Macedonian is a name generally used to define the inhabitants of the wider region of Macedonia throughout time. The term has four distinct meanings:

1. Historical - the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Macedon, usually referred to as Macedonians, Ancient Macedonians or Macedonian Greeks.
2. Geographical - members of various peoples (Bulgarians, Greeks, Macedonian Slavs and sometimes Aromanian immigrants in Romania) who live in or originate from the geographical region of Macedonia;
3. Ethnographic - the Slavic people who form the majority of the population in the Republic of Macedonia and are present in smaller groups in neighboring countries are often described as Macedonian Slavs or simply Macedonians. The latter usage can cause confusion, as it overlaps with the geographical meaning given above.
4. Religious - a heretical Christian sect of the 4th century AD named after Patriarch Macedonius I of Constantinople. See Macedonians (religious group).

Macedon (or Macedonia from Greek Μακεδονία) in Classical Antiquity was the ancient Greek state of Macedonia, bordering with the Greek state of Epirus on the west and with Thrace on the East. ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which forms about a third of the population of the geographical region of Macedonia in southeastern Europe and about two thirds of the population of the Republic of Macedonia¤. They speak the Macedonian (Slavonic) language and are generally associated with the Macedonian¤ Orthodox... Aromanians (also called: Macedo-Romanians or Vlachs, in Aromanian they call themselves arumâni, armâni or aromâni) are a population living as a minority in Northern Greece, Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria; their number is estimated to about one or two million. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Official languages Macedonian¤,2 and Albanian Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water Ranked 145th  25,713 km²  1. ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which forms about a third of the population of the geographical region of Macedonia in southeastern Europe and about two thirds of the population of the Republic of Macedonia¤. They speak the Macedonian (Slavonic) language and are generally associated with the Macedonian¤ Orthodox... The term Christian means belonging to Christ and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means anointed one, which is itself a translation of the Hebrew word Moshiach (Hebrew: משיח, also written Messiah), (and in Arabic it is pronounced Maseeh مسيح). Christian is primarily an adjective, describing an object associated... (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Macedonius (d. ... The Macedonians were a Christian sect of the 4th century AD, named after Patriarch Macedonius I of Constantinople. ...

Antiquity and the Roman Empire

Macedonia is known to have been inhabited from Neolithic times. Early inhabitants of the region were the Thracians, the Paionians, and probably some Illyrians. The Macedonians lived along the Aliákmon and later along the lower course of the Axios, and steadily expanded into the rest of Macedonia, displacing, conquering, or absorbing the earlier inhabitants. Thracians occupied mainly the eastern parts of Macedonia (Mygdonia, Crestonia, Bisaltia). Paionian tribes occupied the northern part of Macedonia, which was known as the kingdom of Paionia before it was conquered by Macedon. Lynkestae and Elimiots (who Thucydides referred to as "Macedonian tribes by blood": Thuc., Pelop. 2.99) and Paionians dwelt in western Macedonia. The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. ... The Thracians were an Indo-European people, inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, European Turkey, eastern Serbia and parts of Republic of Macedonia). ... ... This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). ... Map showing location of the Aliákmon The Aliákmon (modern Greek: Αλιάκμονας, Aliákmonas; ancient Greek and Katharevousa: , Haliákmōn or Aliákmon; Latin: Haliacmon; Bulgarian and Serbian: Бистрица, Bistritsa/Bistrica; Turkish: Ä°nce Karasu) is the longest river in Greece, with a total length of 322 km (200 miles). ... The Vardar (or Axios) is the principal river of the Macedonian region of south-eastern Europe. ... Mygdonia was an ancient territory, later conquered by Macedon, which comprised the plains around Therma (Thessalonica) together with the valleys of Klisali and Besikia, including the area of the Axios river mouth and extending as far east as Lake Bolbe. ... Crestonia (Crestonice) was an ancient region immediately north of Mygdonia. ... Bisaltia (Bisaltica) was an ancient region extending from the river Strymon and Lake Cercinitis on the east to Crestonia on the west. ... Paionia (Romanized as Paeonia) was, in ancient geography, the land of the Paionians (or Paiones, Paeonians), the exact boundaries of which, like the early history of its inhabitants, are very obscure. ... Thucydides (between 460 and 455 BC–circa 400 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens. ... Thucydides (between 460 and 455 BC–circa 400 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens. ... History of the Peloponnesian War is an account of the battles, conflicts, and politics of the Peloponnesian War in Ancient Greece, fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens), written by an Athenian general who served in the war, Thucydides. ...

The Ancient Macedonians

Main article: Macedon. Macedon (or Macedonia from Greek Μακεδονία) in Classical Antiquity was the ancient Greek state of Macedonia, bordering with the Greek state of Epirus on the west and with Thrace on the East. ...

The region of Macedonia took its name from the ancient Macedonians or Makednoi, a tall mountain people renowned for their toughness and martial ability. While they were clearly related to the Greeks, it is not clear how close that relationship was. Most academics take the view that the ancient Macedonians probably spoke a language that was at least very closely related to Greek, perhaps even a dialect of Greek. The discussion about their origin started as early as the 19th century. Two major opinions have been phrased, the first regards them as being initially Greek whereas the second recognizes them as a distinct tribe (yet closely akin to the Greeks) which was Hellenized over time. This difference in opinions is caused mainly by contradictory ancient accounts. For example Demosthenes denounced the Macedonians, dismissing Philip II as being "not only not a Greek nor related to the Greeks, but not even a barbarian from a land worth mentioning; no, he's a pestilence from Macedonia, a region where you can't even buy a slave worth his salt", whereas the Athenaean poet Strattis in his comedy "Macedonians" of around 400 BC writes of a dialogue between an Athenaean and a Macedonian where the first asks a question using his Attic dialect and the Macedonian responds using his own dialect, which is represented as a form of Greek. ("Strattis, passage 28" Edmonds, J.M. The Fragments of Attic Comedy. Leiden:Brill,1957). Furthermore, all the inscriptions found in the area of Macedonia were written in Greek and the Macedonian vocabulary known to us from ancient quotations (about 700 words including names, cities, gods, months, feasts and common words) is clearly Greek. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Demosthenes Demosthenes (384 BC – 322 BC) is generally considered the greatest of the Attic orators, and thus the greatest of all Ancient Greek orators. ...

Many Greeks clearly did not regard the Macedonians as Greek, at least initially. Greek writers and orators often spoke of the Greeks and Macedonians being two distinct peoples whose relationship was one of antipathy, if not outright hostility. The Greeks were not above insulting each other, but there seems to have been widespread and long-lasting agreement that the Macedonians were non-Greek "foreigners" and "barbarians".

Herodotus records how the Macedonians were customarily excluded from panhellenic events such as the Olympic Games, entry to which was confined to Greeks. The Macedonian aristocracy, however, clearly saw itself as Greek and Macedonian kings (the "descendants of Perdiccas", as Herodotus puts it, clearly distinguishing them from the common people) were permitted to participate on that basis. This was evidently somewhat controversial. When Alexander I attempted to compete at Olympia, Herodotus relates how "the Greeks who were to run against him wanted to bar him from the race, saying that the contest should be for Greeks and not for foreigners. Alexander, however, proving himself to be an Argive, was judged [by the officials] to be a Greek." (Histories, 5:22) A small number of other Macedonians, presumably members of the aristocracy, are also known to have competed but they were exceptional cases. Bust of Herodotus Herodotus (Greek: ΗΡΟΔΟΤΟΣ, Herodotos) was an ancient historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC - c. ... For months before the Olympic Games, runners relay the Olympic Flame from Olympia to the opening ceremony. ... Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 495 BC to 450 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon. ... Olympia (Greek: Ολυμπία Olympía or Ολύμπια Olýmpia, older transliterations, Olimpia, Olimbia), a city of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, comparable in importance to the Pythian Games held in Delphi. ...

For their part, the Macedonians were at times equally scornful about the Greeks, regarding them as pampered. The Greeks did eventually come to accept that the Macedonians were a Hellene people. The convergence between Greeks and Macedonians was promoted by the Macedonian kings, particularly Alexander the Great, who regarded themselves as Greeks. The process of convergence also had much to do with the rise of common enemies, especially Rome, against which Macedonians and Greeks found themselves allied. By the time of the Roman conquest, any remaining differences between the Greeks and Macedonians appear to have been buried and a common struggle against the Romans unified the two groups for the most part, though they still remained separate according to the Romans. By that time, the Macedonian army and support structure contained a substantial number of persons of Persian descent. This article or section should include material from Greeks According to Thucydides, Hellenes were the people of Hellas. ... Alexander the Great - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

The Roman Empire

By the 4th century AD, the time of the inclusion of the region into the Roman Empire, most of southern Macedonia with the lower courses of the Aliákmon, Vardar, Strymon (Struma) and Nestos (Mesta) rivers was completely Hellenized. Northern Macedonia, by contrast, was largely Latinized, while the Thracian and Illyrian tribes in the mountains generally preserved their languages. (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Roman Empire - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Map showing location of the Aliákmon The Aliákmon (modern Greek: Αλιάκμονας, Aliákmonas; ancient Greek and Katharevousa: , Haliákmōn or Aliákmon; Latin: Haliacmon; Bulgarian and Serbian: Бистрица, Bistritsa/Bistrica; Turkish: Ä°nce Karasu) is the longest river in Greece, with a total length of 322 km (200 miles). ... The Vardar (or Axiós, Greek: Αξιός, the ancient and current Greek name of the river, being pre-Slavic) is the principal river of the Macedonian region of south-eastern Europe. ... The Struma (Bulgarian: Струма, Greek: Strimonis, Turkish: Karasu (meaning black water in Turkish)) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. ... The Struma was a ship commissioned by the Revisionist Zionist organizations in Romania, especially Betar, to carry Romanian Jews as illegal immigrants to British-controlled Palestine. ... Mesta (Bulgarian: Места) or Nestos (Greek: Νέστος) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. ... Mesta is also another name for the Egyptian god Imset. ... The Thracians were an Indo-European people, inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, European Turkey, eastern Serbia and Macedonia). ... In classical history, Illyria or Illyricum or Illyrikon was a region of the western Balkan Peninsula inhabited by the tribes and clans of Illyrians, an ancient people who probably spoke an Indo-European language (the Illyrian languages). ...

Macedonia was ravaged several times in the 4th and the 5th century by desolating onslaughts of Visigoths, Huns and Vandals. These did little to change its ethnic composition but left much of the country depopulated. (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) // Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire, and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ...

Slavs, the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria

The Slavs took advantage of the desolation left by the nomadic tribes and in the 6th century settled the Balkan Peninsula, including Macedonia. Reaching as far south as Thessaly and the Peloponnese, they pushed the surviving Greek population to the Aegean Sea littoral and the islands. The Romanized Illyrian and Thracian population of Macedonia, was, in its turn, pushed to the mountains. Many scholars today consider that present-day Aromanians (Vlachs) and Albanians originate from this mountainous population. The interaction between Romanised and non-Romanised Illyrians and Thracians and the Slavs resulted in linguistic similarities which are reflected in modern Bulgarian, Albanian, Romanian and Macedonian, all of them members of the Balkan linguistic union. The Slavs occupied also the hinterland of Thessaloniki launching consecutive attacks on the city in 584, 586, 609, 620, and 622 AD. The Slavs were often joined in their onslaughts by detachments of Avars but these did not form any lasting settlements in the region. A branch of the Bulgars led by khan Kuber, however, settled western Macedonia and eastern Albania around 680 AD and also engaged in attacks on Byzantium together with the Slavs. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Peloponnesos (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, sometime Latinized as Peloponnesus or Anglicized as The Peloponnese) is a large peninsula in Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Isthmus of Corinth. ... A littoral is the region near the shoreline of a body of fresh or salt water. ... In classical history, Illyria or Illyricum or Illyrikon was a region of the western Balkan Peninsula inhabited by the tribes and clans of Illyrians, an ancient people who probably spoke an Indo-European language (the Illyrian languages). ... The Thracians were an Indo-European people, inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, European Turkey, eastern Serbia and Macedonia). ... This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). ... The Thracians were an Indo-European people, inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, European Turkey, eastern Serbia and parts of Republic of Macedonia). ... Balkan linguistic union or Balkan sprachbund is a name given to the similarities in syntax, vocabulary and phonology found in the languages of the Balkans, term coined by the Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti. ... Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη; pronounced IPA /θɛ.sa. ... Events The Visigoths conquer the Suevi kingdom in Spain. ... Events Reccared succeeds his father Leovigild as king of the Visigoths. ... Events The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610). ... Events Medina is converted to Islam. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... The Eurasian Avars were a nomadic people of Eurasia who established a state in the Danube River area of Europe in the early 6th century. ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became Slavicized and Turkic over time. ... The word Avars can mean: The nomadic people that conquered the Hungarian Steppe in the early Middle Ages, the Eurasian Avars. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Byzantium was the original name of the modern city of Istanbul. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...

At the beginning of the 9th century, Bulgaria conquered most of Macedonia, with the exception of Thessaloniki and the Aegean littoral. The region remained under Bulgarian rule for two centuries, until the fall of Bulgaria under Byzantine domination in 1018. After the adoption of Christianity in 865 AD and of Old Church Slavonic as the official language of the Bulgarian Church in 893, Slavs and Bulgars in Bulgaria were generally referred to by Byzantine, West European, as well as Bulgarian sources as only Bulgarian (Bulgar) or as "Slav-Bulgarian". ( 8th century - 9th century - 10th century - other centuries) Events Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in western Europe Viking attacks on Europe begin Oseberg ship burial The... A littoral is the region near the shoreline of a body of fresh or salt water. ... Events Bulgaria becomes part of the Byzantine Empire. ... Christianity is the worlds largest religion. ... Events Ethelred succeeds as king of Wessex (or 866). ... Old Church Slavonic (also called Old Church Slavic or Old Bulgarian, incorrectly Old Slavic ) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Solun (Thessaloniki) by 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. ... The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church with some 6. ... Events Simeon I succeeds Vladimir as king of Bulgaria. ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became Slavicized and Turkic over time. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ...

In the 11th and the 12th century, the first mention was made of two ethnic groups just off the borders of Macedonia: Albanians in modern Albania and Vlachs (Aromanians) in Thessaly and Pindus. Modern historians are divided as to whether the Albanians came to the Balkans then or originated from the native non-Romanized Thracian, Paionian, or Illyrian populations. (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... The Pindus (Greek: Πίνδος, Albanian: Pino) mountains are a range located in northern Greece, roughly 160 km (100 miles) long, with a maximum elevation of 2636 m (8650 ft), along the border of Thessaly and Epirus. ... ...

Also in the 11th century Byzantium settled several tens of thousand Turkic Christians from Asia Minor, referred to as "Vardariotes", along the lower course of the Vardar. Colonies of other Turkic tribes such as Uzes, Petchenegs, and Cumans were also introduced at various periods from the 11th to the 13th century. All these were eventually Hellenized or Bulgarized. Roma, migrating from north India reached the Balkans, including Macedonia, around the 14th century with some of them settling there. There were successive waves of Roma immigration in the 15th and the 16th century, too. Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Roma is: The Latin, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish name for the Italian city of Rome. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

In the 13th and the 14th century, Macedonia was contested by the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia but the frequent shift of borders did not result in any major population changes until the Ottoman conquest. (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... The Byzantine Empire (Native Greek names: ΡΩΜΑΝΙΑ Romania or ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Basileia Romaion) is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ...

Ottoman Rule

Muslims and Christians

The initial period of Ottoman rule led to the complete desolation of the plains and river valleys of Macedonia. The Christian population there was slaughtered, escaped to the mountains or was forcefully converted to Islam. Turkish colonists were largely brought from Asia Minor and settled, for the most part, in southern Macedonia and along the Vardar. Towns destroyed during the conquest were renewed, this time populated exclusively by Muslims. The Turkish element in Macedonia was especially strong in the 17th and the 18th century with travellers defining the majority of the population, especially the urban one, as Muslim. The Turkish population, however, sharply declined at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century on account of the incessant wars led by the Ottoman Empire, the low birth rate and the higher death toll of the frequent plague epidemics among Muslims than among Christians. Islam  listen? (Arabic: al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... The Vardar (or Axiós, Greek: Αξιός, the ancient and current Greek name of the river, being pre-Slavic) is the principal river of the Macedonian region of south-eastern Europe. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Christian population was subjected to extensive processes of forceful Islamization during the 17th and the 18th century, which affected chiefly the peasant Bulgarian population of several strategic mountain districts. Mass Islamization of Greeks also took place, though on a smaller scale in the southwestern Macedonian districts of Grevena and Kozani. The Ottoman-Habsburg war (1683-1699), the subsequent flight of a substantial part of the Serbian population in Kosovo to Austria and the reprisals and looting during the Ottoman counteroffensive led to an influx of Albanian Muslims to northern and northwestern Macedonia. Being in the position of power, the Albanians managed to push out their Christian neighbours and conquered additional territories in the 18th and the 19th century. The repeated plundering of the important Aromanian city of Moscopole and other Aromanian settlements in eastern Albania in the second half of the 18th century caused a large-scale Aromanian emigration to the Macedonian cities and towns, most notably to Bitola, Krushovo and Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki became also the home of a large Jewish population following Spain's expulsions of Jews after 1492. The Jews later formed small colonies in other Macedonian cities, most notably Bitola and Serres. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Grevena (Greek: Γρεβενά) is a town in Greece, capital of the Grevena prefecture, one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ... Kozani (Greek: Κοζάνη) is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... Kosovo and Metohia (Serbian: Косово и Метохија / Kosovo i Metohija, Albanian: Kosovë / Kosova), in English most often called just Kosovo, is a province of Serbia. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Voskopojë (Albanian with definite article Voskopoja; Aromanian: Moscopole; Aromanian with definite article Moscopolea; Greek: Μοσχόπολις, Moscopolis or Moschopolis; Serbian: Moskopolje;) is a small village currently in south-eastern Albania. ... Bitola (Macedonian Битола, Albanian Manastir, Turkish Manastır, Greek Μοναστήρι, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the present day (Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia. ... Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη; pronounced IPA /θɛ.sa. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Events January 2 - Boabdil, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of Ferdinand and Isabella after a lengthy siege. ... Bitola (Macedonian Битола, Albanian Manastir, Turkish Manastır, Greek Μοναστήρι, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the present day (Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia. ... External links Information about Serres (Greek and English) Serres is the name of several communes in France: Serres in the Aude département Serres in the Hautes-Alpes département Serres in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département Categories: Greece geography stubs | Cities and towns in Greece ...

The Hellenic Idea

The rise of European nationalism in the 18th century led to the spread of the Hellenic idea in Macedonia. Under the influence of the Greek schools and the Patriarchate of Constantinople the urban Christian population of Slavic, Vlach and Albanian origin started to view itself increasingly more as Greek. The Greek language became a symbol of civilization and a basic means of communication between non-Muslims. The process of Hellenization was additionally reinforced after the abolition of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in 1767. Though with a predominantly Greek clergy, the Archbishopric did not yield to the direct order of Constantinople and had autonomy in many vital domains. The poverty of the Christian peasantry and the lack of proper schooling in villages preserved the linguistic diversity of the Macedonian countryside and averted the possibility of complete Hellenization of the region. The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829), however, dealt a nearly fatal blow to the Hellenic idea in Macedonia. The flight of the Macedonian intelligentsia to independent Greece and the mass closures of Greek schools by the Ottoman authorities weakened the Hellenic presence in the region for a century ahead. Greece, formally called the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία), is a country in the southeast of Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ... The Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid (Ohrid Archbishopric, Archbishopric of First Justiniana and all Bulgaria) was an autonomous Bulgarian Orthodox Church under the tutelage of the Patriarch of Constantinople between 1019 and 1767, seated in Ohrid. ... 1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a war against the Ottoman Empire for independence, which started that year. ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

The Bulgarian Idea

Bulgarian Church Congregation in Ohrid, seal from 1869

The Slavs in Macedonia continued to call themselves Bulgarians during the first four centuries of Ottoman rule and were described as such by Ottoman historians like Evliya Celebi and Sa'aedin. The name meant, however, rather little in view of the political oppression by the Ottomans and the religious and cultural one by the Greek clergy. The Slavonic language was preserved as a cultural medium only in a handful of monasteries, to rise in terms of social status for the ordinary Bulgarian usually meant quick and irrevocable Hellenisation. Bulgarian Church Congregation This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Bulgarian Church Congregation This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Evliya Celebi (also known as Dervis Mehmed Zilli) was one of the most famous Ottoman travelers, who traveled throughout the territories of the Ottoman Empire and the neighbouring lands over a period of 40 years. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923...

Bulgarian Municipality in Prilep, the 1860s

Although the first literary work in Modern Bulgarian, History of Slav-Bulgarians was written by a Macedonian-born monk, Paisiy of Hilendar as early as 1762, it took almost a century for the Bulgarian idea to regain ascendancy in the region. The Bulgarian advance in Macedonia in the 19th century was aided by the numerical superiority of the Slavs after the decrease in the Turkish population, as well as by their improved economic status. The Slavs of Macedonia took active part in the struggle for independent Bulgarian Patriarchate and Bulgarian schools. The representatives of the intelligentsia wrote in a language which they called Bulgarian and strove for a more even representation of the dialects spoken in Macedonia in formal Bulgarian. The autonomous Bulgarian Exarchate established in 1870 included northwestern Macedonia. After the overwhelming vote of the districts of Ohrid and Skopje, it grew to include the whole of present-day Vardar and Pirin Macedonia in 1874. Bulgarian Municipality Prilep This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Bulgarian Municipality Prilep This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church with some 6. ... The Bulgarian Exarchate was an independent Bulgarian ecclesiastical organisation established on February 28, 1870 by decree of Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz of the Ottoman Empire. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Ohrid is a city in western Macedonia, on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid. ... Modern Skopje Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, Albanian Shkup, Latin Scupi; Turkish: Üsküb) is the capital city of the Republic of Macedonia. ... National motto: None Official languages Macedonian2 Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 145th 25,713 km² 1. ... Categories: Regions of Bulgaria | Macedonia | Bulgaria geography stubs ... 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

This process of “Bulgarification” of Macedonia, however, was much less successful in southern Macedonia, which beside Slavs had compact Greek and Hellenified Aromanian population. The Hellenic idea and the Patriarchate of Constantinople preserved much of their earlier influence among the local Slavs and the arrival of the Bulgarian propaganda turned the region into a battlefield between Slavs owing allegiance to the Patriarchate and the Exarchate with division lines often separating family and kin. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Aromanians (also called: Macedo-Romanians or Vlachs, in Aromanian they call themselves arumâni, armâni or aromâni) are a population living as a minority in Northern Greece, Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria; their number is estimated to about one or two million. ... A patriarchate is the office or jurisdiction of a patriarch. ... Map of Constantinople. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...

Independent Point of View

Ethnographic Map of the Balkans by G.Lejean (1861)

European ethnographs and linguists until the Congress of Berlin usually regarded the language of the Slavic population of Macedonia as Bulgarian. French scholars A. Boue in 1840 and G. Lejean in 1861, Germans A. Griesebach in 1841, J. Hahn in 1858 and 1863, A. Petermann in 1869 and H. Kiepert in 1876, Slovak Safarik in 1842 and the Czechs J. Erben in 1868 and F. Brodaska in 1869, Englishmen Wyld in 1877 and G. M. Mackenzie and A.P. Irby in 1863, Serbians Davidovitch in 1848, Desjardins in 1853 and S. Verkovic in 1860, Russians V. Grigorovich in 1848, V. Makushev and M.F. Mirkovitch in 1867, as well as Austrian K. Sax in 1878 published ethnography or linguistic books, or travel notes, which defined the Slavic population of Macedonia as Bulgarian. Austrian doctor J. Muller published travel notes in 1844 where he regarded the Slavic population of Macedonia as Serbian. The region was further identified as predominantly Greek by French F. Bianconi in 1877 and by Englishman E. Stanford in 1877. Stanford maintained that the urban population of Macedonia was entirely Greek, whereas the peasantry was of mixed, Bulgarian-Greek origin and had Greek consciousness but had not yet mastered the Greek language. Ethnographic Map of the Balkans by G.Lejean (ca. ... Ethnographic Map of the Balkans by G.Lejean (ca. ... This article is about the continent. ... Hosted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck, after having been demanded by the rivals of the Russian Empire, particularly by Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, a number of the nations of Europe met to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and to attend to other pressing matters. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Ami Boué (March 16, 1794 - November 21, 1881), Austrian geologist, was born at Hamburg, and received his early education there and in Geneva and Paris. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... There are communes and places that have the name Hahn: Places In Germany Hahn (Hunsrück), in the Westerwaldkreis district, Rhineland-Palatinate Hahn am See, in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis district, Rhineland-Palatinate Hahn bei Marienberg, in the Westerwaldkreis district, Rhineland-Palatinate A part of Pfungstadt in the Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg... 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... August Heinrich Petermann (April 18, 1822 – September 25, 1878), German cartographer, was born at Bleicherode, near Nordhausen. ... 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Heinrich Kiepert (July 31, 1818 - April 21, 1899), German geographer, was born at Berlin. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Pavel Jozef Šafárik (Safáry / Schaffáry/ Schafary/ Saf(f)arik / Šafarík/ Szafarzik, Czech Pavel Josef Šafařík, modern Slovak Pavol Jozef Šafárik, German Paul Joseph Schaffarik, Latin Paulus Josephus Schaffarik, Hungarian Pál József Saf(f)arik) (13 May 1795 in Kobeliarovo, Slovakia (at that time part of the Kingdom of Hungary) - 26... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Mackenzie may refer to: The Clan MacKenzie Mackenzie, Missouri The Mackenzie River Mackenzie, a Canadian electoral district Alexander Mackenzie Thomas Mackenzie William Lyon Mackenzie This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sax or SAX may refer to: Simple API for XML a X configuration tool by SuSE Saxophone Adolphe Sax, the inventor of the saxophone Gyula Sax, a Hungarian chess player a type of sword This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... (The wind of freedom blows. ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... (The wind of freedom blows. ... The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ...

The predominant view of a Bulgarian character of the Slavs in Macedonia was reflected in the borders of future autonomous Bulgaria as drawn by the Constantinople Conference in 1876 and by the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878. Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference included present-day Vardar and Pirin Macedonia and excluded the predominantly “patriarchist” southern Macedonia. The Treaty of San Stefano, which reflected the maximum desired by Russian expansionist policy, gave Bulgaria the whole of Macedonia except Thessaloniki, the Chalcidice peninsula and the valley of the Aliákmon. 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the last Russo-Turkish War. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... National motto: None Official languages Macedonian2 Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 145th 25,713 km² 1. ... Categories: Regions of Bulgaria | Macedonia | Bulgaria geography stubs ... The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the last Russo-Turkish War. ... Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη; pronounced IPA /θɛ.sa. ... Chalkidiki or Chalcidice or Khalkidhikí or Halkidiki (in Greek Χαλκιδική) is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ... A peninsula is a geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides. ...

The Macedonian Question

The decision taken at the Congress of Berlin to leave Macedonia within the borders of the Ottoman Empire soon turned the region into the apple of discord between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. The ruthless propaganda war, the numerous outbursts of violence, and the inability of the Great powers to come up with a satisfactory solution earned the almost constant trouble in Macedonia the name “the Macedonian Question”. Unlike most disputed territories, Macedonia’s neighbouring countries contested not only the land but also the people, each regarding them as a subset of their own peoples. Hosted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck, after having been demanded by the rivals of the Russian Empire, particularly by Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, a number of the nations of Europe met to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and to attend to other pressing matters. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  88,361 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)     (without Kosovo)  â€“ Density  7. ...

Serbian Propaganda

Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Serbs. Author: J.Cvijic

19th century Serbian nationalism viewed Serbs as the people chosen to lead and unite all southern Slavs into one country, Yugoslavia (the country of the southern Slavs). According to some versions of this doctrine, Bulgarians were "Bulgarized Serbs", Croatians "Catholic Serbs", etc. Moderate Serbian scholars and political leaders before 1878, however, generally recognised Macedonia as Bulgarian land and directed their aspirations to Bosnia, Herzegovina and Kosovo. Download high resolution version (2216x2295, 992 KB)Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Serbs Taken from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ... Download high resolution version (2216x2295, 992 KB)Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Serbs Taken from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The word Serbian might be: an adjective, meaning: of Serbs (Serbian tradition, Serbian religion) of Serbia (Serbian government, Serbian president) both of the above (Serbian flag) a noun, meaning: a Serb a Serb from Serbia (as opposed to Serb who is not from Serbia) citizen of Serbia (regardless of nationality... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... Herzegovina (natively Херцеговина/Hercegovina) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Kosovo and Metohia (Serbian: Косово и Метохија / Kosovo i Metohija, Albanian: Kosovë / Kosova), in English most often called just Kosovo, is a province of Serbia. ...

The Congress of Berlin of 1878, which granted Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary, redirected Serbia’s ambitions to Macedonia and a propaganda campaign was launched at home and abroad to prove the Serbian character of the region. A great contribution to the Serbian cause was made by Croat astronomer and historian Spiridon Gopcevic (also known as Leo Brenner). Gopcevic published in 1889 the ethnographic research Macedonia and Old Serbia, which defined more than three-quarters of the Macedonian population as Serbian. The population of Kosovo and northern Albania was identified as Serbian or Albanian of Serbian origin and the Greeks along the Aliákmon as Greeks of Serbian origin. Hosted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck, after having been demanded by the rivals of the Russian Empire, particularly by Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, a number of the nations of Europe met to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and to attend to other pressing matters. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... Herzegovina (natively Херцеговина/Hercegovina) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  88,361 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)     (without Kosovo)  â€“ Density  7. ... 1889 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The work of Gopcevic was further developed by two Serbian scholars, geographer Jovan Cvijic and linguist Aleksandar Belic. Less extreme than Gopcevic, Cvijic and Belic claimed only the Slavs of northern Macedonia were Serbian whereas those of southern Macedonia were identified as "Macedonian Slavs", an amorphous Slavic mass that was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian but could turn out either Bulgarian or Serbian if the respective people were to rule the region. The only Slavs in Macedonia which were referred to as Bulgarian were those living along the Strymon and Nestos rivers, i.e. present-day Pirin Macedonia and parts of northeastern Greece. Cviic further argued that the name Bugari (Bulgarians) used by the Slavic population of Macedonia to refer to themselves actually meant only ‘rayah’ – peasant Christians – and in no case affiliations to the Bulgarian ethnicity. Portrait of Jovan Cvijic by Uros Predic Jovan Cvijic (Serbian Јован Цвијић) (1865. ... The Struma (Bulgarian: Струма, Greek: Strimonis, Turkish: Karasu (meaning black water in Turkish)) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. ... Mesta (Bulgarian: Места) or Nestos (Greek: Νέστος) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. ...

The Serbian propaganda effort in Macedonia was led chiefly on the educational front. The number of Serbian schools in Macedonia and Kosovo rose from only a handful of before 1878 to 178 with 321 teachers and 7,200 pupils at the turn of the 20th century. The Society of Saint Sava in Belgrade gave study scholarships to talented Macedonians, usually turning them into staunch supporters of the Serbian cause after the end of their education. Serbia was also successful in launching armed guerilla groups, mainly in northern Macedonia, which clashed with pro-Bulgarian IMRO. Despite the enormous financial support from Serbia the Serbian cause in Macedonia never made a significant success outside the northern districts of Tetovo, Skopje and Kumanovo where the local dialect had certain similarities with Serbian. 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Belgrade (Serbian, Београд, Beograd  listen?), is the capital (2003–) of Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia (1918–2003). ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later... Tetovo is a city in the north-west of the Republic of Macedonia, built on the foothills of the Å ar Planina (Mali Shar, Shar Mountain) and divided by the Pena (Shkumbim) river. ... Modern Skopje Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, Albanian Shkup, Latin Scupi; Turkish: Üsküb) is the capital city of the Republic of Macedonia. ... Kumanovo is an important city in the northern part of Macedonia. ... The Serbian language or Serb language is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem, formerly (and still frequently) called Serbo-Croatian. ...

Greek Propaganda

As it was firmly established by the end of the 19th century that the majority of the population of Macedonia was of Slavic origin, the arguments which Greece used to promote its cause were usually of historical but also of religious character. The Greeks consistently linked nationality to the allegiance to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Terms like "Bulgarophone", "Albanophone" and "Vlachophone" Greeks were coined to describe the population of Slavic, Albanian and Aromanian origin which owed allegiance to the Patriarchate and had Greek schools. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Constantinople. ...

Like the Serbian and Bulgarian propaganda efforts, the Greek one initially also concentrated on education. Greek schools in Macedonia at the turn of the 20th century totalled 927 with 1,397 teachers and 57,607 pupils. As from the 1890s Greece also started sending armed guerilla groups to Macedonia (see Greek Struggle for Macedonia) specially after the death of Pavlos Melas, which fought the detachments of IMRO, terrorized the "Exarchist" Bulgarian population and committed a massacre of some 60 peasants in the village of Zagorichani near Kastoria in 1905. The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the Mauve Decade, because William Henry Perkins aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that color in fashion, and also as the Gay Nineties, under the then-current usage of the word gay which referred simply to merriment and frivolity, with no... The Greek Struggle for Macedonia 1904-1908 (in Greek language: Μακεδονικός Αγώνας, Macedonian Struggle) is how the Greeks describe their military conflicts against Bulgaria and Turkey in the area of Macedonia during the first decade of the 20th century. ... Pavlos Melas Pavlos Melas (Greek: Παύλος Μελάς) (1870-1904) was an officer of the Greek Army, and he was among the first who organized and participated in the Greek Struggle for Macedonia. ... Kastoria (Greek: Καστοριά)is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The Greek cause predominated in southern Macedonia where it was supported by the Greeks, by a substantial part of the Slavic population and by nearly all Aromanians. Support for the Greeks was much less pronounced in central Macedonia, coming from local Aromanians and only a fraction of the Slavs; in the northern parts of the region it was almost non-existent.

Bulgarian Propaganda

Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Bulgarians. Author: V.Kuncov

The independence of Bulgaria in 1878 had the same effect on the Bulgarian idea in Macedonia as the independence of Greece to the Hellenic one half a century earlier. The consequences were closure of schools, expelling of priests of the Bulgarian Exarchate and emigration of the majority of the young Macedonian intelligentsia. This first emigration triggered a constant trickle of Macedonian-born refugees and emigrants to Bulgaria. Their number stood at ca. 100,000 by 1912. Download high resolution version (2240x2248, 998 KB)Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Bulgarians Taken from *[Endowment for International Peace. ... Download high resolution version (2240x2248, 998 KB)Ethnographic Map of Macedonia: Point of View of the Bulgarians Taken from *[Endowment for International Peace. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Greece, formally called the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία), is a country in the southeast of Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. ... In the Byzantine Empire, an exarch was a proconsul or viceroy who governed a province at some remove from the central authorities, the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople. ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ...

The Bulgarian idea made a remarkable comeback in the 1890’s with regard to both education and armed resistance. At the turn of the 20th century there were 785 Bulgarian schools in Macedonia with 1,250 teachers and 39,892 pupils. The Bulgarian Exarchate held jurisdiction over seven dioceses (Skopje, Debar, Ohrid, Bitola, Nevrokop, Veles and Strumica), i.e. the whole of Vardar and Pirin Macedonia and some of southern Macedonia. The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), which was founded in 1893 as the only guerilla organization established by locals, quickly developed a wide network of committees and agents turning into a "state within the state" in much of Macedonia. IMRO fought not only against the Ottoman authorities, but also against the pro-Serbian and pro-Greek parties in Macedonia, terrorising the population supporting them and resorting to murders of Greek and Serbian school teachers and priests. 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Modern Skopje Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, Albanian Shkup, Latin Scupi; Turkish: Üsküb) is the capital city of the Republic of Macedonia. ... Debar (Macedonian: Дебар, Albanian: Dibra) located in western Macedonia near the city of Gostivar, and the border with Albania. ... Ohrid is a city in western Macedonia, on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid. ... Bitola (Macedonian Битола, Albanian Manastir, Turkish Manastır, Greek Μοναστήρι, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the present day (Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia. ... This article is about the god Veles, for the city in Macedonia see Veles, Macedonia Veles (Volos, Weles, Voloh) is a Slavic god, thought to be the deity of: cattle, commerce, music, the underworld. ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later...

The failure of the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 signified a second weakening of the Bulgarian cause resulting in closure of schools and a new wave of emigration to Bulgaria. IMRO was also weakened and the number of Serbian and Greek guerilla groups in Macedonia substantially increased. The Exarchate lost the dioceses of Skopje and Debar to the Serbian Patriarchate in 1902 and 1910, respectively. Despite this, the Bulgarian cause preserved its dominant position in central and northern Macedonia and was also strong in southern Macedonia. The Ilinden Uprising as seen by the English daily The Times, Aug. ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... 1902 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Slav Macedonian Propaganda

The Slav Macedonian idea during that period was at best at the inception stage. In 1880 Georgi Pulevski published in Sofia Slognica Rechovska, an attempt at a grammar of the dialect of Macedonia. The first significant manifestation of Slav Macedonian nationalism was the book On the Macedonian Matters (1904) by Krste Misirkov. In the book Misirkov advocated that the Slavs of Macedonia should take a separate way from the Bulgarians and the Bulgarian language. While arguing from a pro-Serbian point of view, Misirkov considered that the term "Macedonian" should be used to define the whole Slav population of Macedonia, obliterating the existing division between Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbians. The adoption of a separate Macedonian language was also advocated as a means of unification of the Macedonian Slavs with Serbian, Bulgarian and Greek consciousness. On the Macedonian Matters was written in the western (Bitola-Prilep) Macedonian dialect which was proposed by Misirkov as the basis for the future language (as the eastern dialect was too close to Bulgarian and the northern one too close to Serbian). The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which forms about a third of the population of the geographical region of Macedonia in southeastern Europe and about two thirds of the population of the Republic of Macedonia¤. They speak the Macedonian (Slavonic) language and are generally associated with the Macedonian¤ Orthodox... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The city of Sofia (Bulgarian: София), at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, has a population of 1,208,930 (2003), and is the biggest city and capital of the Republic of Bulgaria. ... Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. ... The Macedonian¤ language (Македонски, Makedonski) is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. ... Bitola (Macedonian Битола, Albanian Manastir, Turkish Manastır, Greek Μοναστήρι, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the present day (Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia. ... Prilep (Cyrillic: Прилеп, other forms: Parleap, Pirlepe and Perlepe) is a city of 73,925 citizens, covering 1. ...

While Misirkov talked about the Macedonian consciousness and the Macedonian language as about a future goal, he described Macedonia of the early 20th century as inhabited by Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs, Turks, Albanians, Aromanians, and Jews. As regards the Macedonians themselves, Misirkov claimed that they had called themselves Bulgarians until the publication of the book and were always called Bulgarians by independent observers until 1878 when the view of the Serbs also started to get recognition. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Aromanians (also called: Macedo-Romanians or Vlachs, in Aromanian they call themselves arumâni, armâni or aromâni) are a population living as a minority in Northern Greece, Serbia, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, and Bulgaria; their number is estimated to about one or two million. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Misirkov rejected the ideas in On the Macedonian Matters later and turned into a staunch advocate of the Bulgarian cause - to return to the Slav Macedonian idea again in the 1920s. The ideas of Misirkov, Pulevski and other Macedonian Slavs remained largely unnoticed until the 1940s when they were adopted by the Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and influenced the codification of the Macedonian language. Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... Yugoslav refers to: Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavs This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Official languages Macedonian¤,2 and Albanian Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water Ranked 145th  25,713 km²  1. ...

Claims of present-day historians from the Republic of Macedonia that the "Autonomists" in IMRO defended a Slav Macedonian position are largely ungrounded as IMRO regarded itself and was regarded - by the Ottoman authorities, the Greek guerilla groups, the contemporary press in Europe and even by Misirkov - as an exclusively Bulgarian organization. The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later... A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ...

Romanian Propaganda

Attempts at a Romanian propaganda among the Aromanian population of Macedonia began as early as 1855. The first Romanian school was, however, established as late as 1886. The total number of schools grew to ca. 40 at the beginning of the 20th century. Though the Romanian propaganda made some success in Bitola, Krushevo, the Aromanian villages in the districts of Bitola and Ohrid and even among some Slavs, the majority of the Macedonian Aromanians remained advocates of Hellenism. 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...

Independent Point of View

Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York (1923)

Independent sources in Europe between 1878 and 1918 generally tended to view the Slavic population of Macedonia in two ways: as Bulgarians and as Macedonian Slavs. Download high resolution version (1237x868, 319 KB)Distribution of Races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1923 taken from [Castaneda Library Map Collection] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (1237x868, 319 KB)Distribution of Races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1923 taken from [Castaneda Library Map Collection] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

German scholar Gustav Weigand was one of the most prominent representatives of the first trend with the books Ethnography of Macedonia (1924, written 1919) and partially with The Aromanians (1905). The author described all ethnic groups living in Macedonia, showed empirically the close connection between the western Bulgarian dialects and the Macedonian dialects and defined the latter as Bulgarian. The International Commission constituted by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1913 to inquire into causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars also talked about the Slavs of Macedonia as about Bulgarians in its report published in 1914. The Commission had eight members from Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia and the United States. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private nonprofit organization promoting international cooperation and active international engagement by the United States of America. ... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... The outcome as of April 1913 The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out of fellowship over the division... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

The term "Macedonian Slavs" was used by scholars and publicists in three general meanings:

• as a politically convenient term to define the Slavs of Macedonia without offending Serbian and Bulgarian nationalism;
• as a distinct group of Slavs different from both Serbs and Bulgarians, yet closer to the Bulgarians and having predominantly Bulgarian ethnical and political affinities;
• as a distinct group of Slavs different from both Serbs and Bulgarians having no developed national consciousness and no fast ethnical and political affinities (the definition of Cvijic).

An instance of the use of the first meaning of the term was, for example, the ethnographic map of the Slavic peoples published in (1890) by Russian scholar Zarjanko, which identified the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians. Following an official protest from Serbia the map was later reprinted identifying them under the politically correct name "Macedonian Slavs". 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The term was used in a completely different sense by British journalist Henry Brailsford in Macedonia, its races and their future (1906). The book contains Brailford's impressions from a five-month stay in Macedonia shortly after the suppression of the Ilinden Uprising and represents an ethnographic report. Brailford defines the dialect of Macedonia as neither Serbian, nor Bulgarian, yet closer to the second one. An opinion is delivered that any Slavic nation could "win" Macedonia if it is to use the needed tact and resources, yet it is claimed that the Bulgarians have already done that. Brailsford uses synonymously the terms "Macedonian Slavs" and "Bulgarians", the "Slavic language" and the "Bulgarian language". The chapter on the Macedonians Slavs/the Bulgarians is titled the "Bulgarian movement", the IMRO activists are called "bulgarophile Macedonians". Henry Noel Brailsford (1873 - 1958) was the most prolific British left-wing journalist of the first half of the 20th century. ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later...

The third use of the term can be noted among scholars from the allied countries (above all France and the United Kingdom) after 1915 and is roughly equal to the definition given by Cvijic (see above). 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Development of the Name "Macedonian Slavs"

The name "Macedonian Slavs" started to appear in publications at the end of the 1880s and the beginning of the 1890s. Though the successes of the Serbian propaganda effort had proved that the Slavic population of Macedonia was not only Bulgarian, they still failed to convince that this population was, in its turn, Serbian. Rarely used until the end of the 19th century compared to ‘Bulgarians’, the name ‘Macedonian Slavs’ served more to conceal rather than define the national character of the population of Macedonia. Scholars resorted to it usually as a result of Serbian pressure or used it as a general name for the Slavs inhabiting Macedonia regardless of their ethnic affinities. Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the Mauve Decade, because William Henry Perkins aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that color in fashion, and also as the Gay Nineties, under the then-current usage of the word gay which referred simply to merriment and frivolity, with no... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the continued Serbian propaganda effort and especially the work of Cvijic had managed to firmly entrench the concept of the Macedonian Slavs in European public opinion and the name was used almost as frequently as ‘Bulgarians’. Even pro-Bulgarian researchers such as H. Brailsford and N. Forbes argued that the Macedonian Slavs differed from both Bulgarians and Serbs. Practically all scholars before 1915, however, including strongly pro-Serbian ones such as R.W. Seton-Watson, admitted that the affinities of the majority of them lied with the Bulgarian cause and the Bulgarians and classified them as such. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Henry Noel Brailsford (1873 - 1958) was the most prolific British left-wing journalist of the first half of the 20th century. ... Forbes magazine is an American business and financial magazine founded in 1917 by B.C. Forbes. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Bulgaria's entry into World War I on the side of the Central Powers signified a dramatic shift in the way European public opinion viewed the Slavic population of Macedonia. For the Central Powers the Slavs of Macedonia became nothing but Bulgarians, whereas for the Allies they turned into anything else but Bulgarians. The ultimate victory of the Allies in 1918 led to the victory of the vision of the Slavic population of Macedonia as of Macedonian Slavs, an amorphous Slavic mass without a developed national consciousness. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Central Powers is a term used to refer to the Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I. They are so called because they all lay between Russia in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west. ... When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. Other uses In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to... When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. Other uses In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which forms about a third of the population of the geographical region of Macedonia in southeastern Europe and about two thirds of the population of the Republic of Macedonia¤. They speak the Macedonian (Slavonic) language and are generally associated with the Macedonian¤ Orthodox...

The "Missing" National Consciousness

What stood behind the difficulties to properly define the nationality of the Slavic population of Macedonia was the apparent levity with which this population regarded it. Nationality in early 20th century Macedonia was a matter of political convictions and financial benefits, of what was considered politically correct at the specific time and of which armed guerilla group happened to visit the respondent's home last. The process of Hellenization at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century affected only a limited stratum of the population, the Bulgarian Revival in the middle of the 19th century was too short to form a solid Bulgarian consciousness, the financial benefits given by the Serbian propaganda were too tempting to be declined. It was not a rare occurrence for whole villages to switch their nationality from Greek to Bulgarian and then to Serbian within a few years or to be Bulgarian in the presence of a Bulgarian commercial agent and Serbian in the presence of a Serbian consul. On several occasions peasants were reported to have answered in the affirmative when asked if they were Bulgarians and again in the affirmative when asked if they were Serbs. Though this certainly cannot be valid for the whole population, many Russian and Western diplomats and travellers defined Macedonians as lacking a "proper" national consciousness. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Statistical data

The 1911 edition of the Encylopaedia Britannica gave the following statistical estimates about the population of Macedonia:

• Bulgarians (described in encyclopaedia as "Slavs, the bulk of which is regarded by almost all independent sources as Bulgarians", a statement referring to the controversy between Bulgaria and Serbia as to the national affinities of the Slavs of Macedonia): ca. 1,150,000, whereof, 1,000,000 Orthodox and 150,000 Muslims (the so-called Pomaks)
• Turks: ca. 500,000 (Muslims)
• Greeks: ca. 250,000, whereof ca. 240,000 Orthodox and 14,000 Muslims
• Albanians: ca. 120,000, whereof 10,000 Orthodox and 110,000 Muslims
• Vlachs: ca. 90,000 Orthodox and 3,000 Muslims
• Jews: ca. 75,000
• Roma: ca. 50,000, whereof 35,000 Orthodox and 15,000 Muslims

In total 1,300,000 Christians (almost exclusively Orthodox), 800,000 Muslims, 75,000 Jews, a total population of ca. 2,200,000 for the whole of Macedonia. A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Muslim Bulgarians (also Bulgarian Mohammedans, bul:Българи-мохамедани; local: Pomak, Ahrian, Poganets, Marvak, Poturnak) are descendants of Christian Bulgarians who were forcibly converted to Islam by the Turks, during the 16th and the 18th century. ...

It needs to be taken into account that a substantial part of the Bulgarian population in southern Macedonia regarded itself as Greek and a smaller percentage, mostly in northern Macedonia, as Serbian. All Muslims (except the Albanians) tended to view themselves and were viewed as Turks, irrespective of their mother tongue. Most Vlachs and orthodox Albanians regarded themselves as Greeks.

The Ottoman Empire did not hold any census based on self-determination but used statistics based on birth records. As these were consistently falsified to present the bulk of the population of Macedonia as Muslim, they cannot be regarded as reliable statistical data. The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ...

Modern Times

The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and World War I (1914-1918) left Macedonia divided between Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania and resulted in significant changes in its ethnic composition. The outcome as of April 1913 The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out of fellowship over the division... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  88,361 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)     (without Kosovo)  â€“ Density  7. ...

Greece

Bulgarian and other non-Greek schools in southern (Aegean) Macedonia were closed and Bulgarian teachers and priests were deported as early as the First Balkan War. The bulk of the Slavic population of southeastern Macedonia fled to Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War or was resettled there in the 1920’s by virtue of a population exchange agreement. The Slavs in southwestern Macedonia, who were referred to by the Greek authorities as “Slavomacedonians”, “Slavophone Greeks” and “Bulgarisants”, were subjected to a gradual assimilation by the Greek majority. Their numbers were reduced by a large-scale emigration to North America in the 1920s and the 1930s and to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia following the Greek Civil War (1944-1949). The region called Macedonia (or Makedonia) in Greece is a large section of the north-northwestern part of the country which collectivally with Thrace, is forming Northern Greece. ... Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. ... The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, Bulgaria suffering defeat at the... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, Bulgaria suffering defeat at the... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and fourth in population after Asia and Africa in area and population and Europe in population. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the East to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the West. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... An ELAS resistance fighter The Greek Civil War was a war fought between 1942 and 1949 in Greece. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

The 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey led to a radical change in the ethnic composition of Greek Macedonia. Some 350,000 Turks and other Muslims left the region and were replaced by 500,000 Greeks and other Christians from Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace. 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The region called Macedonia (or Makedonia) in Greece is a large section of the north-northwestern part of the country which collectivally with Thrace, is forming Northern Greece. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Christianity is the worlds largest religion. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Prominent issues in Greek foreign policy include a dispute over the name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the enduring Cyprus problem, Greek-Turkish differences over the Aegean, and relations with the USA. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Greek refusal to recognize the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia...

The present number of the Slavic speakers in Greece has been subject to much speculation with numbers varying between 10,000 and 240,000. As Greece does not hold census based on self-determination and mother tongue, no official data is available. However, it is generally assumed that the lower number (10,000) represents the number of actual speakers, whereas the higher one (240,000) defines Greek citizens of Slavic origin. For more information about the region and its population see Greek Macedonia. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ... The region called Macedonia (or Makedonia) in Greece is a large section of the north-northwestern part of the country which collectivally with Thrace, is forming Northern Greece. ...

Serbia and Yugoslavia

After the Balkan Wars (1913-1914) the Slavs in Serbian (Vardar) Macedonia were regarded as southern Serbs and the language they spoke a southern Serbian dialect. The Bulgarian, Greek and Romanian schools were closed, the Bulgarian priests and all non-Serbian teachers were expelled. Bulgarian surname endings '-ov/-ev' were replaced with the typically Serbian ending '-ich' and the population which considered itself Bulgarian was heavily persecuted. The policy of Serbianization in the 1920s and 1930s clashed with popular pro-Bulgarian sentiment stirred by IMRO detachments infiltrating from Bulgaria, whereas local communists favoured the path of self-determination suggested by the Yugoslav Communist Party in the 1924 May Manifesto. The outcome as of April 1913 The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out of fellowship over the division... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The word Serbian might be: an adjective, meaning: of Serbs (Serbian tradition, Serbian religion) of Serbia (Serbian government, Serbian president) both of the above (Serbian flag) a noun, meaning: a Serb a Serb from Serbia (as opposed to Serb who is not from Serbia) citizen of Serbia (regardless of nationality... National motto: None Official languages Macedonian2 Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 145th 25,713 km² 1. ... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... The Serbian language or Serb language is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem, formerly (and still frequently) called Serbo-Croatian. ... The word Serbian might be: an adjective, meaning: of Serbs (Serbian tradition, Serbian religion) of Serbia (Serbian government, Serbian president) both of the above (Serbian flag) a noun, meaning: a Serb a Serb from Serbia (as opposed to Serb who is not from Serbia) citizen of Serbia (regardless of nationality... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later... This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ... Yugoslav refers to: Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavs This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Bulgarian troops were welcomed as liberators in 1941 but mistakes of the Bulgarian administration made a growing number of people resent their presence by 1944. The region received the status of a constituent republic within Yugoslavia and in 1945 a separate, Macedonian language was codified. The population was declared Macedonian, a nationality different from both Serbs and Bulgarians. The decision was politically motivated and aimed at weakening the position of Serbia within Yugoslavia and of Bulgaria with regard to Yugoslavia. Surnames were again changed to include the ending '-ski', which was to emphasise the unique nature of the Slav Macedonian population. 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Macedonian¤ language (Македонски, Makedonski) is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. ... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  88,361 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)     (without Kosovo)  â€“ Density  7. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which inhabits the geographical region of Macedonia in south-eastern Europe and speaks the Macedonian language. ...

It may be only a matter of speculation whether the Macedonian Slavs of present-day Republic of Macedonia would have developed as a separate ethnic group had Macedonia been incorporated into a “Great Bulgarian” state in 1878 or 1913. The influence of the Serbian propaganda effort between 1881 and 1912 and the policy of intense Serbization in the interwar years, however, indisputably played a key role for severing of the ties of the Macedonian Slavs with the Bulgarians. Since 1945, the Macedonian Slavs of the Republic of Macedonia have demonstrated without any exception a strong and even aggressive at times Macedonian consciousness. Any ties with the Bulgarians have been denounced and the Bulgarian affinities of their national heroes from the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century have been fiercely denied, even in the face of fact. The quick success of the Slav Macedonian idea in the 1940s and the tenacity with which the Macedonian Slavs have held on to it throughout the second half of the 20th century indicates that the process of formation of Slav Macedonian consciousness had been well under way before World War II (contrary to Bulgarian and Greek claims, for more information see Macedonian language and Macedonia), to finally crystallize under the oppressive and ineffective Bulgarian administration between 1941 and 1944. For more current information about the population of Republic of Macedonia see Demographics of the Republic of Macedonia. The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which forms about a third of the population of the geographical region of Macedonia in southeastern Europe and about two thirds of the population of the Republic of Macedonia¤. They speak the Macedonian (Slavonic) language and are generally associated with the Macedonian¤ Orthodox... Official languages Macedonian¤,2 and Albanian Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water Ranked 145th  25,713 km²  1. ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which forms about a third of the population of the geographical region of Macedonia in southeastern Europe and about two thirds of the population of the Republic of Macedonia¤. They speak the Macedonian (Slavonic) language and are generally associated with the Macedonian¤ Orthodox... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... The Macedonian¤ language (Македонски, Makedonski) is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Official languages Macedonian¤,2 and Albanian Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water Ranked 145th  25,713 km²  1. ... Population Some statistics are from the 2002 census data, while the rest are estimates from the CIA World Factbook publication. ...

Bulgaria

The Slavic population in Pirin Macedonia remained Bulgarian after 1913. IMRO was a “state within the state” in the region in the 1920’s using it to launch attacks in the Serbian part of Macedonia. By that time IMRO had become a right-wing Bulgarian ultranationalist organization. In 1946 the population of Pirin Macedonia was declared Slav Macedonian, in anticipation of the future incorporation of the region into the Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and of the admission of Bulgaria into the Yugoslav Federation. The policy change was orchestrated by the Soviet Union and followed the official line of the Comintern on the Macedonian question. At the end of the 1950’s the Communist party repealed its previous decision and adopted a position denying the existence of a “Macedonian” nation. The inconsistent Bulgarian policy has thrown most independent observers ever since into a state of confusion as to the real origin of the population in Bulgarian Macedonia. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Categories: Regions of Bulgaria | Macedonia | Bulgaria geography stubs ... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... The word Serbian might be: an adjective, meaning: of Serbs (Serbian tradition, Serbian religion) of Serbia (Serbian government, Serbian president) both of the above (Serbian flag) a noun, meaning: a Serb a Serb from Serbia (as opposed to Serb who is not from Serbia) citizen of Serbia (regardless of nationality... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Categories: Regions of Bulgaria | Macedonia | Bulgaria geography stubs ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which inhabits the geographical region of Macedonia in south-eastern Europe and speaks the Macedonian language. ... Yugoslav refers to: Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavs This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Official languages Macedonian¤,2 and Albanian Capital Skopje President Branko Crvenkovski Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water Ranked 145th  25,713 km²  1. ... Yugoslav refers to: Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavs This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... 1950 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ...

After a brief upsurge of Slav Macedonian nationalism at the beginning of the 1990’s, sometimes resulting in clashes between nationalist IMRO and Slav Macedonian separatist organization UMO Ilinden, the commotion has largely subsided in recent time and the Slav Macedonian idea has become strongly marginalized. A total of 3,100 people in the Blagoevgrad District declared themselves Macedonian in the 2001 census (0,9% of the population of the region). The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which inhabits the geographical region of Macedonia in south-eastern Europe and speaks the Macedonian language. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which inhabits the geographical region of Macedonia in south-eastern Europe and speaks the Macedonian language. ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which inhabits the geographical region of Macedonia in south-eastern Europe and speaks the Macedonian language. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Albania

The Slavic minority in Albania is concentrated in two regions, Mala Prespa northeast of Korçë, eastern Albania, and Golo Bardo south of the western Macedonian town of Debar. Albania has recognised a 5,000 strong Macedonian Slav minority in Mala Prespa. In Golo Bardo there are both a Bulgarian and a Macedonian organization. Each of them claims that the local Slavic population is Bulgarian/Macedonian. The population itself, which is predominantly Muslim, has, however, preferred to call itself Albanian in official censuses. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Debar (Macedonian: Дебар, Albanian: Dibra) located in western Macedonia near the city of Gostivar, and the border with Albania. ... The Macedonian Slavs are an ethnic group which inhabits the geographical region of Macedonia in south-eastern Europe and speaks the Macedonian language. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...

References

• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edition 1911
• Jezernik, Bozhidar. Macedonians: Conspicuous By Their Absence
• Boué, Ami. (1840). Le Turquie d’Europe. Paris: Arthus Bertrand.
• Brailsford, Henry Noel. (1906). Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen & Co
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (1914). Report of the International Commission To Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington: The Carnegie Endowment.
• Gopčević, Spiridon. (1889). Makedonien und Alt-Serbien. Wien: L. W. Seidel & Sohn.
• Misirkov, Krste P. (1903). Za makedonckite raboti. Sofia: Liberalni klub. (In Macedonian)
• Kunčov, Vasil. (1900). Makedonija. Etnografija i statistika. Sofia: Državna peиatnica.
• MacKenzie, Georgena Muir and Irby, I.P. (1971). Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe. New York, Arno Press.
• Weigand, Gustav. (1924). ETHNOGRAPHIE VON MAKEDONIEN, Geschichtlich-nationaler, spraechlich-statistischer Teil von Prof. Dr. Gustav Weigand, Leipzig, Friedrich Brandstetter.
• Wilkinson, H.R. (1951). Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia, Liverpool University Press.
• Kuhn's Zeitschrift fόr vergleichende Sprachforschung XXII (1874), Gottingen:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

See also

• Macedon
• Macedonia
• Macedonian Slavs