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Encyclopedia > Mangosteen
Mangosteen
Mangosteen fruit
Mangosteen fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Genus: Garcinia
Species: G. mangostana
Binomial name
Garcinia mangostana
L.

The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical evergreen tree, believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. The tree grows from 7 to 25 meters tall. The rind (exocarp) of the edible fruit is deep reddish purple when ripe. Botanically an aril, the fragrant edible flesh is sweet and creamy, citrusy with some peach flavor. Mangosteen is closely related to other edible tropical fruits such as button mangosteen and lemondrop mangosteen. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (604x640, 52 KB) Garcinia mangostana taken by User:KayEss High resolution version under Creative Commons by-nc-sa is available at http://www. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families Family Achariaceae Family Balanopaceae Family Bonnetiaceae Family Caryocaraceae Family Chrysobalanaceae Family Clusiaceae Family Ctenolophonaceae Family Dichapetalaceae Family Elatinaceae Family Erythryloxaceae (coca family) Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) Family Euphroniaceae Family Goupiaceae Family Humiriaceae Family Hypericaceae (St Johns wort family) Family Irvingiaceae Family Ixonanthaceae Family Lacistemaceae Family Linaceae (flax family... Genera See text Clusiaceae is a family of plants including the over a thousand species of trees and shrubs, often with milky sap and fruits or capsules for seeds. ... Species Garcinia atroviridis Garcinia benthami Garcinia cambogia - citrin, gambooge Garcinia hanburyi - Hanburys garcinia Garcinia hessii - lemon saptree Garcinia indica Garcinia kola - bitter kola Garcinia lateriflora Garcinia livingstonei - Livingstones garcinia, imbe Garcinia mangostana - mangosteen Garcinia merguensis Garcinia multiflora Garcinia myrtifolia Garcinia portoricensis Garcinia schombucgkiana Garcinia xanthochymus Garcinia is a... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Species Garcinia atroviridis Garcinia benthami Garcinia cambogia - citrin, gambooge Garcinia hanburyi - Hanburys garcinia Garcinia hessii - lemon saptree Garcinia indica Garcinia kola - bitter kola Garcinia lateriflora Garcinia livingstonei - Livingstones garcinia, imbe Garcinia mangostana - mangosteen Garcinia merguensis Garcinia multiflora Garcinia myrtifolia Garcinia portoricensis Garcinia schombucgkiana Garcinia xanthochymus Garcinia is a... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... The Sunda Islands are a group of islands in west part of the Indonesian Archipelago. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Exocarp or pericarp (Gr. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Ripening is a process in fruit that causes them to become more edible. ... Mature and immature arils of Taxus baccata, a European yew. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus ×sinensis - Sweet Orange Citrus ×aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus ×paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus ×limon - Lemon Citrus ×limonia - Rangpur lime Citrus ×latifolia - Persian lime See also main text for other hybrids Citrus... The Button Mangosteen (Garcinia prainiana) is also known as Cherapu. ... Binomial name Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel The Charichuelo fruit or Lemon Drop Mangosteen, Garcinia intermedia is indigenous to the Andes where it is enjoyed and widely seen in marketplaces but not renowned. ...

Contents

Maturation of the exocarp and edible aril

The juvenile mangosteen fruit, which does not require fertilization to form (see agamospermy), first appears as pale green or almost white in the shade of the canopy. As the fruit enlarges over the next two to three months, the exocarp color deepens to darker green. During this period, the fruit increases in size until its exocarp is 6–8 centimeters in outside diameter, remaining hard until a final, abrupt ripening stage. Categories: Biology stubs ... Kaguya is one success from 460 attempts at growing embryos. ... Look up Canopy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Exocarp or pericarp (Gr. ... Ripening is a process in fruit that causes them to become more edible. ...


The subsurface chemistry of the mangosteen exocarp comprises an array of polyphenolic acids including xanthones and tannins that assure astringency to discourage infestation by insects, fungi, plant viruses, bacteria and animal predation while the fruit is immature. Color changes and softening of the exocarp are natural processes of ripening that indicates the fruit can be eaten and the seeds are finished developing. [1] Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. ... Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2. ... Tannins are astringent, bitter-tasting plant polyphenols that bind and precipitate proteins. ... An astringent substance is a chemical substance that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. ... Plant viruses are viruses affecting plants. ... Ripening is a process in fruit that causes them to become more edible. ...


Mangosteen produces a recalcitrant seed, i.e., perishable, short-lived and must be kept moist to remain viable until germination. Technically nucellar in origin and not the result of fertilization, mangosteen seeds germinate as soon as they are removed from the fruit and die quickly if allowed to dry. [2] Recalcitrant seeds are seeds that do not survive drying and freezing during ex-situ conservation. ... Not to be confused with Gemination in phonetics. ... Most commercial citrus varieties produce mainly nucellar seedlings. ... Categories: Biology stubs ...


Once the developing mangosteen fruit has stopped expanding, chlorophyll synthesis slows as the next color phase begins. Initially streaked with red, the exocarp pigmentation transitions from green to red to dark purple, indicating a final ripening stage. This entire process takes place over a period of ten days as the edible quality of the fruit peaks. Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ...


The edible endocarp of the mangosteen is botanically defined as an aril with the same shape and size as a tangerine 4–6 centimeters in diameter, but is white. The circle of wedge-shaped arils contains 4–8 segments, the larger ones harboring apomictic seeds that are unpalatable unless roasted. On the bottom of the exocarp, raised ridges (remnants of the stigma), arranged like spokes of a wheel, correspond to the number of aril sections[3] Mangosteens reach fruit-bearing in as little as 5–6 years, but more typically require 8–10 years. [4] Endocarp is the hard inner layer of the pericarp of some fruits that contains the seed. ... Mature and immature arils of Taxus baccata, a European yew. ... Binomial name Citrus reticulata Blanco For other uses, see Tangerine (disambiguation). ... In botany, apomixis is biological reproduction without fertilization, meiosis or production of gametes, with the result that the seeds are genetically identical to the parent plant. ... Look up stigma on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


Nutrient content and antioxidant strength

Although there is no scientific evidence to support the claim, mangosteen is typically advertised and marketed as part of an emerging category of novel functional foods sometimes called "superfruits" [5] [6] [7] presumed to have a combination of 1) appealing subjective characteristics, such as taste, fragrance and visual qualities, 2) nutrient richness, 3) antioxidant strength and 4) potential impact for lowering risk against human diseases. Experts in the field have denied that mangosteen qualifies as a superfruit due to sparse nutrient content across the board. [8] Functional food or medicinal food is any fresh or processed food claimed to have a health-promoting and/or disease-preventing property beyond the basic nutritional function of supplying nutrients, although there is no consensus on an exact definition of the term. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Link title {{portal|Food} A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organisms metabolism or physiology. ... Space-filling model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. ...


When analyzed specifically for its edible aril, mangosteen meets only the first criterion above, as its overall nutrient profile is absent of important content [9] it contains no pigmentation (correspondingly, no antioxidant phytochemicals in significant concentration) and there is no scientific evidence of aril constituents having any health properties. [10] Mature and immature arils of Taxus baccata, a European yew. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ...


Should purée or juice from the arils be infused with exocarp phenolic extracts, mangosteen juice adopts the purple color and astringency of its exocarp pigments. It is usually balanced for taste with sweeteners possibly requiring juices from other fruits. Purée and (more rarely) mash are general terms for food, usually vegetables or legumes, that has been ground, pressed, and/or strained to the consistency of a soft paste or thick liquid. ... Exocarp or pericarp (Gr. ... An astringent substance is a chemical substance that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. ...


Legend, geographic origins and culinary applications

There is a story, possibly apocryphal, about Queen Victoria offering a cash reward to anyone who could deliver to her the fabled fruit. [11] Mangosteens are readily available canned and frozen in Western countries. Apocrypha (from the Greek word , meaning those having been hidden away[1]) are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned. ...


Without fumigation or irradiation as whole fruit, mangosteens have been illegal for importation in commercial volumes into the United States due to fears that they harbor the Asian fruit fly which would endanger U.S. crops. This situation, however, officially changed on July 23, 2007 when irradiated imports from Thailand were allowed upon USDA approval of irradiation, packing and shipping techniques. [12] Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within. ... Diversity 500 genera, about 5,000 species Genera Bactrocera Ceratitis Paracantha Rhagoletis Tephritis Urophora Euaresta hundreds more Tephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies. ... The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ...


For the period since 2006 to present, private small volume orders from fruits grown on Puerto Rico are being filled for American gourmet restaurants who serve the aril pieces as a delicacy dessert. [13] Beginning in 2007 for the first time, fresh mangosteens are also being sold for as high as $45 per pound from specialty produce stores in New York City. [14]


Products derived from the mangosteen are legally imported into the United States, such as juices, freeze-dried fruit and nutritional supplements. The fresh fruit is also available in Australia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Colombia (especially in Mariquita, a town in Tolima), the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Chinatowns of Victoria, Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal, Canada. In the United States, a dietary supplement is defined under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 as a product taken by the mouth that contains a dietary ingredient that is intended as a supplement to the diet. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the city of Victoria. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region Montréal Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ...


Mangosteen is cultivated and sold on some Hawaiian islands, although presently not exported to the continental United States where it is banned as an insect host. However, Hawaiian growers are working with a Honolulu irradiation facility for future export to the United States mainland. Mangosteen is grown in Central Africa, particularly the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is a popular delicacy. An ultra-tropical tree, the mangosteen must be grown in consistently warm conditions, as exposure to temperatures below 40°F (4°C) will generally kill a mature plant.

Before ripening, the mangosteen shell is fibrous and firm, but becomes soft and easy to pry open when the fruit ripens. To open a mangosteen, the shell is usually broken apart by scoring it with a knife; one holds the fruit in both hands, prying gently with the thumbs until the rind cracks. It is then easy to pull the halves apart along the crack and remove the fruit, taking care with the purple, inky exocarp juice containing pigments that are an avid dye on skin and fabric. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1200x800, 88 KB) Mangosteen File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1200x800, 88 KB) Mangosteen File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...


See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Look up mangosteen in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... Mangostin is a natural organic compound isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana). ... Xanthone is a natural chemical compound and type of antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables. ... Exocarp or pericarp (Gr. ...

References

  1. ^ http://www.hort.wisc.edu/usdavcru/simon/publications/97hort0012.html
  2. ^ http://mangosteen.com/Sciencenonscienceandnonsense.htm
  3. ^ mangosteen photo (mangosteen.com)
  4. ^ http://mangosteen.com/Sciencenonscienceandnonsense.htm
  5. ^ http://naturalproductsinsider.com/articles/07mar12feat3.html
  6. ^ http://ffnmag.com/ASP/articleDisplay.asp?strArticleId=1284&strSite=FFNSite&Screen=HOME
  7. ^ http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=71664-cspi-ftc-super-fruits
  8. ^ http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=17613&zoneid=43
  9. ^ http://mangosteen.com/Sciencenonscienceandnonsense.htm
  10. ^ http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=17613&zoneid=43
  11. ^ http://mangosteen.com/historyandfolklore.htm
  12. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/dining/27frui.html
  13. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/09/dining/09mang.html?ex=1312776000&en=0d1a76f2087e406d&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.
  14. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/dining/08mang.html

Further reading


  Results from FactBites:
 
Mangosteen (3081 words)
The mangosteen tree is very slow-growing, erect, with a pyramidal crown; attains 20 to 82 ft (6-25 m) in height, has dark-brown or nearly fl, flaking bark, the inner bark containing much yellow, gummy, bitter latex.
The mangosteen was introduced into Trinidad from the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, England, between 1850 and 1860 and the first fruit was borne in 1875.
However, in the Canal Zone, productive mangosteen groves have been established where it is too wet for other fruit trees–in swamps requiring drainage ditches between rows and in situations where the roots were bathed with flowing water most of the year, in spite of the fact that standing water in nursery beds will kill seedlings.
Mangosteen (441 words)
Although the mangosteen has been touted for its splendid flavor, it has also been suggested that use of the whole mangosteen fruit can promote good health.
According to the legend, the virtual impossibility of preserving the fruit during the weeks-long journey prohibited anyone outside of the growing regions from enjoying the sensational flavor of the mangosteen.
Existing mangosteen research has been validated with thousands of individual accounts in dozens of countries.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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