NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine (a contraction of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine), abbreviated PCP, is a dissociative drug formerly used as an anesthetic agent, exhibiting hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.^[1] It was first patented in 1952 by the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company and marketed under the brand name Sernyl. PCP is listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.^[2] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... For the food preparation, see Smoking (cooking). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A dissociative is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically, but not necessarily, or limited to the physical senses. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... Hallucinogenic drug - drugs that can alter sensory perceptions. ... The term neurotoxic is used to describe a substance, condition or state that damages the nervous system and / or brain, usually by killing neurons. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Parke-Davis was a pharmaceutical company which was previously a subsidiary of Warner-Lambert prior to Warner-Lamberts acquisition by Pfizer in 2000. ... This box: The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ... Convention on Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature February 21, 1971 in Vienna Entered into force August 16, 1976 Conditions for entry into force 40 ratifications Parties 175 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and psychedelics. ...

In chemical structure, PCP is an aryl cyclohexyl amine derivative, and, in pharmacology, it is a member of the family of dissociative anesthetics. PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist, which blocks the activity of the NMDA Receptor.^[3] Other NMDA receptor antagonists include ketamine, tiletamine, and dextromethorphan. Although the primary psychoactive effects of the drug last only hours, total elimination from the body is prolonged, typically extending over weeks. For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... In the context of organic molecules, aryl refers to any member of the set of functional groups or substituents that are derived from a simple aromatic ring. ... Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. ... The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (Ï†Î¬ÏÎ¼Î±ÎºÎ¿Î½) meaning drug, and lego (Î»ÎÎ³Ï‰) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... A dissociative is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically (but not necessarily, or limited to) the physical senses. ... NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). ... The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic receptor for glutamate (NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) is a name of its selective specific agonist). ... Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for use in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (1962). ... Tiletamine, 2-ethylamino-2-(2-thienyl) cyclohexanone Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic chemically and pharmacologically related to other anesthetics in this family such as ketamine and phencyclidine. ... Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough-suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. ...

Biochemistry and pharmacology

Biochemical action

The N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a type of ionotropic receptor, is found on the dendrites of neurons and receives signals in the form of neurotransmitters. It is a major excitatory receptor in the brain. Normal physiological function requires that the activated receptor fluxes positive ions through the channel part of the receptor. PCP enters the ion channel from the outside of the neuron and binds, reversibly, to a site in the channel pore, blocking the flux of positive ions into the cell. PCP therefore inhibits depolarization of neurons and interferes with cognitive and other functions of the nervous system. The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic receptor for glutamate (NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) is a name of its selective specific agonist). ... Ligand-gated ion channel is a broad term that refers to any ion channel that is gated (i. ...

In a similar manner, PCP and analogues also inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels (nAChR). Some analogues have greater potency at nAChR than at NMDAR. In some brain regions, these effects act synergistically to inhibit excitatory activity. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are ionotropic receptors that form ion channels in cells plasma membranes. ...

PCP is retained in fatty tissue and is broken down by the human metabolism into PCHP, PPC and PCAA. Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ... PCHP is short for the chemical compound 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine, a metabolite product of Phencyclidine (PCP). ... 4-phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)-cyclohexanol, also known as PPC, is an organic chemical which is often found as a metabolite of phencyclidine (PCP). ... PCAA is short for the chemical compound 5-[N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)]-aminopentanoic acid, a metabolite product of phencyclidine (PCP). ...

Structural analogs

More than 30 different analogues of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the USA. The best known of these are PCPy (Rolicyclidine, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine); PCE (Eticyclidine, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine); and TCP (Tenocyclidine, 1-(1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine). These compounds were never widely-used and did not seem to be as well-accepted by users as PCP itself, however they were all added onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act because of their putative similar effects.^[4] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 592 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (746 Ã— 756 pixel, file size: 42 KB, MIME type: image/png) i drew this anyone can use it I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 592 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (746 Ã— 756 pixel, file size: 42 KB, MIME type: image/png) i drew this anyone can use it I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Rolicyclidine (PCPy) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. ... Eticyclidine (PCE) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. ... Tenocyclidine (TCP, thienyl cyclohexylpiperidine) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. ...

The generalised structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP analogues, and summarized below. All of these analogues would have somewhat similar effects to PCP itself, although, with a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative and stimulant effects depending on the particular substituents used. In some countries such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogues of PCP, and are hence illegal drugs, even though many of them have never been made or tested.^[5]^[6] The Federal Analog Act is a controversial section of the DEA Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical substantially similar to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I, but only if it is intended for human consumption. ...

Brain effects

Like other NMDA receptor antagonists, it is postulated that phencyclidine can cause a certain kind of brain damage called Olney's Lesions.^[7]^[8] Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 caused irreversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains, and experts say that it is possible that similar brain damage can occur in humans.^[9] All studies on Olney's lesions were performed only on other animals and may not apply to humans. Critics have cited poorly-performed studies and differences in animal metabolism to suggest that Olney's lesions may not occur in humans.^[10]^[11] NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). ... Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ... Olneys Lesions, also known as NMDA Receptor Antagonist Neurotoxicity (NAN), are a form of brain damage theorized to be caused by high doses of dissociative anaesthetics, particularly those referred to as noncompetitive NMDA-channel-blockers such as ketamine, phencyclidine, and dextromethorphan. ... Dizocilpine (also known as MK-801) is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. ... Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ...

Phencyclidine has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in rats, which are detectable both in living rats and upon post-mortem examination of brain tissue.^[12] It also induces symtoms in humans that are virtually indistinguishable from schizophrenia.^[13]

History and medicinal use

PCP was first tested after World War I as a surgical anesthetic. Because of its adverse side-effects, such as hallucinations, mania, delirium, and disorientation, it was shelved until the 1950s. In 1963, it was patented by Parke-Davis and named Sernyl (referring to serenity), but was withdrawn from the market two years later because of side-effects. It was renamed Sernylan in 1967, and marketed as a veterinary anesthetic, but again discontinued. Its side-effects and long half-life in the human body made it unsuitable for medical applications. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended side-effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. ... A hallucination is a false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ... This article is an expansion of a section entitled Mania from within the main article Bipolar disorder. ... This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ... Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: (1) time, (2) place and (3) person. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...

When smoked, some of it is broken down by heat into 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene (PC) and piperidine. R-phrases , , Related Compounds Related compounds pyridine pyrrolidine piperazine Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11N. It is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered...

By Magnus Manske File links The following pages link to this file: Phencyclidine Categories: GFDL images ...

Recreational use

PCP is consumed in a recreational manner by drug users. It comes in both powder and liquid forms (PCP base is dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as marijuana, mint, oregano, parsley, or ginger leaves, then smoked. Common street names for the drug vary from locale to locale, but include "angel dust," "illy," "wet," "fry," "amp," "nature boy," "love boat," "cornbread", "Ashy Larry", "supergrass" (when combined with marijuana) and "leak". Image File history File links PCP.jpg PCP, public domain from http://www. ... Image File history File links PCP.jpg PCP, public domain from http://www. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: à¤—à¤¾à¤‚à¤œà¤¾),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ... â€œMintâ€ redirects here. ... Binomial name Origanum vulgare L. Oregano or Pot Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) is a species of Origanum, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. ... This article is about the herb. ... For other uses, see Ginger (disambiguation). ...

PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States, a List II drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom. This box: The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ... The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is an Act of Parliament, by which the United Kingdom aims to control the possession and supply of numerous drugs and drug-like substances, as listed under the Act, and to enable international co-operation against illegal drug trafficking. ...

Method of absorption

The term "embalming fluid" is often used to refer to the liquid PCP in which a cigarette or joint is dipped (a "sherm", "dipper" or "dippy"), to be ingested through smoking. Smoking PCP is known as "getting wet." There is much confusion over the practice of dipping cigarettes in "embalming fluid" leading some to think that real embalming fluid may actually be used. This is a misconception that may cause serious health consequences beyond those of consuming PCP, due to the toxicity of formaldehyde and other embalming chemicals. Embalming chemicals are a variety of preservatives, sanitising and disinfectant agents and additives used in modern embalming to temporarily prevent decomposition and restore a natural appearance for viewing a body after death. ... Formaldehyde is the chemical compound with the formula H2CO. It is the simplest aldehyde-- an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group: it consists of exactly one carbonyl. ...

In its powder form, PCP can be insufflated. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In Canada, particularly in the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, PCP is mostly encountered as "mescaline" (often locally called "mess" or "mesc"), although most local users are aware that the drug is not, in fact, mescaline, but is actually a mixture of quinine or lactose and PCP freebase. The most common form of ingesting PCP is through smoking; however, the drug may also be insufflated. Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class. ...

In its pure form, PCP is a white crystalline powder that readily dissolves in water. However, most PCP on the illicit market contains a number of contaminants as a result of makeshift manufacturing, causing the color to range from tan to brown, and the consistency to range from powder to a gummy mass.

Effects

Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Small doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, and bloodshot eyes. Moderate doses (50-100mg intranasally, or 1-2mg/kg intramuscularly or intravenously), will produce analgesia and anesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions.^[14] For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... This article is about the medical condition. ...

Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, and depersonalization. Visual hallucinations and euphoria are reported infrequently.^[14] eGO is a company that builds electric motor scooters which are becoming popular for urban transportation and vacation use. ... Depersonalization is an alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that one feels detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, ones mental processes or body. ... A hallucination is a perception in the absence of a stimulus that the person may or may not believe is real. ... Look up euphoria, euphoric in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The drug has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. Intoxicated individuals may act in an unpredictable fashion, driven by their delusions or hallucinations. Included in the portfolio of behavioral disturbances are acts of self-injury including suicide, and attacks on others or destruction of property. The analgesic properties of the drug can cause users to feel less pain, and persist in violent or injurious acts as a result. Recreational doses of the drug can also induce a psychotic state that resembles schizophrenic episodes.^{[citation needed]}

See also

A dissociative is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically, but not necessarily, or limited to the physical senses. ... Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for use in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (1962). ... Rolicyclidine (PCPy) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. ... Eticyclidine (PCE) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. ... Tenocyclidine (TCP, thienyl cyclohexylpiperidine) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough-suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. ... An assortment of psychoactive drugs A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Big Lurch (aka Antron Singleton b. ... Houston on the cover of his 2004 debut album Its Already Written Houston Summers IV (born on October 26, 1983), professionally known as Houston, is an American R&B singer best known for the hit single I Like That. Not to be confused with R&B singer Marques Houston. ...

References

^ Maisto, Stephen A.; Mark Galizio, Gerard Joseph Connors (2004). Drug Use and Abuse. Thompson Wadsworth. ISBN 0155085174.
^ "List of psychotropic substances under control, in accordance with the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971": Report from 2003 (pdf)
^ Kapur, S. and P. Seeman. "NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2receptors¾implications for models of schizophrenia" Molecular Psychiatry. 7(8): 837–844 (2002)
^ PCP synthesis and effects: table of contents
^ Itzhak Y, Kalir A, Weissman BA, Cohen S. New analgesic drugs derived from phencyclidine. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1981; 24(5):496–499
^ Chaudieu I, Vignon J, Chicheportiche M, Kamenka JM, Trouiller G, Chicheportiche R. Role of the aromatic group in the inhibition of phencyclidine binding and dopamine uptake by PCP analogs. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour. 1989 Mar;32(3):699–705.
^ Olney J, Labruyere J, Price M (1989). "Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs". Science 244 (4910): 1360–2. PMID 2660263.
^ Hargreaves R, Hill R, Iversen L. "Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology". Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 60: 15-9. PMID 7976530.
^ Erowid DXM Vaults : Health : The Bad News Isn't In : A Look at Dissociative-Induced Brain Damage, by Anderson C
^ Jansen, Karl. Ketamine: Dreams and Realities. MAPS, 2004. ISBN 0966001974
^ Erowid DXM Vault : Response to "The Bad News Isn't In": Please Pass The Crow, by William E. White
^ Reynolds, Lindsay M.; Susan M. Cochran, Brian J. Morris, Judith A. Pratt and Gavin P. Reynolds (March 1, 2005). "Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain". Schizophrenia Research 73 (2-3): 147-152. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.003. PubMed. Retrieved on 2006-09-29.
^ Murray JB (May 2002). "Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research". J Psychol 136 (3): 319–27. PMID 12206280.
^ ^a ^b Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996.

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External links

. A dissociative is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically, but not necessarily, or limited to the physical senses. ... The general group of pharmacological agents commonly known as hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. ... Îº-Opioid receptors are involved with analgesia, but activation also produces marked nausea and dysphoria. ... Cyclazocine is a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist. ... Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic constituent of the plant Salvia divinorum (diviners sage, Mexican mint). ... Pentazocine is a synthetically-prepared narcotic (opioid analgesic) drug used to treat mild to moderately severe pain. ... Tifluadom is a benzodiazepine derivative with an unusual activity profile. ... Ketamine, one of the most common NMDA receptor antagonists. ... 2-MDP is a dissociative anaesthetic drug which has been found to be an NMDA antagonist and produces similar effects to PCP in animals. ... Dexoxadrol (Dioxadrol) is a dissociative anaesthetic drug which has been found to be an NMDA antagonist and produces similar effects to PCP in animals. ... Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough-suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. ... Dizocilpine (also known as MK-801) is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. ... Esketamine (trade name Ketanest S) is a general anaesthetic. ... Etoxadrol is a dissociative anaesthetic drug which has been found to be an NMDA antagonist and produces similar effects to PCP in animals. ... Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for use in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (1962). ... Eticyclidine (PCE) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. ... Rolicyclidine (PCPy) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. ... Tenocyclidine (TCP, thienyl cyclohexylpiperidine) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. ... Tiletamine, 2-ethylamino-2-(2-thienyl) cyclohexanone Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic chemically and pharmacologically related to other anesthetics in this family such as ketamine and phencyclidine. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Muscimol (Agarin, Pantherine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ...

Contents

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