NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan (pronounced /ˈkɝgɪztæn/ (AmE) or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE), Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия, variously transliterated, also Kirgizia or Kirghizia), officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, it is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links National_emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan. ... Flag ratio: 3:5 The flag of Kyrgyzstan was adopted on March 3, 1992. ... The coat of arms of Kyrgyzstan displays an eagle, mountains, the sun, and the name of the country in Kyrgyz (ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹, Kyrgyz Respublikasy). ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz: ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹Ð½Ñ‹Ð½ ÐœÐ°Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐºÐµÑ‚Ñ‚Ð¸Ðº Ð“Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¸, Russian: Ð“Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð³Ð¸Ð¼Ð½ ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð·ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸) was adopted in 1992, for the new republic in Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Population: 5,080,230 (January 2005 est. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸, Ù‚Ù‰Ø±Ø¹Ù‰Ø² Ù´ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The President of Kyrgyzstan is the head of state and the highest official of the Kyrgyz Republic. ... Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev (Russian: ÐšÑƒÑ€Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð±ÐµÐº Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°ÐºÐ¸ÐµÐ² - variously transliterated; born 1 August 1949) is the President of Kyrgyzstan. ... List of Prime Ministers of Kyrgyzstan Nasirdin Isanov (1991-08-30 - 1991-11-29) Andrei Iordan (1991-11-29 - 1992-02-10) Tursunbek Chyngyshev (1992-02-10 - 1992-02-26), acting Tursunbek Chyngyshev (1992-02-26 - 1993-12-13) Almanbet Matubraimov (1993-12-13 - 1993-12-14), acting Apas Jumagulov... This is a history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 kmÂ² and 1,000,000 kmÂ². ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... Five Kyrgyzstani Som Note (1997) 100 Kyrgystani Som Notes (2002) The Kyrgyzstani Som (sometimes transliterated Sum or Soum) is the currency of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .kg is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Kyrgyzstan. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸, Ù‚Ù‰Ø±Ø¹Ù‰Ø² Ù´ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ...

History

Main article: History of Kyrgyzstan

Historical map of Central Asia // Early History Stone implements found in the Tian Shan mountains indicate the presence of human society in what is now Kyrgyzstan as many as 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. ...

Early history

According to recent historical findings, Kyrgyz history dates back to 201 BC. The early Kyrgyz lived in the upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia. The discovery of the Pazyryk and Tashtyk cultures show them as a blend of Turkic and Iranian nomadic tribes. Chinese and Muslim sources of the 7th–12th centuries AD describe the Kyrgyz as red-haired, in addition, blond-haired with a fair complexion and green or blue eyes. For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... Енисей Length 5,550 (4,102) km Elevation of the source m Average discharge 19,600 m³/s Area watershed 2,580,000 km² Origin ? Mouth Arctic Ocean Basin countries Russia The Yenisei basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Yenisei (Енисе́й) is a river... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Horseman, Pazyryk felt artifact, c. ... Culture that flourished in the Yenisei valley and elsewhere in central Siberia from the first to the fourth century. ...

The descent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous Siberian population is confirmed on the other hand by recent genetic studies.^[2] Remarkably, 63% of the modern Kyrgyz men share Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) with Tajiks (64%), Ukrainians (54%), Poles (56%) and even Icelanders (25%). Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) is believed to be a marker of the Proto-Indo-European language speakers. For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... Siberian federal subjects of Russia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting all of northern Asia. ... Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after McDonald (2005). ... Language(s) Persian (varieties of Dari and Tajiki) Religion(s) Islam (predominantly Sunni, with sizable Ithna Ashari and Ismaili minorities) TÄjÄ«k (Persian: ; UniPers: TÃ¢jik; Tajik: ) is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking peoples of Iranian origin living east of Iran. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after McDonald (2005). ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ...

The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khanate in 840 A.D. Then Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. In the 12th century, however, the Kyrgyz domination had shrunk to the Altay Range and the Sayan Mountains as a result of the rising Mongol expansion. With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; Pinyin: Tiān Shān; celestial mountains) mountain range is located in Central Asia, in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of western China. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... Altay or Altai may refer to: Altay, Xinjiang, also spelled Aletai, a city in Xinjiang, China Altay, Govi-Altay, a city in Govi-Altay Province, Mongolia Altay Mountains Altay language Altay (sheep), a sheep breed Altai Republic, a federal subject of Russia Altai Krai, a federal subject of Russia This... Lake Gornyh Duhov Western Sayan, Ergaki mountains The Sayan Mountains (Russian: , Sayany) are a mountain range in southern Siberia, Asia. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent GÃ¼ren; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ...

Russian influence

In the early 19th century, the southern part of what is today Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the Khanate of Kokand. The territory, then known in Russian as "Kirgizia", was formally incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1876. The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to move to the Pamirs and Afghanistan. In addition, the suppression of the 1916 rebellion in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz to migrate to China. Since many ethnic groups in the region were (and still are) split between neighbouring states, at a time when borders were more porous and less regulated, it was common to move back and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better; this might mean better rains for pasture or better government after oppression. The Khanate of Kokand is a formar state in Asia that existed from 1709-1876 within the territory of modern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

Soviet era

Bishkek

Displays in the former Lenin Museum (now part of the National Museum) celebrated Kyrgyzstan's membership in the Soviet Union

Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919 and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian SFSR (the term Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kirghiz). On December 5, 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a full republic of the Soviet Union. Image File history File links Bischkek. ... Image File history File links Bischkek. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (ÐšÐ°Ñ€Ð°-ÐšÐ¸Ñ€Ð³Ð¸Ð·ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐž) was created on October 14, 1924 within RSFSR from a part of Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. ... State motto: Russian: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR: - Since - Until November 7, 1917 December 30, 1922 December 12, 1991 (independence) Area - Total - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 kmÂ² 13% Population - Total - Density Ranked 1st in the... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... State motto: Бардык өлкөлордүн пролетарлары, бириккиле! Official language None. ...

During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life. Literacy was greatly improved, and a standard literary language was introduced. Economic and social development also was notable. Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite the suppression of nationalist activity under Stalin, and, therefore, tensions with the all-Union authorities were constant. The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ...

The early years of glasnost had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function. // (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ...

In June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in the Osh Oblast, where Uzbeks form a majority of the population. Violent confrontations ensued, and a state of emergency and curfew were introduced. Order was not restored until August 1990.^{[citation needed]} Osh Province (Kyrgyz: Ош областы) is a province (oblasty) of Kyrgyzstan. ...

The early 1990s brought considerable change to Kyrgyzstan. By then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. In an upset victory, Askar Akayev, the liberal President of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, was elected to the Presidency in October 1990. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government composed mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. Ã†skar Akayevich Akayev (ÐÑÐºÐ°Ñ€ ÐÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²) (born 10 November 1944 in Kyzyl-Bairak, Kirghiz SSR) served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until the Kyrgyz people overthrew him in March 2005 in the Tulip Revolution. ...

In December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. (In 1993, it became the Kyrgyz Republic.) In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its prerevolutionary name of Bishkek. Despite these aesthetic moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a "renewed federation." Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ...

On August 19, 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on August 31, 1991. is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... During the Soviet Coup of 1991, also known as the August Coup, a group of hardliners within the Soviet Communist party briefly deposed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÌÐ·Ð°, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡ (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

Independence

In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95% of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community. Finally, on December 21, 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four Central Asian Republics to formally enter the new Commonwealth of Independent States. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the UN and the CSCE. is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Member state Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders - Executive Secretary Sergei Lebedev Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ...

The "Tulip Revolution," after the parliamentary elections in March 2005, forced President Akayev's resignation on April 4, 2005. Opposition leaders formed a coalition and a new government was formed under President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Feliks Kulov. The nation's capital was also looted during the protests. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev (Russian: ÐšÑƒÑ€Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð±ÐµÐº Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°ÐºÐ¸ÐµÐ² - variously transliterated; born 1 August 1949) is the President of Kyrgyzstan. ... Felix (or Feliks) Kulov (born 29 October 1948 in Bishkek) is a Kyrgyz politician. ...

Political stability appears to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime are jockeying for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother's seat in a by-election. All four are reputed to have been directly involved in major illegal business ventures. Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Current concerns in Kyrgyzstan include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, inter-ethnic relations, and terrorism.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Kyrgyzstan

President Kurmanbek Bakiyev

The 1993 constitution defines the form of government as a democratic republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament currently is unicameral. The judicial branch comprises a Supreme Court, a Constitutional Court, local courts, and a Chief Prosecutor. // Political history since independence In the first years of Kyrgyzstans full independence, President Askar Akayev appeared wholeheartedly committed to the reform process. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev (Russian: ÐšÑƒÑ€Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð±ÐµÐº Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°ÐºÐ¸ÐµÐ² - variously transliterated; born 1 August 1949) is the President of Kyrgyzstan. ...

In March 2002, in the southern district of Aksy, five people protesting the arbitrary arrest of an opposition politician were shot dead by police, sparking nationwide protests. President Akayev initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the participation of a broad range of government, civil, and social representatives in an open dialogue, leading to a February 2003 referendum marred by voting irregularities. The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on February 27 and March 13, 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless coup on March 24, after which Akayev fled the country and was replaced by acting president Kurmanbek Bakiyev. (see: Tulip Revolution). Aksy is a small town in southern Kyrgyzstan which gained notoriety in 2002 when police and militia fired into a crowd of unarmed demonstrators, killing five. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev (Russian: ÐšÑƒÑ€Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð±ÐµÐº Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°ÐºÐ¸ÐµÐ² - variously transliterated; born 1 August 1949) is the President of Kyrgyzstan. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Interim government leaders are developing a new governing structure for the country and working to resolve outstanding constitutional issues. On July 10, 2005, acting president Bakiyev won the presidential election in a landslide, with 88.9% of the vote, and was inaugurated on 14 August. However, initial public support for the new administration substantially declined in subsequent months as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that have plagued the country since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of several members of parliament. Largescale protests against president Bakiyev took place in Bishkek in April and November of 2006, with opposition leaders accusing the president of failing to live up to his election promises to reform the country's constitution and transfer many of his presidential powers to parliament. ^[3] is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kyrgyzstan held a presidential election on 10 July 2005. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Provinces and districts

Main articles: Provinces of Kyrgyzstan and Raions of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is divided into seven provinces (sing. oblast (область), pl. oblasttar (областтар)) administered by appointed governors. The capital, Bishkek, is administratively an independent city (shaar) with a status equal to a province. Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, variously transliterated), officially the Kyrgyz Republic, and sometimes known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. ... The provinces of Kyrgyzstan are divided into raions (districts), administered by government-appointed officials. ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... Oblast (Czech: oblast, Slovak: oblasÅ¥, Russian and Ukrainian: , Belarusian: , Bulgarian: Ð¾ÌÐ±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚) refers to a subnational entity in some countries. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... An independent city is a city that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity. ...

Provinces of Kyrgyzstan

The provinces, and capital city, are as follows: Image File history File links KyrgyzstanNumbered. ... Image File history File links KyrgyzstanNumbered. ...

Bishkek
Batken (Batken)
Chui (Chui-Tokmok)
Jalal-Abad (Jalal-Abad)
Naryn (Naryn)
Osh (Osh)
Talas (Talas)
Issyk-Kul (Karakol)

Each province comprises a number of districts (raions), administered by government-appointed officials (akim). Rural communities (ayıl ökmötü), consisting of up to twenty small settlements, have their own elected mayors and councils. Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Batken Province (Kyrgyz: Баткен областы, Batken oblast) is a province (oblasty) of Kyrgyzstan. ... Chui Province (Kyrgyz: Ð§Ò¯Ð¹ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚Ñ‹) is a province (oblast) of Kyrgyzstan. ... Jalal-Abad Province (Kyrgyz: Ð–Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð»-ÐÐ±Ð°Ð´ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚Ñ‹) is a province (oblast) of Kyrgyzstan. ... Naryn Province (Kyrgyz: ÐÐ°Ñ€Ñ‹Ð½ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚Ñ‹) is a province (oblast) of Kyrgyzstan. ... Osh Province (Kyrgyz: ÐžÑˆ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚Ñ‹) is a province (oblast) of Kyrgyzstan. ... Talas Province (Kyrgyz: Талас областы) is a province (oblasty) of Kyrgyzstan. ... Issyk Kul Province (Kyrgyz: Ð«ÑÑ‹Ðº-ÐšÓ©Ð» Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚Ñ‹) is a province (oblast) of Kyrgyzstan. ... A raion (or rayon) (Russian and Ukrainian: ; Belarusian Ñ€Ð°Ñ‘Ð½; Azeri: rayon, Latvian: rajons, Georgian: , raioni) is one of two kinds of administrative subdivisions in languages of some post-Soviet states: a subnational entity and a subdivision of a city. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. ...

Geography

Map of Kyrgyzstan

Ala Archa gorge near Bishkek

View of Ala Archa outside Bishkek

Main article: Geography of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as "the Switzerland of Central Asia", as a result ^[4]), with the remainder made up of valleys and basins. Lake Issyk-Kul in the north-western Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after Titicaca. The highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. Peak Jengish Chokusu, at 24,400 feet (7,439 m), is the highest point and is considered by geologists (though not mountaineers) to be the northernmost 23,000 foot (7,000 m) peak in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from the mountains is also used for hydro-electricity. from cia wfb File links The following pages link to this file: Kyrgyzstan Categories: CIA World Factbook images ... from cia wfb File links The following pages link to this file: Kyrgyzstan Categories: CIA World Factbook images ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (840x600, 59 KB)This is a picture that was taken about 50 kilometers from Bishkek, I think it is called Al-aksa range, a national park. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (840x600, 59 KB)This is a picture that was taken about 50 kilometers from Bishkek, I think it is called Al-aksa range, a national park. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 546 pixels Full resolution (1735 Ã— 1185 pixel, file size: 352 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A view towards Ala Archa in the Kyrgyz Alatau mountains, from roadside in the Chui valley outside Bishkek, capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 546 pixels Full resolution (1735 Ã— 1185 pixel, file size: 352 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A view towards Ala Archa in the Kyrgyz Alatau mountains, from roadside in the Chui valley outside Bishkek, capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Looking up the Ala Archa river valley The dramatic landscape Ala Archa is a national park in Bishkek province of Kyrgyzstan. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Location: Central Asia, west of China Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 75 00 E Area: total: 198,500 km² land: 191,300 km² water: 7,200 km² Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Dakota Land boundaries: total: 3,878 km border countries: China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; Pinyin: Tiān Shān; celestial mountains) mountain range is located in Central Asia, in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of western China. ... Issyk Kul from space, September 1992 Issyk Kul at sundown (2002) Issyk Kul beach (2002) Issyk Kul (also Ysyk KÃ¶l, Issyk-kol) (located at 42Â°30â€²N 77Â°30â€²E) is an endorheic lake in the northern Tian Shan mountains in northwestern Kyrgyzstan. ... A boat made of reeds on Lake Titicaca. ... Jengish Chokusu is the highest mountain in the Tian Shan mountain range. ... A foot (plural: feet) is a non-SI unit of distance or length, measuring around a third of a meter. ... Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ...

The climate varies regionally. The south-western Fergana Valley is subtropical and extremely hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 40°C (104°F.) The northern foothills are temperate and the Tian Shan varies from dry continental to polar climate, depending on elevation. In the coldest areas temperatures are sub-zero for around 40 days in winter, and even some desert areas experience constant snowfall in this period. The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley (Uzbek: , Kyrgyz: Ð¤ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð° Ó©Ñ€Ó©Ó©Ð½Ò¯, Tajik: Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¤aÑ€Ò“Ð¾Ð½a, Russian: , Persian: ) is a region in the Tian Shan mountain ranges of Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. ... Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ... Solar radiation has a lower intensity in polar regions because it travels a longer distance through the atmosphere, and is spread across a larger surface area. ...

Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of metals including gold and rare earth metals. Due to the country's predominantly mountainous terrain, less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley. GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Rare earth ore Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are trivial names sometimes applied to a collection of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table, namely scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. ...

Bishkek in the north is the capital and largest city, with approximately 900,000 inhabitants (as of 2005). The second city is the ancient town of Osh, located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the Naryn, flowing west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan, where it meets another of Kyrgyzstan's major rivers, the Kara Darya, forming the Syr Darya which eventually flows into the Aral Sea — although the massive extraction of water for irrigating Uzbekistan's cotton fields now causes the river to dry up long before reaching the Sea. The Chu River also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan. Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... For the home improvement store, see Orchard Supply Hardware. ... The Naryn River rises in the Tien Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia, flowing west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. ... The Fergana Valley (also Ferghana Valley) is a region in the Tian Shan mountain ranges of Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. ... Syr Darya (also known as Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a river in Central Asia. ... The Aral Sea (Kazakh: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð» Ð¢ÐµÒ£Ñ–Ð·Ñ–, Aral Tengizi, Uzbek: , Russian: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÎ¿Ðµ Ð¼Î¿Ñ€Ðµ) is a landlocked endorheic sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south. ... The Chu (or Chui or Chuy) (Russian: Ð§Ñƒ, Kyrgyz: Ð§Ò¯Ð¹, Kazakh: Ð¨Ñƒ) is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and drains the northern Kyrgyz ranges of the western Tian Shan, flowing through the Chuy valley near the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek before leaving Kyrgyzstan and flowing into Kazakhstan. ...

Enclaves and exclaves

There is one exclave, the tiny village of Barak, Kyrgyzstan^[5], (population 627) in the Fergana valley. The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory and located between the towns of Margilan and Fergana. This cites very few or no references or sources. ... Fergana Fergana or Farghana (Uzbek: Fargona [Ð¤Ð°Ñ€Ò“Ð¾Ð½Ð°], Russian: Ð¤ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð°, Tajik: Ð¤Ð°Ñ€Ò“Ð¾Ð½Ð°) is a city (1999 population: 182,800), the capital of Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southern edge of the Fergana Valley in southern Central Asia, cutting across the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. ... Margilan is a city (1994 pop 145,000) in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan. ...

There are four Uzbek enclaves within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of Sokh (area 125 sq. mi/325 km² and a population of 42,800 in 1993, although some estimates go as high as 70,000; 99% are Tajiks, the remainder Uzbeks), and Shakhrimardan (also known as Shakirmardon or Shah-i-Mardan, area 35 sq. mi/90 km² and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are Uzbeks, the remainder Kyrgyz); the other two are the tiny territories of Chuy-Kara (or Kalacha, roughly 3 km long by 1 km wide or 2 mi by 0.6 mi) and Dzhangail (a dot of land barely 2 or 3 km across). Chuy-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave. This cites very few or no references or sources. ... â€œMilesâ€ redirects here. ...

There also are two enclaves belonging to Tajikistan: Vorukh (exclave area between 95 and 130 km² [37–50 sq. mi], population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages), located 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Isfara on the right bank of the Karafshin river, and a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of Kairagach. A sign welcoming travellers to Isfara. ...

Economy

Main article: Economy of Kyrgyzstan

Despite the backing of major Western lenders, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, the Kyrgyz Republic has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trading bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the Republic's transition to a free market economy.. The government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies, and introduced a value-added tax. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a market economy. Through economic stabilization and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to the Kyrgyz Republic's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 20, 1998. The economy of Kyrgyzstan was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet trading block. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... IMF redirects here. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical assistance. ... Value added tax (VAT) is a sales tax levied on the sale of goods and services. ... A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets (though completley useless to some dumbasses) guided by a free price system. ... WTO redirects here. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Kyrgyz Republic's economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Tajikistan, as factories and state farms collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional markets in the former Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate fiscal revenues and providing an adequate social safety net. Fiscal policy is the economic term that defines the set of principles and decisions of a government in setting the level of public expenditure and how that expenditure is funded. ... The social safety net is a term used to describe a collection of services provided by the state (such as welfare, universal healthcare, homeless shelters, and perhaps various subsidized services such as transit), which prevent any individual from falling into poverty beyond a certain level. ...

Agriculture is an important sector of the economy in the Kyrgyz Republic; see agriculture in Kyrgyzstan. By the early 1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002 agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of employment. The Kyrgyz Republic's terrain is mountainous, which accommodates livestock raising, the largest agricultural activity, so the resulting wool, meat, and dairy products are major commodities. Main crops include wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit. As the prices of imported agrichemicals and petroleum are so high, much farming is being done by hand and by horse, as it was generations ago. Agricultural processing is a key component of the industrial economy, as well as one of the most attractive sectors for foreign investment. Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan is a significant sector of the economy. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). ... This article is about the food. ... Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ... Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, grown for its starchy tuber. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ... Vegetables on a market Vegetable is a nutritional and culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Agrichemicals are sprayed onto areas to control pests and diseases, or weeds. ... Petro redirects here. ...

The Kyrgyz Republic is rich in mineral resources but has negligible petroleum and natural gas reserves; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of coal, gold, uranium, antimony, and other rare-earth metals. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this field. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold. The Kyrgyz Republic's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. Petro redirects here. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... This article is about the element. ... Rare earth ore Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are trivial names sometimes applied to a collection of 17 chemical elements in the Periodic Table, namely scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. ... Georg Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early book on metal extraction Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their compounds, which are called alloys. ... Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ...

On a local level, the economy is primarily kiosk in nature. A large amount of local commerce occurs at bazaars and small village kiosks. Commodities such as gas (petrol) are often sold road-side in gallon jugs. A significant amount of trade is unregulated. There is also a scarcity of common everyday consumer items in remote villages. Thus a large number of homes are quite self-sufficient with respect to food production. There is a distinct differentiation between urban and rural economies.

The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woolen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy, and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods, and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include Germany, Russia, and neighboring China, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Kyrgyzstan

The World Almanac 2005 reported that Kyrgyzstan's population is slightly more than five million, estimating it at 5,081,429. Of those, 34.4% are under the age of 15 and 6.2% are over the age of 65. The country is rural; only about one-third (33.9%) of Kyrgyzstan's population live in urban areas. The average population density is 69 people per square mile (29 people per km²). Population: 5,080,230 (January 2005 est. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ...

Traditional graves

The nation's largest ethnic group is the Kyrgyz, a Turkic people. The Kyrgyz comprise 69.5% of the population and have historically been semi-nomadic herders, living in round tents called yurts and tending sheep, horses and yaks. This nomadic tradition continues to function seasonally (see transhumance) as herding families return to the high mountain pasture (or jailoo) in the summer. The retention of this nomadic heritage and the freedoms that it assumes continue to have an impact on the political atmosphere in the country. The name Kyrgyz, both for the people and for the nation itself, is said to mean "forty girls", a reference to the Manas of folklore unifying forty tribes against the Mongols. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... For the 2006 historical epic set in Kazakhstan, see Nomad (2006 film). ... A Yurt is a portable felt dwelling structure used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... For other uses, see Yak (disambiguation). ... Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock between mountainous and lowland pastures. ... Manas is the name of: A Kyrgyz epic poem (see Manas (epic); A commune in Drôme département, in France (see Manas, Drôme) Level of consciousness in Yogacara Buddhism, the manas-vijnana A river in the state of Assam in India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ...

Other ethnic groups include ethnic Russians (9.0%) concentrated in the North and Uzbeks (14.5%) living in the South. Small but noticeable minorities include Tatars (1.9), Uyghurs (1.1%), Tajiks (1.1%),Kazakhs (0.7%) and Ukrainians (0.5%), and other smaller ethnic minorities (1.7%). Of the formerly sizable Volga German community, exiled here by Stalin from their earlier homes in the Volga German Republic, most have returned to Germany, and only a few small groups remain. A small percentage of the population are also Soviet Koreans, meaning descendents of the former Korean residents of Vladivostok, whom Stalin had exiled to Central Asia (and the Caucasus) during the Second World War. For other uses, see Russian. ... This article is about the people. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ... Language(s) Persian (varieties of Dari and Tajiki) Religion(s) Islam (predominantly Sunni, with sizable Ithna Ashari and Ismaili minorities) TÄjÄ«k (Persian: ; UniPers: TÃ¢jik; Tajik: ) is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking peoples of Iranian origin living east of Iran. ... Languages Kazakh (and/or languages in country of residence) Religions Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò›Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ []; Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ…Ð¸; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and... Volga German pioneer family commemorative statue in Victoria, Kansas, USA. The Volga Germans (German: or Russlanddeutsche) were ethnic Germans living near the Volga River in the region of southern European Russia around Saratov and to the south, maintaining German culture, language, traditions and religions: Evangelical Lutheranism, Reformed and Roman Catholicism... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... Volga German ASSR location map Volga German ASSR map 1937 flag of the Volga German ASSR The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (German: Autonome Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik der Wolga-Deutschen, Russian: ÐÐ²Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ° ÐÐµÐ¼Ñ†ÐµÐ² ÐŸÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÑŒÑ) was an autonomy established in the Soviet Union, with its capital at the Volga port of Engels (until... Languages Russian, Koryo-mar Religions Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism, Buddhism, others[2] Related ethnic groups Koreans, Sakhalin Koreans Koryo-saram (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ñ€Ñ‘ ÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð¼; Koryo-mar: ê³ ë ¤ì‚¬ëžŒ) is the name which ethnic Koreans in the Post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. ... Vladivostok (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated close to the Russo-Sino border and North Korea. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

A Yurt family

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A Yurt is a portable felt dwelling structure used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 554 pixelsFull resolution (902 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 34 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Languages

Kyrgyzstan is one of two of the five former Soviet republics in Central Asia to retain Russian as an official language (Kazakhstan is the other). It added the Kyrgyz language to become an officially bilingual country in September 1991. This sent a clear signal to the ethnic Russians that they were welcome in the new independent state, in an effort to avoid a brain drain. Kyrgyz is a member of the Turkic group of languages and was written in the Arabic alphabet until the 20th century. Latin script was introduced and adopted in 1928, and was subsequently replaced by Cyrillic script in 1941. An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸, Ù‚Ù‰Ø±Ø¹Ù‰Ø² Ù´ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... This article is about the emigration term. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸, Ù‚Ù‰Ø±Ø¹Ù‰Ø² Ù´ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing languages such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and others. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is actually a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by certain Slavic languages â€” Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainianâ€”as well as many other languages of the former Soviet Union...

Generally, people all over the country understand and speak Russian, except for some remote mountain areas. Russian is the mother tongue of the majority of Bishkek dwellers, and most business and political affairs are carried out in this language. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a language spoken at home, and was rarely used during meetings or other events. However, most parliamentary meetings today are conducted in Kyrgyz, with simultaneous interpretation available for those not speaking Kyrgyz.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Kyrgyzstan

Musicians

Manas, an epic poem
Komuz, a three-stringed lute
Tush kyiz, large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings
Shirdak, flat cushions made in shadow-pairs ^[6]
other textiles, especially made from felt
Falconry

Kyrgyzstan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the Kyrgyz being the majority group. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 548 pixelsFull resolution (864 Ã— 592 pixel, file size: 380 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A scan from a 35mm photograph which I took at a yurt camp at Karakol in Kyrgyzstan in July 2002. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 548 pixelsFull resolution (864 Ã— 592 pixel, file size: 380 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A scan from a 35mm photograph which I took at a yurt camp at Karakol in Kyrgyzstan in July 2002. ... Manas is a traditional epic poem of the Kyrgyz people and the name of the epics eponymous hero. ... In mathematics, see epic morphism. ... The komuz is a string instrument used in Kyrgyz music, closely related to the other Turkic string instruments. ... Tush kyiz are large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings, traditionally made in Kyrgyzstan by elder women to commemorate the marriage of a son or daughter. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... A selection of 4 different felt cloths. ... Flying a Saker Falcon Falconry or hawking is an art or sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey) to hunt or pursue game for humans. ...

Traditions

Illegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of bride kidnapping. ^[7] Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a form of forced marriage practiced in a few traditional cultures, in countries including Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus region, Ethiopia and Rwanda. ...

It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that arranged marriages were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual "kidnapping." ^[8] Marriage Ã -la-mode by William Hogarth: a satire on arranged marriages and prediction of ensuing disaster The purpose of an arranged marriage is to form a new family unit by marriage while respecting the chastity of all people involved. ...

Religion

Main article: Islam in Kyrgyzstan

Karakol Dungan Mosque

During Soviet times, state atheism was encouraged. Today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a secular state though Islam has exerted growing influence in politics.^[9]. For instance, there have been various attempts to decriminalize polygamy, and to arrange for officials to travel on hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca) under a tax-free arrangement.^[10] Kyrgyzstan is an overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim nation, and adheres to the Hanafi school of thought. ^[11] The vast majority of todays Kyrgyz are Muslims of the Sunni branch, but Islam came late and fairly superficially to the area. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixels Full resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 345 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kyrgyzstan ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixels Full resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 345 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kyrgyzstan ... The Russian Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral in Karakol. ... Dungan (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Russian: ) is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin. ... State atheism is the official rejection of religion in all forms by a government in favor of atheism. ... It has been suggested that LaÃ¯citÃ© be merged into this article or section. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Polygamy has been a feature of human culture since earliest history. ... A supplicating pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram, the mosque which was built around the Kaaba (the cubical building at center). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Hanafi (Arabic ØÙ†ÙÙŠ) school is the oldest of the four schools of thought (Madhhabs) or jurisprudence (Fiqh) within Sunni Islam. ...

While Islam in Kyrgyzstan is more of a cultural background than a devout daily practice for many, public figures have expressed support for restoring religious values. For example, human rights ombudsman Tursunbay Bakir-Ulu noted, "In this era of independence, it is not surprising that there has been a return to spiritual roots not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in other post-communist republics. It would be immoral to develop a market-based society without an ethical dimension."^[12] Additionally, Bermet Akayeva, the daughter of Askar Akayev, the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated during a July 2007 interview that Islam is increasingly taking root across the nation.^[13] She emphasized that many mosques have been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to Islam, which she noted was "not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, cleaner."^[14] The vast majority of todays Kyrgyz are Muslims of the Sunni branch, but Islam came late and fairly superficially to the area. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Bermet Akayeva Bermet Akayeva (Бермет Акаева) (born June 3, 1972 in Leningrad) is a Kyrgyz politician and former MP. She is the daughter of ousted former President Askar Akayev. ... Ã†skar Akayevich Akayev (ÐÑÐºÐ°Ñ€ ÐÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²) (born 10 November 1944 in Kyzyl-Bairak, Kirghiz SSR) served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until the Kyrgyz people overthrew him in March 2005 in the Tulip Revolution. ... A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ...

The other faiths practiced in Kyrgyzstan include Russian Orthodox and Ukrainian Orthodox versions of Christianity, practiced primarily by Russians and Ukrainians respectively. A small minority of Germans are Protestant Christians, mostly Lutherans and Baptists.^[15] A few Animistic traditions survive, as do influences from Buddhism such as the tying of prayer flags onto sacred trees, though some view this practice rooted within Sufi Islam.^[16] There are also a small number of Bukharian Jews living in Kyrgyzstan, but during the collapse of the Soviet Union most fled to other countries, mainly the United States and Israel. The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Ukrainian Orthodox Church may refer to: Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA Autonomous Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America Orthodox Christianity History of Christianity in Ukraine History of Christianity in Lala Land... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Baptist is... The term Animism is derived from the Latin anima, meaning soul.[1][2] In its most general sense, animism is simply the belief in souls. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... Prayer Flags are typically related to Tibet and linked to Tibetan Buddhism, but their origin lies in the Tibetan pre-Buddhist tradition of Bön, just as the the so-called Wind Horse which is often found on them. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Languages Traditionally Bukhari, Russian and Hebrew spoken in addtion. ...

Flag

The 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the flag represents 40 warriors of the mythical hero Manas. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or tunduk (Kyrgyz түндүк) of a yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red portion of the flag represents peace and openness of Kyrgyzstan. Manas is the name of: A Kyrgyz epic poem (see Manas (epic); A commune in Drôme département, in France (see Manas, Drôme) Level of consciousness in Yogacara Buddhism, the manas-vijnana A river in the state of Assam in India. ... A Yurt is a portable felt dwelling structure used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. ...

Education

American University of Central Asia

Educational institutions in Kyrgyzstan include: Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 219 pixels Full resolution (857 Ã— 235 pixel, file size: 51 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) American University of Central Asia (Boris Pilipenko, 2005) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 219 pixels Full resolution (857 Ã— 235 pixel, file size: 51 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) American University of Central Asia (Boris Pilipenko, 2005) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to... The American University of Central Asia (AUCA) is a selective liberal arts University based upon the American model and located in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan. ...

The American University of Central Asia
Kyrgyz Russian Slavonic University ^[17]
Kyrgyz National University ^[18]
Kyrgyz-Turkish MANAS University ^[19]
Bishkek Humanities University
International University of Kyrgyzstan
International Ataturk-Alatoo University ^[20]
Osh State University ^[21]
Kyrgyz Uzbek University
Osh Technological University
Moskov Institute of Law and Enterprise
International University of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz-Russian State University
The London School in Bishkek

The American University of Central Asia (AUCA) is a selective liberal arts University based upon the American model and located in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan. ...

Horse riding

The traditional national sports reflect the importance of horse riding in Kyrgyz culture. horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ...

Very popular, as in all of Central Asia, is Ulak Tartysh, a team game resembling a cross between polo and rugby in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the headless carcass of a goat, which they attempt to deliver across the opposition's goal line, or into the opposition's goal: a big tub or a circle marked on the ground. Game of Buzkashi in Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan Buzkashi, Kok-boru or Oglak Tartis (Persian: Ø¨Ø²Ú©Ø´ÛŒ buzkashÄ«: goat grabbing) (Uzbek, Tatar, Turkmen: kÃ¶kbÃ¶rÃ¼, kÃ¶k blue + bÃ¶rÃ¼ wolf, Kazakh: ÐºÓ©ÐºÐ¿Ð°Ñ€, Kyrgyz: ÑƒÐ»Ð°Ðº) is a traditional Central Asian team sport played on horseback. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Polo (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ...

Other popular games on horseback include:

Aht Chabysh - a long-distance horse race, sometimes over a distance of more than 50 km
Jumby Atmai - a large bar of precious metal (the "jumby") is tied to a pole by a thread and contestants attempt to break the thread by shooting at it, while at a gallop
Kyz Kuumai - a man chases a girl in order to win a kiss from her, while she gallops away; if he is not successful she may beat him with her "kamchi" (horsewhip)
Oodarysh - two contestants wrestle on horseback, each attempting to be the first to throw the other from his horse
Tyin Enmei - picking up a coin from the ground at full gallop

Transport

A road near Bishkek

Main article: Transport in Kyrgyzstan

Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of 3,000 metre (9,000 feet) altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mud slides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions. Additional problems are due to the fact that many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. Horses are still a much-used transport option, especially in more rural areas; Kyrgyzstan's road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles cannot, and they do not require expensive, imported fuel. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the countrys alpine topography. ... CCCP redirects here. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... For other uses, see Fuel (disambiguation). ...

Airports

At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. Only a few of them remain in service today.

Manas Airport near Bishkek is the main international airport, with services to Moscow, Tashkent, Urumqi, Istanbul, Baku, Delhi and London.
Osh Airport is the main air terminal in the South, with daily connections to Bishkek.
Jalal-Abad Airport is linked to Bishkek by two flights per week.
Other facilities built during the Soviet era are either closed down, used only occasionally or restricted to military use (e.g., Kant airbase, now a Russian air base near Bishkek)

Manas International Airport (IATA: FRU, ICAO: UAFM) is an airport located near Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Tashkent (Uzbek: , Russian: ) is the capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. ... Ürümqi (Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى; Uyghur Latin script: Ürümqi; Chinese: 烏魯木齊; Pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí; population about 1. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Coordinates: , Country Government - Mayor Hajibala Abutalybov Area - City 260 kmÂ² (100. ... , For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Osh Airport is an airport in Osh, Kyrgyzstan (IATA: OSS, ICAO: UAFO). ... Jalal-Abad (since 2003 also spelled Jalalabad) is the administrative centre of the Jalal-Abad Oblasty in southwestern Kyrgyzstan. ... Kant is a city in the Chui Valley of northern Kyrgyzstan, some 20 km from the capital of Bishkek. ...

Railways

The Chui valley in the north and the Ferghana valley in the south were endpoints of the Soviet Union's rail system in Central Asia. Following the emergence of independent post-Soviet states, the rail lines which were built without regard for administrative boundaries have been cut by borders, and traffic is therefore severely curtailed. The small bits of rail lines within Kyrgyzstan, about 370 km (1,520 mm broad gauge) in total, have little economic value in the absence of the former bulk traffic over long distances to and from such centers as Tashkent, Almaty and the cities of Russia. Tashkent (Uzbek: , Russian: ) is the capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. ... Map showing Almatys location in Kazakhstan Almaty Orthodox church Mosque Almaty (ÐÐ»Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ñ‹; formerly known as Alma-Ata, also Vernyj, Vyernyi (Ð’ÐµÑ€Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹) in Imperial Russia) is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,185,900 (2004) (8% of the population of Kazakhstan) citizens. ...

There are vague plans about extending rail lines from Balykchy in the north and/or from Osh in the south into the People's Republic of China, but the cost of construction would be enormous. Balykchy is a town of about 50,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan. ... For the home improvement store, see Orchard Supply Hardware. ...

Rail links with adjacent countries

Kazakhstan - yes - Bishkek branch - same gauge
Uzbekistan - yes - Osh branch - same gauge
Tajikistan - no - same gauge
China - no - Break of gauge 1524mm/1435mm

Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... For the home improvement store, see Orchard Supply Hardware. ... With railways, a break-of-gauge is where a line of one gauge meets a line of a different gauge. ...

Highways

A road in Osh

With support from the Asian Development Bank, a major road linking the north and southwest from Bishkek to Osh has recently been completed. This considerably eases communication between the two major population centers of the country -- the Chui Valley in the north and the Fergana Valley in the South. An offshoot of this road branches off across a 3,500 meter pass into the Talas Valley in the northwest. Plans are now being formulated to build a major road from Osh into the People's Republic of China. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 544 pixelsFull resolution (1130 Ã— 769 pixel, file size: 654 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 544 pixelsFull resolution (1130 Ã— 769 pixel, file size: 654 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical assistance. ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek (Ð‘Ð¸ÑˆÐºÐµÐº) is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. ... For the home improvement store, see Orchard Supply Hardware. ... The Chui river drains the northern Kyrgyz ranges of the western Tien Chan, crossing the Chui valley before leaving Kazakhstan. ... The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley (Uzbek: , Kyrgyz: Ð¤ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð° Ó©Ñ€Ó©Ó©Ð½Ò¯, Tajik: Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¤aÑ€Ò“Ð¾Ð½a, Russian: , Persian: ) is a region in the Tian Shan mountain ranges of Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. ... In a range of hills, or especially of mountains, a pass (also gap, notch, col, saddle, bwlch or bealach) is a lower point that allows easier access through the range. ... Talas is a small town in northwestern Kyrgyzstan, beautifully located in a long valley between two imposing mountain ranges. ...

total: 30,300 km (including 140 km of expressways)
paved: 22,600 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
unpaved: 7,700 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

Pipelines

Natural gas 200 km For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...

Waterways

Water transport exists only on Lake Issyk Kul, and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union. Issyk Kul (also Ysyk Köl) is an endorheic lake in the northern Tien Shan mountains in northwestern Kyrgyzstan. ...

Ports and harbours

Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Lake Issyk Kul. Balykchy is a town of about 50,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan. ...

Miscellaneous topics

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 609 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Proposed Central Asian Union A Central Asian Union was proposed by Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbaev on April 26, 2007, consisting of the five Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. ... Telephones - main lines in use: 351,000 (1997) Telephones - mobile cellular: NA Telephone system: poorly developed; about 100,000 unsatisfied applications for household telephones domestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider, probably limited to Bishkek region international: connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and... Kyrgyzstan favours close relations with other CIS members, in particular with Kazakhstan and Russia. ... Flag of Kyrgystan Kyrgyzstan at the 2004 Summer Olympics Results by medals Results by event Athletics Womens 100 metres: Elena Bobrovskaya - Round 1, 11. ... The 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections were held in February and March 2005. ... Kyrgyzstan held a presidential election on 10 July 2005. ... 376 bird species[1] have occurred in the Kyrgyz Republic. ... This is a list of cities in Kyrgyzstan. ... Military branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Security Forces, and Border Troops Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,234,457 (2002 est. ... Membership badge of Scouting in Kyrgyzstan Scouting in Kyrgyzstan was founded in November 1994 and is not yet a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, but is working toward WOSM recognition. ... Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the countrys alpine topography. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Kyrgyzstan. ... Emblem of the 376th Air Expeditionary Wing, stationed at Manas Air Base Ganci Air Base is the unofficial name of Manas Air Base, a United States military installation at Manas International Airport near Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, primarily operated by the U.S. Air Force. ...

Notes

^ CIA World Factbook entry on Kyrgysztan
^ The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
^ Clashes erupt in Kyrgyz capital. BBC Online. Retrieved on 21 November, 2007.
^ Escobar, Pepe. The Tulip Revolution takes root. Asia Times Online. Retrieved on 21 November, 2007.
^ http://home.no.net/enklaver/kyrgyzstan.htm
^ http://www.kyrgyzstyle.kg/production/shirdaks/index.htm
^ Lom, Petr. Synopsis of "The Kidnapped Bride". Frontline/World. Retrieved on 21 November, 2007.
^ Human Rights Watch Report "Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan" published September 2006, Vol. 18, No.9.
^ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=18147
^ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=18147
^ http://www.canadiancontent.net/profiles/Kyrgyzstan.html
^ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=18147
^ http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav071707a.shtml
^ http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav071707a.shtml
^ Religion in Kyrgyzstan
^ Shaikh Muhmmad bin Jamil Zeno, Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno - 2006, pg. 264
^ Kyrgyz Russian Slavonic University
^ Kyrgyz National University
^ Kyrgyz-Turkish MANAS University
^ International Ataturk-Alatoo University
^ Osh State University

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

External links

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US State Department - Background Note: Kyrgyzstan
Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the USA

Government Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ...

Government of Kyrgyzstan official site
President of the Kyrgyz Republic
Kyrgyzstan Ministry of External Trade and Industry
Kyrgyz State Television and Radio
Local government Official website (in Russian)

Overviews

CIA World Factbook - Kyrgystan
KyrgyzReport.com ongoing analysis, including an analysis of the clusters of political forces in Kyrgyzstan and the roots of the country’s political problems
Open Directory Project - Kyrgyzstan directory category

News

BBC News - Kyrgystan Country Profile
Eurasianet - Kyrgyzstan Daily Digest news

Photos

Photos of Kyrgyzstan
Photos of traditional life in Kyrgyzstan
Photo gallery and information about Kyrgyzstan - in German
Nature of Kyrgyzstan

Other links

Common Language Project Country Fact Sheet - Kyrgyzstan
PBS documentary on Kyrgyz bride "kidnapping" March 2004
Traditional felt making in Kyrgyzstan, journal by Dutch designer Sietze Kalkwijk
Kyrgyzstan's location on a 3D globe (Java)

Geographic locale

v • d • e Countries of Central Asia
Afghanistan · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Mongolia · Tajikistan · Turkmenistan · Uzbekistan

v • d • e

Countries of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan¹ · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma · Cambodia · China, People's Republic of · China, Republic of (Taiwan)² · Cyprus · Egypt³ · Georgia¹ · India · Indonesia⁴ · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan¹ · Korea, Democratic People's Republic of · Korea, Republic of · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia¹ · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Timor-Leste (East Timor)⁴ · Turkey¹ · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen³ This list of countries, arranged alphabetically, gives an overview of countries of the world. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... This is an alphabetical list of Asian countries and dependencies. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... Motto: Unidade, AcÃ§Ã£o, Progresso (Portuguese: Unity, Action, Progress) Anthem: PÃ¡tria Capital (and largest city) Dili Official languages Tetum and Portuguese1 Demonym East Timorese Government Parliamentary republic - President JosÃ© Ramos-Horta - Acting President Fernando de AraÃºjo - Prime Minister Xanana GusmÃ£o Independence from PortugalÂ² - Declared November 28, 1975...

¹ Partially or mostly in Europe. ² The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan. ³ Partially or mostly in Africa. ⁴ Partially or mostly in Oceania. This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Taiwan Strait area The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of... This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ...

International membership

v • d • e Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Members	Armenia · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Georgia · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Moldova · Russia · Tajikistan · Ukraine · Uzbekistan
Associate members	Turkmenistan

v • d • e Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC)
Belarus · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Russia · Tajikistan · Uzbekistan

v • d • e

The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

Members

Afghanistan · Albania · Algeria · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Benin · Burkina Faso · Brunei · Cameroon · Chad · Comoros · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt · Gabon · Gambia · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Jordan · Kuwait · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Lebanon · Libya · Maldives · Malaysia · Mali · Mauritania · Morocco · Mozambique · Niger · Nigeria · Oman · Pakistan · Palestine · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Somalia · Sudan · Suriname · Syria · Tajikistan · Turkey · Tunisia · Togo · Turkmenistan · Uganda · Uzbekistan · United Arab Emirates · Yemen

Observers

Countries and territories	Bosnia and Herzegovina · Central African Republic · Russia · Thailand · Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)
Muslim communities	Moro National Liberation Front
International organizations	Economic Cooperation Organization · African Union · Arab League · Non-Aligned Movement · United Nations

v • d • e Members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Member States	China · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Russia · Tajikistan · Uzbekistan
Observer States	India · Iran · Mongolia · Pakistan
Working Languages	Chinese · Russian

Other associations

v • d • e

Turkic-speaking regions

Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics

Western Turkic
Azerbaijan¹
Gagauzia (Moldova)
Kazakhstan
Iran Many localities/ counties/ provinces
Uzbekistan
Member state Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders - Executive Secretary Sergei Lebedev Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_CIS.svg Flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ... Flag of EurAsEC The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC or EAEC) was put into motion on 10 October 2000 when Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the treaty. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 547 pixelsFull resolution (1356 Ã— 928 pixels, file size: 66 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to en. ... The flag of the Organ of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Membership in the OIC: Member Members once temporarily suspended Withdrew Observer Attempted to join but blocked OIC redirects here. ... Motto: UnitÃ©, ProgrÃ¨s, Justice(French) Unity, Progress, Justice Anthem: Une Seule Nuit(French) One Single Night Capital (and largest city) Ouagadougou Official languages French Demonym BurkinabÃ© Government Semi-presidential republic - President Blaise CompaorÃ© - Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Independence from France - Date August 5, 1960 Area - Total 274,000 km... The Republic of The Gambia is a country in West Africa. ... â€œPalestinian governmentâ€ redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_OIC.svg Beschreibung The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). ... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (167th ranked together with Cyprus... The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is an active Islamic movement in the Southern Philippines. ... Map of the ECO member states The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an intergovernmental international organization involving ten Asian nations. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman John Kufuor - Alpha Oumar KonarÃ© Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29... Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001) - Council of the Arab League Sudan - Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment - Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945 Area - Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Member states Observer states Taiwan (Disputed) Secretariat RATS Beijing, China (PRC) Tashkent, Uzbekistan Working languages Russian, Chinese Membership 6 member states 4 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Bolat Nurgaliyev Establishment 15 June 2001 Website http://www. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tajikistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mongolia. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representationâ€”two delegates eachâ€”in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Azerbaijan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Gagauzia. ... Anthem Gagauziya Milli MarÅŸÄ± Location of Gagauzia (purple) Capital (and largest city) Comrat Official languages Gagauz, Moldovan (Romanian), Russian Government - Governor Mihail Formuzal - Chairman of the Peoples Assembly Stepan Esir Autonomous region of Moldova - Created April 23, 1994 Area - Total 1,832 kmÂ² 707 sq mi Population - 19961 estimate... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ...

Eastern Turkic
Altai Republic
Tuva

Bashkortostan
Kabardino-Balkaria
Tatarstan
Xinjiang (China) Image File history File links Flag_of_Altai_Republic. ... The Altai Republic (Russian: ; Altay: ÐÐ»Ñ‚Ð°Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tuva. ... Tyva Republic IPA: (Russian: IPA: ; Tuvan: ), or Tuva (), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bashkortostan. ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria. ... Capital Nalchik Area - total - % water Ranked 83rd - 12,500 kmÂ² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 60th - est. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tatarstan. ... Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar Cyrillic: Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹, Latin: Tatarstan RespublikasÄ±) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ...

Khakassia

Chuvashia
Karachay-Cherkessia
Turkey
Image File history File links Flag_of_Khakassia. ... Khakassia or Khakasiya (Russian: or ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south central Siberia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chuvashia. ... , Chuvash Republic (Russian: ; ), or Chuvashia () is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in central Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia. ... Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian: , or, less formal, Karachay-Cherkessia ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ...

Kyrgyzstan Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ...

Northern Cyprus²
Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)
Turkmenistan
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus. ... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (167th ranked together with Cyprus... Image File history File links Flag_of_Karakalpakstan. ... Karakalpakstan (Uzbek: Qoraqalpogiston Respublikasi or ÒšÐ¾Ñ€Ð°Ò›Ð°Ð»Ð¿Ð¾Ò“Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸; Karakalpak: ÒšÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ò›Ð°Ð»Ð¿Ð°Ò›ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹ or Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasÄ±) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkmenistan. ...

Sakha Republic Image File history File links Flag_of_Sakha. ... The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Sakha: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...

¹ Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. ² Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.

v • d • e

Modern Turkic states

Azerbaijan This article is about the autonomous region. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Turkey Uzbekistan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [1] Bashkortostan Chuvashia Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Tatarstan Tuva These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Azerbaijan. ...

Kazakhstan Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ...

Kyrgyzstan Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ...

Northern Cyprus¹ Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus. ... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (167th ranked together with Cyprus...

Turkey Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ...

Turkmenistan Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkmenistan. ...

Uzbekistan Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ...

¹ Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.

v • d • e Kyrgyzstan in Turkic topics
Turkic languages	Afshar · Äynu · Altay · Azerbaijani · Baraba Tatar · Bashkir · Bulgar · Chagatai · Chulym · Chuvash · Crimean Tatar · Cuman · Dolgan · Fuyü Gïrgïs · Gagauz · Hunnic · Ili Turki · Karachay-Balkar · Karaim · Karakalpak · Kazakh · Khakas · Khalaj · Khazar · Khorasani Turkic · Kipchak · Krymchak · Kyrgyz · Kumyk · Kypchak group · Nogai · Old Tatar · Old Turkic · Ottoman Turkish · Pecheneg · Qashqai · Sakha · Salar · Shor · Kazan Tatar · Tofa · Turkic Avar · Turkish · Turkmen · Tuvan · Urum · Uyghur · Uzbek
Turkic peoples	Altays · Azerbaijanis · Balkars · Bashkirs · Bulgars · Chulyms · Chuvashs · Crimean Tatars · Cumans · Dolgans · Gagauz · Iraqi Turkmen · Karachays · Crimean Karaites · Karakalpaks · Karapapak · Kazakhs · Khakas · Khazars · Kimek · Kipchaks · Krymchaks · Kumyks · Kyrgyz · Meskhetian Turks · Nağaybäk · Nogais · Oghuz Turks · Qashqai · Salar · Tatars · Finnish Tatars · Keräşen Tatars · Lipka Tatars · Siberian Tatars · Volga Tatars · Telengit · Teleuts · Tofalar · Turkmens · Turks of Turkey · Turkish Cypriots · Tuvans · Uyghur · Uzbeks · Yakuts · Yörük · Yugur
Political issues	History of the Turkic peoples · Pan-Turkism · Turanism · Turkic languages
Turkic states	Azerbaijan · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Northern Cyprus · Turkey · Turkmenistan · Uzbekistan
Auton. republics	Altai Republic · Bashkortostan · Crimea · Chuvashia · Gagauzia · Karakalpakstan · Khakassia · Nakhchivan · Sakha Republic · Tatarstan · Tuva · Xinjiang
Turkic homeland	Göktürks
Turkic studies	Old Turkic script · Proto-Turkic language · Turkic alphabets · Turkology

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... Afshar or Afshari, is a Turkic language spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ... ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language. ... Bulgar (also BolÄŸar), also Proto-Bulgarian is the language of the Bulgars, now extinct, whose classification is unclear. ... The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia. ... Chulyum also known as Chulym-Turkic , Chulym Tatar (not at all related to the Tatar language), or KÃ¼erik is a language of Chulyms. ... Chuvash (Chuvash: Ð§Ó‘Ð²Ð°ÑˆÐ»Ð°, ÄŒÄƒvaÅ¡la, IPA: ; also known as ChÄƒvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash, Ã‡uvaÅŸ or Ã‡uaÅŸ) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... Cuman language was a Turkic language spoken by the Kipchaks (also known as the Cumans) similar to todays Crimean Tatar language. ... The Dolgan Language, is a Turkic language with around 5,000 speakers that is spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... FuyÃ¼ GÃ¯rgÃ¯s or Fu-Yu Kirgiz is the easternmost Turkic language. ... The Gagauz language (Gagauz dili) is a Turkic language, used by Gagauz people, official language of Gagauzia, Republic of Moldova. ... The Hunnic language is an extinct language of the Huns. ... Ili Turki is a language spoken primarily in China. ... The Karachay-Balkar language (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹-ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐºÑŠÐ°Ñ€ /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language of the Karachays and Balkars. ... The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ... Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Bashkirs and Nogay. ... Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively , , â€Ž; pronounced ) is a Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... Khakas is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas people, who mainly live in the southern Siberian Khakas Republic, or Khakassia, in Russia. ... Khalaj is a language spoken primarily in Iran and Afghanistan. ... Language spoken by the medieval Khazar tribe. ... Khorasani Turkic (ØªØ±ÙƒÙŠ Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø§Ù†ÙŠ / Xorasan TÃ¼rkÃ§eÉ™sÄ±) is variety of speech belonging to the Turkic language family. ... The Kipchak language was an extinct Turkic language of Kipchak-Bolghar group. ... Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸, Ù‚Ù‰Ø±Ø¹Ù‰Ø² Ù´ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation. ... The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak, Qypchaq, or Northeastern Turkic languages), are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million people in an area spanning from Lithuania to China. ... Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar), is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern Russia. ... Old Tatar language (Iske imla: ÙŠØ³ÙƒÙ‰ ØªØ§ØªØ§Ø± ØªÙ„Ù‰ (translit. ... The Turkic language spoken by the Gokturks and used on the Orkhon inscriptions. ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: â€Ž ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Pecheneg language is the extinct Turkic language spoken by the Pechenegs in Eastern Europe, similar to Cuman. ... Qashqai (also spelled Ghashghai, Qashqai, Qashqay, and Kashkai) is a Turkic language. ... Sakha, or Yakut, is a Turkic language with around 363,000 speakers spoken in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation. ... Salar is a Turkic language spoken by the Salar people, who mainly live in the provinces of Qinghai and Gansu in China, some also live in Ghulja, Xinjiang. ... The Shor language is one of the Turkic languages. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars. ... Tofa, also known as Tofalar or Karagas, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Tuvan (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð° Ð´Ñ‹Ð» Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... Uyghur (â€Ž/Uyghurche//, or â€Ž/Uyghur tili//)[1] is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghurstan), formerly also â€œSinkiangâ€ and â€œChinese Turkestan,â€ a Central Asian region administered by China. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... The Altay or Altai are a Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia. ... The Balkars (Karachay-Balkar: sg. ... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... Not to be confused with Bulgarians. ... The Chulyms (Чулымцы in Russian; self-designation: Чулымские люди, or Chulymian people) are a Turkic people in the Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. ... The Chuvash (Chuvash ; Russian: Ð§ÑƒÐ²Ð°ÑˆÐ¸; Tatar: Ã‡uaÅŸlar, Ð§ÑƒÐ°ÑˆÐ»Ð°Ñ€) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... Cuman, also called Polovtsy, Polovtsian, or the Anglicized Polovzian (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Turkish: , Bulgarian: , Romanian: , Hungarian: ), is a Western European exonym for the western Kipchaks. ... The Dolgans (Russian: ; self-designation: Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð°Ð½, Ñ‚Ñ‹Ð°-ÐºÐ¸Ñ…Ð¸, ÑÐ°Ñ…Ð°) are a Turkic people, who inhabit Taymyr Autonomous Okrug in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. ... The Gagauz are a minority Turkic people in southern Moldova (in Gagauzia) and southwestern Ukraine (in Budjak) that numbers around 250,000. ... The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) (Turkish:Irak TÃ¼rkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic ethnic group living in Iraq, notably in the cities of Arbil, Tal Afar, Kirkuk, and Mosul. ... The Karachays (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ñ‹Ð»Ð°, QaraÃ§aylÄ±la) are a Turkic people of the Ciscaucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkess Republic. ... The Crimean Karaites (Crimean Karaim: sg. ... The Karakalpaks are ethnic group of Turkic people who mainly live in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the (former) delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea. ... The Karapapak are a small ethnic group of Turkic people who mainly live in north west province of West Azerbaijan (Azarbaijan-e-Gharbi) in and around the Sulduz area and North West of Turkey near the border with Georgia. ... Languages Kazakh (and/or languages in country of residence) Religions Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò›Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ []; Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ…Ð¸; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and... The Khakas, or Khakass, are a Turkic people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in the southern Siberia. ... The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari ×›×•×–×¨×™ Kuzarim ×›×•×–×¨×™×; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð½ Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹; Tatar sing XÃ¤zÃ¤r XÃ¤zÃ¤rlÃ¤r; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Î§Î±Î¶Î¬ÏÎ¿Î¹/Î§Î¬Î¶Î±ÏÎ¿Î¹; PersianØ®Ø²Ø± khazar; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... Kmek or Kimak was a nomadic tribe lived in modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia in 9th-13th century. ... Kipchaks in Eurasia circa 1200 C.E. Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Ukrainian: (polovtsy), Crimean Tatar: , Karachay-Balkar: ÐšÑŠÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°ÐºÑŠ, Uzbek: , Kazakh: ÒšÑ‹Ð¿ÑˆÐ°Ò›, Kumyk: ÐšÑŠÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°ÐºÑŠ, Kyrgyz: ÐšÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°Ðº, Nogai: ÐšÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°Ðº, Turkish: KÄ±pÃ§ak) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western... The Krymchaks (sg. ... Flag of the Kumyks Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... Language(s) Turkish, Russian, Georgian,Azerbaijanian Religion(s) Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups Turks, Terekeme, other Muslims of Meskheti Meskhetian Turks are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia), along the border with Turkey. ... NaÄŸaybÃ¤k (; plural NaÄŸaybÃ¤klÃ¤r; Russian: Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð¹Ð±Ð°ÐºÐ¸) is a group of KerÃ¤ÅŸen Tatars, frequently viewed as one of indigenous peoples of Russia. ... The Nogais, also spelled Nogay, Noghai, and often called the Caucasian Mongols (Caucasian refers to their geographic position, in the Caucasus mountains, not to their ethnicity), are a Turkic people, and an important ethnic group in the Daghestan region who speak the Turkic Nogai language. ... A Seljuk Prince. ... For the language, see Qashqai language. ... The Salar people (Chinese: æ’’æ‹‰æ—, Pinyin: SÄlÄzÃº) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article is about the people. ... The Finnish Tatar community, about 800 people, is recognized as a national minority by the government of Finland, which considers their language as a non-territorial language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. ... The Lipka Tatars were a noble military caste of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who followed the Sunni branch of the Islamic religion and whose origins can be traced back to the Mongol Empire of Ghengis Khan, through the Khanate of the White Horde of Siberia. ... The Native Western Siberian Tatars (200,000) are an ethnic group or a sub-group of the Tatars. ... Volga Tatars are a Turkic people who live in the central and Eastern European parts of Russia. ... A Telengit is a member of an ethnic group in Russia. ... According to the 2002 census, there were 2650 Teleuts in Russia. ... Tofalars (Ð¢Ð¾Ñ„Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹, Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ„Ð° (tofa) in Russian; formerly known as ÐºÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑ‹, or karagas) are a Turkic-speaking people in the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. ... For other uses of Turkish, see Turkish (disambiguation). ... Turkish Cypriots are those inhabitants of Cyprus who are ethnically Turkish[1], as opposed to those who are of Greek (the Greek Cypriots) or other ethnicities. ... Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ€, Tyvalar) are a group of Turkic people who make up about two thirds of the population of Tuva, Russia. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ... Main areas inhabited by Yoruk tribes in Anatolia The YÃ¶rÃ¼k are a Turkic-speaking people primarily inhabiting the mountains of the southeast European Balkan peninsula and Anatolia. ... The Yugur people are an ethnic group. ... The history of the Turkic peoples (Turkic speaking peoples). ... Turkic peoples listed geographically. ... Turanism, or Pan-Turanism, is a political movement for the union of all Turanian peoples. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... // Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Turkey Uzbekistan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [1] Bashkortostan Chuvashia Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Tatarstan Tuva These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language. ... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (167th ranked together with Cyprus... // Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Turkey Uzbekistan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [1] Bashkortostan Chuvashia Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Tatarstan Tuva These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language. ... The Altai Republic (Russian: ; Altay: ÐÐ»Ñ‚Ð°Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Motto ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ(Russian) Protsvetanie v edinstve(transliteration) Prosperity in unity Anthem ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°(Russian) Nivy i gory tvoi volshebny, Rodina(transliteration) Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) with respect to Ukraine (light blue). ... , Chuvash Republic (Russian: ; ), or Chuvashia () is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in central Russia. ... Anthem Gagauziya Milli MarÅŸÄ± Location of Gagauzia (purple) Capital (and largest city) Comrat Official languages Gagauz, Moldovan (Romanian), Russian Government - Governor Mihail Formuzal - Chairman of the Peoples Assembly Stepan Esir Autonomous region of Moldova - Created April 23, 1994 Area - Total 1,832 kmÂ² 707 sq mi Population - 19961 estimate... Karakalpakstan (Uzbek: Qoraqalpogiston Respublikasi or ÒšÐ¾Ñ€Ð°Ò›Ð°Ð»Ð¿Ð¾Ò“Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸; Karakalpak: ÒšÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ò›Ð°Ð»Ð¿Ð°Ò›ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹ or Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasÄ±) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. ... Khakassia or Khakasiya (Russian: or ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south central Siberia. ... This article is about the autonomous region. ... The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Sakha: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar Cyrillic: Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹, Latin: Tatarstan RespublikasÄ±) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Tyva Republic IPA: (Russian: IPA: ; Tuvan: ), or Tuva (), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Nomadic Empires, sometimes also called Steppe Empires, Central or Inner Asian Empires, are the empires erected by the bow wielding, horse riding, Eurasian nomads, from Classical Antiquity (Scythia) to the Early Modern era (Dzungars). ... The GÃ¶ktÃ¼rks or KÃ¶k-TÃ¼rks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ... The Proto-Turkic language is the proto-language of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples in the course of the Turkic expansion from ca. ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ...

Categories: Kyrgyzstan | Modern Turkic states | Landlocked countries | Russian-speaking countries and territories

Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since December 2007

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Kyrgyzstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2479 words)
	Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, Russian:Киргизия (also known as Kirgizia), variously transliterated), formally the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country in Central Asia.
	In the early 19th century, the southern territory of today's Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the Khanate of Kokand, and the territory was formally incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1876.
	Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

Culture of Kyrgyzstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (544 words)
	Kyrgyzstan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the Kyrgyz being the majority group.
	Kyrgyzstan has a high literacy rate (99%), and a strong tradition of educating all citizens.
	Tush kyiz are large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings, traditionally made in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan by elder women to commemorate the marriage of a son or daughter.

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Russian influence

Soviet era

Independence

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Geography

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Further reading

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