomeini, - Abolhassan Banisadr, - Ali Shamkhani, - Mostafa Chamran†- Saddam Hussein, - Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength - 305,000 soldiers, - 500,000 Passdaran and Basij militia, - 1,000 tanks, - 1,000 armored vehicles, - 3,000 artillery pieces, - 450 aircraft, - 750 helicopters[1] - 190,000 soldiers, - 4,500 tanks...
Iranian soldiers The military forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran include three regular armed forces; the Army, Navy, Air Force, and a fourth armed force, the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution. ...
Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Human rights in Iraq. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Osirak (also spelled Osiraq) was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of Baghdad in 1977. It was a 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR). Israeli aircraft bombed it in 1981, in order to prevent the regime from using the reactor for creation of nuclear weapons. The reactor after the Israeli raid. ...
Baghdad (Arabic: ‎ ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...
Light water, in the terminology of nuclear reactors, is ordinary water. ...
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In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait, resulting in the Gulf War and economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations at the behest of the U.S. The economic sanctions were intended to compel Saddam to dispose weapons of mass destruction.[6] Critics estimate that more than 500,000 Iraqi children died as a result of the sanctions.[7] The U.S. and the UK declared no-fly zones over Kurdish northern and Shiite southern Iraq to oversee the Kurds and southern Shiites.[specify] Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf, Peter de la Billière, Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War...
MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ...
Combatants Republic of Iraq State of Kuwait Commanders Ali Hassan al-Majid unknown Strength 100,000 [1] 16,000 [2] Casualties 37+ aircraft (est. ...
Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf, Peter de la Billière, Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War...
Economic sanctions are economic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries) on another for a variety of reasons. ...
For the album, see Weapons of Mass Destruction (album). ...
A No-Fly Zone is a territory over which aircraft generally or certain unauthorized aircraft are not permitted to fly. ...
2003 invasion by US lead Coalition Forces -
 Downtown Baghdad monument of Saddam Hussein vandalized by Iraqis shortly after the Occupation of Coalition Forces in April 2003. Iraq was invaded in March 2003 by a United States-organized coalition, with the stated reason that Iraq had not abandoned its nuclear and chemical weapons development program according to United Nations resolution 687. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United Nations Security Council, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, adopted resolution 678, authorizing armed action against Iraq. Resolution 678 contained vague language authorizing U.N. member states to use "all necessary means" to "restore international peace and security in the area." After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait the United Nations passed a cease-fire resolution 687. The agreement included provisions obligating Iraq to discontinue its nuclear weapons program. The United States asserted that because Iraq was in "material breach" of resolution 687, the armed forces authorization of resolution 678 was revived. Combatants Coalition Forces: United States United Kingdom South Korea Australia Poland Romania others. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 568 pixel Image in higher resolution (1369 × 972 pixel, file size: 382 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Downtown Baghdad monument of Saddam Hussein vandalized by Iraqis shortly after the Occupation of Coalition Forces. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 568 pixel Image in higher resolution (1369 × 972 pixel, file size: 382 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Downtown Baghdad monument of Saddam Hussein vandalized by Iraqis shortly after the Occupation of Coalition Forces. ...
Baghdad (Arabic: â€&# |
