See also: Mont Blanc Massif

Mont Blanc — Monte Bianco
Mont Blanc and the Dôme du Goûter
Elevation	4,810 metres (15,781 ft)
Location	Italy /  France
Range	Graian Alps
Prominence	4,695 m (15,404 ft) ranked 11th
Coordinates	45°50′1″N 6°51′54″E / 45.83361, 6.865Coordinates: 45°50′1″N 6°51′54″E / 45.83361, 6.865
First ascent	August 8, 1786 by Jacques Balmat and Michel-Gabriel Paccard
Easiest route	Basic snow/ice climb

(French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco (Italian, same meaning), also known as "La Dame Blanche" (French, the white lady) is a mountain in the Alps. With its 4,810 m summit, it is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe.^[1] Mont Blanc is a mountain in the Alps. ... Mont Blanc (French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco (Italian, same meaning) also known as La Dame Blanche (French, the white lady), in the Alps, is the highest mountain in Western Europe. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 579 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Dôme du Goûter (4,304 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France. ... A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For exotic financial options, see Mountain range (options). ... The chief peaks of the Graian Alps, from the Mont Cenis to the Little St Bernard Pass, are usually divided into three groups, the Central (the watershed between the two passes named), the Western or French, and the Eastern or Italian; in the following lists the initials C, W, and... In topography, prominence, also known as autonomous height, relative height or shoulder drop (in America) or prime factor (in Europe), is a concept used in the categorization of hills and mountains, also known as peaks. ... This is a list of mountains ordered by their topographic prominence. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... In climbing, a first ascent (FA) is the first climb to reach the top of a mountain, or the first to follow a particular climbing route. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Jacques Balmat Jacques Balmat, called le Mont Blanc (1762, Chamonix valley - 1834, Sixt valley) was a French mountain guide. ... Michel Gabriel Paccard (° 1757 - † 1827 à Chamonix) was a French doctor. ... Southern and northern Mount Everest climbing routes as seen from the International Space Station. ... For other uses, see Mountain (disambiguation). ... Alp redirects here. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A current understanding of Western Europe. ...

The mountain lies between the regions of Aosta Valley, Italy, and Haute-Savoie, France. The location of the summit itself is a subject of controversy between the two countries, as each tends to place it within its own boundaries on maps. In a convention between France and Kingdom of Sardinia, in Turin (1861), the border ^[2] was fixed on the highest point of Mont Blanc. This was the last official definition of this border, but often the French maps do not respect this solution.^{[citation needed]} The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle dAosta, French: Vallée dAoste, Arpitan: Val dOuta) is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. ... Haute-Savoie is a French département, named after the Alps mountain range. ... A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ... See map for the navigational aid The acronym MAPS could refer to: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies Mail Abuse Prevention System Multi-jurisdictional Automated Preclearance System Mid-Atlantic Percussion Society Medical Advanced Pain Specialists Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship Multidisciplinary Academic PerspectiveS Metropolitan Area ProjectS Category: ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, and Sardinia in the inset. ... Torino redirects here. ...

The two most famous towns near Mont Blanc are Courmayeur, in Aosta Valley, Italy, and Chamonix, in Haute-Savoie, France - the site of the first Winter Olympics. From Chamonix a cable car ascends the mountain side. Courmayeur is a French-speaking Italian town and commune in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northern Italy. ... Panorama of Chamonix valley Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie département, at the foot of Mont Blanc. ... The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1924 in Chamonix, France. ...

Begun in 1957 and completed in 1965, the 11.6 km (7¼ mi) Mont Blanc Tunnel runs beneath the mountain between these two countries and is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes. “km” redirects here. ... “Miles” redirects here. ... Sculpture in France at the tunnels northwestern exit. ...

The Mont Blanc Massif is popular for mountaineering, hiking, and skiing. Mont Blanc (French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco (Italian, same meaning) also known as La Dame Blanche (French, the white lady), in the Alps, is the highest mountain in Western Europe. ... An open crevasse. ... Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ... Cross-country skiing (skating style) in Einsiedeln, Switzerland. ...

History

Aerial view of the southern side of Mont Blanc in early November, on a Paris–Turin commercial flight, with the Brouillard ridge (centre) flanked by the Brouillard (left) and Fréney (right) glaciers

The first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc was on August 8, 1786 by Jacques Balmat and the doctor Michel Paccard. This climb, initiated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, who gave a reward for the successful ascent, traditionally marks the start of modern mountaineering. The first woman to reach the summit was Marie Paradis in 1808. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (860x1111, 371 KB) Flight over the Mont Blanc, on a Paris-Turin flight. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (860x1111, 371 KB) Flight over the Mont Blanc, on a Paris-Turin flight. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Torino redirects here. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Jacques Balmat Jacques Balmat, called le Mont Blanc (1762, Chamonix valley - 1834, Sixt valley) was a French mountain guide. ... Michel Gabriel Paccard (° 1757 - † 1827 à Chamonix) was a French doctor. ... Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (February 17, 1740 - January 22, 1799) was a Swiss physicist and Alpine traveller. ... Marie Paradis was the first woman to reach the summit of Mont Blanc, the highest mountain of western Europe, in 1808. ...

Now the summit is ascended by an average 20,000 mountaineer-tourists each year and could be considered an easy, yet long, ascent for someone who is well trained and used to the altitude. This impression is reinforced by the fact that from l'Aiguille du Midi (where the cable car stops), Mont Blanc seems quite close, being merely 1000 m higher. Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. ... Aiguille du Midi (el. ...

However, every year the Mont Blanc massif takes many victims, and in peak weekends (normally around August) the local rescue service flies an average of 12 missions, mostly directed towards people in trouble on one of the normal routes of the mountain. These are courses that require knowledge of high-altitude mountaineering, a guide (or at least a veteran mountaineer), and proper equipment. It is a long course that includes delicate passages and the hazard of rock slides. Also, at least one night at the refuge is required to get used to the altitude (the summit is almost 5 km above sea level); less could lead to altitude sickness and possible death. In geology, a massif is a section of a planets crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. ... Rescue refers to operations that usually involve the saving of life, or prevention of injury. ... Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), altitude illness, or soroche, is a pathological condition that is caused by acute exposure to low air pressure (usually outdoors at high altitudes). ...

Ownership of summit

Since the French Revolution this question has spurred many debates. Before this event, the whole mountain was in the Kingdom of Sardinia for several centuries. The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, and Sardinia in the inset. ...

The first treaty to define a border in the region is dated May 15, 1796. In this treaty the Sardinian king ceded the territories of Savoie and Nice to the French Republic, and in article 4 of this treaty it says: "The border between the Sardinian kingdom and the departements of the French Republic will be established on a line determined by the most advanced points on the Piedmont side, of the summits, peaks of mountains and other locations subsequently mentioned, as well as the intermediary peaks, knowing: starting from the point where the borders of Faucigny, the Duchy of Aoust and the Valais, to the extremity of the glaciers or the Monts-Maudits: first the peaks or plateaus of the Alps, to the rising edge of the Col-Mayor". This act is even more confusing, because it states that the border should be visible from the town of Chamonix and Courmayeur. The summit is not visible from Courmayeur, because part of the mountain lower down obscures it. Already inaccurate at the time, this treaty is no longer valid, because it was replaced by a later legal act. is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... This article is about the French city. ... The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... Faucigny was a region in Savoy containing the modern Haute Savoie département of France, including the communes of Chamonix, Argentiere, and Les Houches. ... In the mid-13th century the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II made the County of Aosta (the Valle dAosta) a duchy, and its arms were carried in the Savoia arms until the reunification of Italy, 1870. ... Capital Sion Population (2003) 278,200 (Ranked 9th)   - Density 53 /km² Area 5224 km² (Ranked 3rd) Highest point Dufourspitze 4634 m Joined 1815 Abbreviation VS Languages French, German Executive Conseil dEtat, Staatsrat (5) Legislative Grand Conseil, Grosser Rat (130) Municipalities 160 municipalities Districts 13 districts, Bezirke Website www. ... Panorama of Chamonix valley Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie département, at the foot of Mont Blanc. ... Courmayeur is a French-speaking Italian town and commune in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northern Italy. ...

Mont Blanc summit border line as stated on the act signed in Turin on March 7, 1861

This act was signed in Turin on March 24, 1860 by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, and deals with the annexation of Savoie. A demarcation agreement, signed on March 7, 1861, defines the "new border". Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Torino redirects here. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820—January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia from 1849–1861, and King of Italy from 1861 until his death in 1878. ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

One of the prints from the Sarde Atlas,^[2] made in 1823 and positions the border exactly on the summital edge of the mountain (and measures it to be 4,804 m high).

The convention of March 7, 1861 recognizes this, through an attached map, taking into consideration the limits of the massif, and drawing the border on the icecap of the Mont Blanc, and therefore makes it both French and Italian. Watershed analysis of modern topographic mapping not only places the main summit on the border, but also suggests that the border should follow a line northwards from the main summit towards Mont Maudit, leaving the south east ridge to Mont Blanc de Courmayeur wholly within Italy. is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Topographic maps are a variety of maps characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern mapping, but historically using a variety of methods. ... Mont Maudit (4,465 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy. ... Mont Blanc de Courmayeur (4,748 m) in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy is the second highest mountain in the Alps. ...

Despite the fact that the Franco-Italian border was redefined in both 1947 and 1963, the commission, made up of both Italians and French, tactfully ignored the Mont Blanc issue.

The Vallot cabin

The first real scientific investigations on the summit were conducted by the botanist-meteorologist Joseph Vallot at the end of the 19th century. He wanted to stay near the top of the summit, so he had to build his own permanent cabin. Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. ...

The Janssen Observatory

In 1891, Pierre Janssen, a scientific academic, envisaged the construction of an observatory at the summit of Mont Blanc. Gustave Eiffel agreed to take on the project, provided he could find strong foundations. The Swiss surveyor Imfeld dug down 15 m but found nothing solid, so Eiffel gave up. Pierre Janssen Pierre Jules César Janssen (February 22, 1824–December 23, 1907) was a French astronomer who along with the English scientist Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer is credited with discovering the gas helium. ... This article is about scientific observatories. ... Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923; French pronunciation in IPA, in English usually pronounced ) was a French structural engineer and architect and a specialist of metallic structures. ...

Despite this, the observatory was built in 1893. During the cold wave of January 1893 a temperature of -43C was recorded on the Mount Blanc, being the lowest ever recorded there. Levers attached to the ice supported the observatory. This worked to some extent until 1906, when the building started leaning heavily. The movement of the levers corrected the lean slightly, but three years later (two years after Jannsen’s death) a crevasse started opening under the observatory and it was abandoned. Eventually the building fell, and only the tower could be saved in extremis. This page lists direct English translations of common Latin phrases, such as veni vidi vici and et cetera. ...

Air crashes

The mountain was the scene of two fatal Air India air crashes in 1950 [1] and 1966. Both planes were approaching Geneva airport and the pilots miscalculated their descent; 48 and 117 people, respectively, lost their lives. [2] Air India (Hindi: ) is the national flag carrier of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services. ... Airport entrance. ...

Altitude

The Mer de Glace glacier can be seen slowly streaming down the flanks of Mont Blanc on the left side of the image

The summit of Mont Blanc is a thick, perennial ice and snow dome whose thickness varies, so no exact and permanent summit altitude can be determined. But accurate measurements have been made. For a long time its official altitude was 4,807 m. Then in 2002, the IGN and expert surveyors, with the aid of GPS technology, measured it to be 4,810.40 m. Image File history File links Mont_Blanc_003. ... Image File history File links Mont_Blanc_003. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... The Institut géographique national (English: National geographic institute) or IGN is a French public state administrative establishment, whose task is to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories. ... Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ... This article is about the unit of length. ...

After the 2003 heatwave in Europe, a team of scientists re-measured the height on 6 and 7 September. The team was made up of the glaciologist Luc Moreau, two surveyors from the GPS Company, three people from the IGN, seven expert surveyors, four mountain guides from Chamonix and Saint-Gervais and four students from various institutes in France. This team noted that the altitude was 4,808.45 m, and the peak was 75 cm away from where it had been in 2002. The summer of 2003 was one of the hottest on record in Europe; this led to a health crisis in certain countries as well as considerable impact on crops. ... The Institut géographique national (English: National geographic institute) or IGN is a French public state administrative establishment, whose task is to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories. ... Panorama of Chamonix valley Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie département, at the foot of Mont Blanc. ... Saint Gervais may refer to: Saint Gervais is the French form of Saint Gervase, claimed to be a 2nd century Christian martyr Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France The commune and canton of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, Haute Savoie, France, a ski resort... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...

After these results were published, more than 500 points were measured, to assess the effects of climate change, and the fluctuations in the height of the mountain at different points. From then on the altitude of the mountain has been measured every two years.

The interpretation that the heatwave had caused this fluctuation is disputed, because the heatwave is known not to have significantly affected the glaciers above 4000 m. The height and position of the summit could have been moved by general glacial forces. At this altitude, the temperatures rarely rise above 0 °C. During the summer of 2003, the temperature rose to 2 °C, and even 3 °C, but this would not have been enough for the ice, which stayed at -15 °C, to melt. Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ...

The summit was measured again in 2005, and the results were published on 16 December 2005. The height was found to be 4,808.75 m, 30 cm more than the previous recorded height.

The actual rock summit is at 4,792 m, and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit.

Climbing routes

There are a few 'classic' climbing routes of Mont Blanc:

• The most popular route to climb Mont Blanc is The Voie des Cristalliers, also known as Voie Royale. Starting from Saint-Gervais-les-Bains the Tramway du Mont-Blanc (TMB) is taken to get to the Nid d'Aigle. The ascent then begins in the direction of the Tête Rousse cabin and then through the Goûter Corridor, considered very dangerous because of frequent rock-falls, leading to Goûter cabin for night shelter. The next day the route leads to the Dôme du Goûter, the Vallot cabin and L'arrête des Bosses.

• La Voie des 3 Monts is also known as La Traversée. Starting from Chamonix, the Téléphérique de l'Aiguille du Midi is taken towards the Col du Midi. The Cosmiques cabin is used to spend the night. The next day the ascent continues through Mont Blanc du Tacul and Mont Maudit.

• The historic itinerary through the Grand Mulets, which is most frequently traversed in winter by skis or in summer to go down to Chamonix.

• The normal Italian itinerary is also known as La route des Aiguilles Grises. After crossing the Miage glacier, the night is spent at the Gonella cabin. The next day proceeds through the Col des Aiguilles Grises and then the Dôme du Goûter, concluding at L'arête des Bosses.

• The Miage - Bionnassay - Mont Blanc crossing is usually done in three days. The route begins from Contamines-Montjoie, with the night spent in the Conscrits cabin. The following day, the Dômes de Miages is crossed and the night spent at the Durier cabin. The third day proceeds through l'Aiguille de Bionnassay and then the Dôme du Goûter.

From the summit of Mont Blanc on a clear day, the Jura, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the Massif Central mountain ranges can be seen, as well as the principal summits of the Alps. Saint-Gervais-les-Bains is a commune in the French department of Haute-Savoie. ... The Mont Blanc Tramway or Tramway du Mont-Blanc is a mountain railway line in the Haute-Savoie region of France. ... The Dôme du Goûter (4,304 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France. ... Panorama of Chamonix valley Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie département, at the foot of Mont Blanc. ... Mont Blanc du Tacul (4,248 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif of the French Alps situated midway between the Aiguille du Midi and Mont Blanc. ... Mont Maudit (4,465 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy. ... Looking towards Lelex from near to Crêt de la Neige The Jura folds are located north of the main Alpine orogenic front and are being continually deformed, accommodating the northwards compression from Alpine folding. ... Vosges is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. ... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... France, viewed from the NASA Shuttle Topography Radar Mission. ...

Exploits

• In 1886, future U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt led an expedition to the peak.
• In 1890, Giovenni Bonin, Luigi Grasselli and Fr. Achille Ratti (later Pope Pius XI) discovered the normal Italian route (West Face Direct) on descent.
• In 1960, the airplane pilot Henri Giraud landed on the summit, which is only 30 m long.
• On the 8th August, 1986, Dennis Morrod UK, reached the summit on the Bi-Centenary of the first ascent of Mont Blanc (8th August, 1786) having walked, climbed from Les Houches. To commemorate the Bi-Centenary year further, made six more ascents climbing from Les Houches.
• In 1990, the Swiss Pierre-André Gobet, leaving from Chamonix, completed the ascent and descent in 5 hours, 10 minutes and 14 seconds.
• On May 30, 2003, Stéphane Brosse and Pierre Gignoux tried to beat the record by ski-walking. They went up in 4 hours and 7 minutes, and came back down in 1 hour and 8 minutes. In total they did the ascent and descent in 5 hours and 15 minutes.
• On August 13, 2003 seven French paraglider pilots landed on the summit. They reached a peak altitude of 5,200 m, thanks to the hot weather conditions, which provided strong hot air currents. Five had left from Planpraz, one from Rochebrune at Megève and the last one from Samoëns.
• On June 8, 2007, Danish artist Marco Evaristti draped the peak of Mont Blanc with red fabric, along with a 20-foot (6.1 m) pole with a flag reading "Pink State". He was arrested and detained on June 6 for attempting to paint the peak red. His aim is to raise awareness of environmental degradation.^[3]
• On September 13, 2007, a group of 20 people set up a hot tub at the summit.^[4][5]

For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ; Italian: Pio XI; May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... Les Houches is a village and commune in Haute-Savoie département, in the French Alps. ... Panorama of Chamonix valley Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie département, at the foot of Mont Blanc. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Megève is a commune of the Haute-Savoie département in France. ... Samoëns is a commune of the Haute-Savoie département in France. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Marco Evaristti, born 1963 in Chile, is a Danish artist. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...

Cultural works

Cinema and television

• La Terre, son visage, is a documentary by Jean-Luc Prévost and published by Édition Société national de télévision française, released in 1984. It is part of the Haroun Tazieff raconte sa terre, vol. 1 series. In it he talks about the west-east crossing of Mont Blanc.
• The film Malabar Princess.
• The television-film Premier de cordée.
• Stürme über dem Mont Blanc (Storm Over Mont Blanc, 1930) with Leni Riefenstahl and directed by Arnold Fanck.

Helene Bertha Amalie Leni Riefenstahl (August 22, 1902 – September 8, 2003) was a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. ... Arnold Fanck (born 6 March 1889 in Frankenthal, Germany; died 28 September 1974 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) was a pioneer of the German mountain film. ...

In literature

• Premier de cordée by Roger Frison-Roche
• Hugo et le Mont Blanc by Colette Cosnie – Édition Guérin
• Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
• Mont Blanc by Percy Shelley
• Point Blanc by Anthony Horowitz
• The Prelude Book VI by William Wordsworth
• Kordian by Juliusz Słowacki

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (née Godwin) (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English romantic/gothic novelist and the author of Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. ... Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4, 1792 - July 8, 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets. ... Point Blanc (North America, Point Blank) follows on from Stormbreaker and is the second book in the Alex Rider series written by British author Anthony Horowitz. ... Anthony Horowitz (born 5 April 1956) is an English author and television scriptwriter. ... Juliusz Słowacki. ...

Protection of Mont Blanc

The Mont Blanc massif is being put forward as a potential World Heritage Site because of its uniqueness and its cultural importance, considered the birthplace and symbol of modern mountaineering. However not everyone shares this goal and it would require the three governments of Italy, France and Switzerland to make a request to UNESCO for it to be listed. In geology, a massif is a section of a planets crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... An open crevasse. ... Org type Specialized Agency Acronyms UNESCO Head Director General of UNESCO Koïchiro Matsuura Japan Status Active Established 1945 Website www. ...

Mont Blanc is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, and for this reason, it is threatened. Pro-Mont Blanc (an international collective of associations for the protection of Mont Blanc) published in 2002 the book Le versant noir du mont Blanc (The black hillside of Mont Blanc), which exposes current and future problems in conserving the site. [3]

In 2007, Europe's highest outhouses (two) were transported by helicopter and installed at an elevation of 4,260 metres. The dunny-cans are emptied by helicopter. The facilities will service 30,000 skiers annually, and will help prevent the deposit of urine and feces that spread down the mountain face with the spring thaw.^[6] Outhouse near Crabapple Lake, Washington, United States, with wafer board walls, and a fiberglass ceiling An outhouse, (also known as a privy, kybo, jakes or earth-closet) usually refers to a type of toilet in a small structure separate from the main building which does not have a flush or...

See also

• Mont Blanc Tunnel
• Mont Blanc Tramway
• Mont Blanc Massif
• Haute Route
• Tour du Mont Blanc
• Mons Blanc

Sculpture in France at the tunnels northwestern exit. ... The Mont Blanc Tramway or Tramway du Mont-Blanc is a mountain railway line in the Haute-Savoie region of France. ... Mont Blanc (French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco (Italian, same meaning) also known as La Dame Blanche (French, the white lady), in the Alps, is the highest mountain in Western Europe. ... Part of the Haute Route; two alpinists can be seen following the trail in the snow. ... The Tour du Mont Blanc or TMB is one of the most popular long distance walks in Europe. ...

References

The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1065x795, 742 KB) Old maps - 1823 - Mont Blanc/Monte Bianco : first not political border line. ...

Photo gallery

Mont Blanc as seen from Aiguille du Midi.	The top of Mont Blanc seen from the Gare des Glaciers. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 1. ...	Mont Blanc (view from Aiguille du Midi) Image File history File linksMetadata MountBlanc03. ...	Mont Blanc Image File history File linksMetadata MountBlanc04. ...
Mont Blanc from Chamonix	From viewing area		Mont Blanc seen in the afternoon taken from the Rébuffat platform

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Mont Blanc

• Mont Blanc on TierraWiki.org: Trails, Trip Reports, and GPS Routes
• (Italian) Reasoning about the border between France and Italy by Umberto PellazzaPDF (12.5 KiB)
• Official paper of the French surveying boardPDF
• Mont Blanc on Peakware
• Mont Blanc on Summitpost
• Mont Blanc on dieAlpen.at Online encyclopedia of the Alps
• Mont Blanc Massif Photos of the Mont Blanc massif including GPS coordinates of the photo locations
• Mont Blanc from space
• Photos, Pictures and Videos of Ascents of Mont Blanc Post and view stories here
• Visiting Mont Blanc
• Photos of Mont Blanc - Terra Galleria Taken by an alpinist on each of the five faces of the mountain
• Pictures of Mont Blanc massif and surroundings
• Descent into the Ice Companion web site to the PBS NOVA program which follows a glaciologist and a climber into the glacier caves of Mont Blanc
• Mont Blanc from Pointe de Drône
• proMONT-BLANC English Site
• Why you might not want to climb Mont Blanc The mountaineering page on this site has an informative PDF document from the local guide bureau
• Funivie Monte Bianco
• Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Map
• Tour of Mont Blanc
• Live view of Mont Blance and La Source ski resort
• Mont Blanc video. Climbing on French normal route

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