Shànghǎi Shì 上海市
A view of Pudong skyline, October 2007.
Location within the People's Republic of China
Coordinates: 31°13′49.5″N 121°28′13.21″E / 31.230417, 121.4703361
Country	People's Republic of China
County-level divisions	18 districts, 1 county
Township-level divisions	220 towns and villages
Settled (Huating County)	AD 751
Incorporated (Shanghai Town)	AD 991
Incorporated (Shanghai County)	1292
Government
- Type	Municipality
- CPC Municipal Secretary	Yu Zhengsheng (俞正声)
- Mayor	Han Zheng (韩正)
Area [1][2]
- City	7,037.50 km² (2,717.2 sq mi)
- Land	6,340.50 km² (2,448.1 sq mi)
- Water	697 km² (269.1 sq mi)
- Urban	5,299.29 km² (2,046.1 sq mi)
- Chongming	1,041.21 km² (402 sq mi)
Elevation [3]	4 m (13 ft)
Population (2006)
- City	18,670,000
- Density	2,945/km² (7,627.5/sq mi)
- Urban	13,447,000
	City & density 2006
Time zone	Beijing Time (UTC+8)
Postal code	200000 – 2021000
Area code(s)	+86/21
GDP	(2006)
- Total	¥1,029.7 billion
- Per capita	¥56,733
HDI (2005)	0.909
Regional dialect	Wu: Shanghainese
License plate prefixes	沪A, B, D, E 沪C (outer suburbs)
City flower	Yulan magnolia (Magnolia denudata)
Website: www.shanghai.gov.cn

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Shanghai (Chinese: 上海; Pinyin: Shànghǎi; Shanghainese: /zɑ̃'he/; abbreviation: 沪; nickname: 申), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the People's Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world.^[4] Widely regarded as the citadel of China's modern economy, the city also serves as one of the nation's most important cultural, commercial, financial, industrial and communications centers. Administratively, Shanghai is a municipality of the People's Republic of China that has province-level status. Also, Shanghai is one of the world's busiest ports, and became the largest cargo port in the world in 2005.^[5] Shanghai can mean: Shanghai - the city 2197 Shanghai - Asteroid 1965 YN named after the city Shanghai (verb) Shanghai (song) - a 1951 popular song recorded by Doris Day Shanghai solitaire Slingshot Shanghai, West Virginia, United States A Shanghai is also the nickname for a 120 checkout (treble 20, single 20, double... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Pudong seen from the Bund Pudong (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新區, pinyin: PÇ”dōng XÄ«n QÅ«), is a district of Shanghai, China. ... Made by uploader. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times. ... Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 19 county-level divisions: 18 districts and 1 county. ... Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times. ... Events Pippin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility, marking the end of the Merovingian and beginning of the Carolingian dynasty. ... Events Battle of Maldon Sweyn I of Denmark recovers his throne Births Deaths Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III Emperor Enyu of Japan Categories: 991 ... For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. ... Direct-controlled municipalities are the highest-level cities in China, with status equal to that of the provinces. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... Yu Zhengsheng (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: born 1945) is the current CPC party chief in Shanghai, China, a post which makes him first-in-charge of Chinas largest city. ... Han Zheng (韩正) (born April 1954) is the current mayor of Shanghai. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Chongming County (崇明县, pinyin: Chóngmíng Xiàn) is the only county under the jurisdication of Shanghai, China. ... Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth – approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered with water. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... China Standard Time or Beijing Time is the time zone observed in Mainland China. ... -12 | -11 | -10 | -9:30 | -9 | -8 | -7 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -3:30 | -3 | -2:30 | -2 | -1 | -0:25 | UTC (0) | +0:20 | +0:30 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +3:30 | +4 | +4:30 | +4:51 | +5 | +5:30 | +5:40 | +5:45 | +6 | +6:30 | +7 | +7:20 | +7... ISO 4217 Code CNY User(s) Mainland of the Peoples Republic of China Inflation 1. ... This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in order of their total gross domestic product in 2003. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (2006). ... This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), including all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, in order of their Human Development Index (HDI). ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... Wu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is one of the major divisions of the Chinese language. ... Shanghainese (上海言话 [] in Shanghainese), sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai. ... Blue PRC licence plates of the 1992 standard (August 2004 image). ... Binomial name Magnolia denudata Yulan magnolia, Magnolia denudata, is native to central and eastern China. ... Image File history File links Zhongwen. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quốc ngữ: Hán tá»±: A Chinese character or Han character (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Shanghainese (上海言话 [] in Shanghainese), sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai. ... Yangtze River Delta The Yangtze River Delta (Chinese 长江三角洲/長江三角洲 chángjiāng sānjiÇŽozhōu) or Yangtze Delta, generally comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province. ... East China Charter Township is a charter township located in St. ... This page lists the 100 largest metropolitan areas of the world, ranked by population. ... Direct-controlled municipalities are the highest-level cities in China, with status equal to that of the provinces. ... Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times. ... For other uses, see Port (disambiguation). ...

Originally a fishing town, Shanghai became China's most important city by the twentieth century and was the center of popular culture, intellectual discourse and political intrigue during the Republic of China era. After the communist takeover in 1949, Shanghai languished due to heavy central government taxation and cessation of foreign investment, and had many of its supposedly "bourgeois" elements purged. Following the central government's authorization of market-economic redevelopment of Shanghai in 1992, Shanghai has now surpassed early-starters Shenzhen and Guangzhou, and has since led China's economic growth. Some challenges remain for Shanghai at the beginning of the 21st century, as the city struggles to cope with increased worker migration, a huge wealth gap, and environmental degradation. Despite these challenges, Shanghai's skyscrapers and modern lifestyle are often seen as representing China's recent economic development. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the widespread cultural elements in any given society that are perpetuated through that societys vernacular language or lingua franca. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... Combatants Kuomintang of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (traditional... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ... A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets (though completley useless to some dumbasses) guided by a free price system. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Shenzhen is a sub-provincial city of Guangdong province in southern China. ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... 20XX redirects here. ... Chinas peaceful rise (Chinese: 中国和平崛起; Pinyin: Zhōnggúo hépíng juéqǐ) is a foreign policy doctrine mentioned increasingly by the Peoples Republic of China in the early 21st century. ...

Origin of name

The two Chinese characters in the name "Shanghai" (see left) literally mean "up, on, or above" and "sea". The local Shanghainese pronunciation of Shanghai is /zɑ̃.'he/, while the Standard Mandarin pronunciation in Hanyu Pinyin is Shànghǎi. The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the Song Dynasty (11th century), at which time there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. There are disputes as to how the name should be interpreted, but official local histories have consistently said that it means "the upper reaches of the sea" (海之上洋). However, another reading, especially in Mandarin, also suggests the sense of "go onto the sea," which is consistent with the seaport status of the city. The more poetic name for Shanghai switches the order of the two characters, i.e., Haishang (海上), and is often used for terms related to Shanghainese art and culture. In the West, Shanghai has also been spelled Schanghai (in German), Sjanghai (in Dutch), Xangai (in Portuguese) and Changhaï (in French), but since the 1990s the Hanyu Pinyin spelling of "Shanghai" has become universal in the West. Image File history File links Shanghaikanji. ... Map of eastern China and Taiwan, showing the historic distribution of Mandarin Chinese in light brown. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Image File history File links Zh-Shanghai. ... Wu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is one of the major divisions of the Chinese language. ... Shanghainese (上海言话 [] in Shanghainese), sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai. ... Northern Wu Romanization Scheme. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quốc ngữ: Hán tá»±: A Chinese character or Han character (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ... Shanghainese (上海言话 [] in Shanghainese), sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960–976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of...

Shanghai's abbreviations in Chinese are Hù (沪) and Shēn (申). The former is derived from the ancient name Hu Du (沪渎) of the river now known as Suzhou Creek. The latter is derived from the name of Chunshen Jun (春申君), a nobleman of the Chu Kingdom (楚国) in the 3rd century BC whose territory included the Shanghai area and has locally been revered as a hero. Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use the character Shēn (申) in their names. Shanghai is also commonly called Shēnchéng (申城, "City of Shēn"). Suzhou Creek (Chinese: 苏州河; Pinyin: SÅ«zhōu Hé; Wade-Giles: Su-chou-ho; literally Suzhou River) is a river in China that passes through the Shanghai city centre. ... State of Chu (small seal script, 220 BC) Chu (楚) was a kingdom in what is now southern China during the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE) and Warring States Period (481-212 BCE). ... The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ...

The city has had various nicknames in English, including "Paris of the East", "Queen of the Orient", and even "The Whore of Asia", a reference to the widespread corruption, vice, drugs, and prostitution in the 1920s and 1930s.

History

Main article: History of Shanghai

1888 German map of Shanghai History of Shanghai // Shanghai was founded in the 10th century. ...

Pre-nineteenth century

Before the formation of Shanghai city, Shanghai was part of Songjiang county (松江縣), governed by Suzhou prefecture (蘇州府). From the time of the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279), Shanghai gradually became a busy seaport, outgrowing its original political jurisdictions. For instance, Songjiang (淞江) today is one of 18 districts within Shanghai. This article is about the city in Jiangsu. ... The zhōu (州) was a historical political division of China. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960–976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... Songjiang (松江; pinyin: Sōngjiāng; Wade-Giles: Sungkiang) can refer to: Songjiang District, a county-level division of Shanghai, China Before the forming of Shanghai city, Shanghai was called Songjiang county, a part of Suzhou city Songjiang, a former province of China, with capital at Harbin. ...

German map of Shanghai from 1888

A city wall was built in AD 1553, which is generally accepted as the start of the city of Shanghai. However, before the nineteenth century, Shanghai was not considered a major city of China. Therefore, compared to most other major Chinese cities today, there are few ancient Chinese landmarks to be found in the city. The few cultural landmarks to be found are very ancient and typically date to the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. This is mostly due to the fact that present-day Shanghai is within the historic cultural center of the Wu Kingdom (AD 222–280). Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Shanghai ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Shanghai ... The defensive wall of Braşov, Romania. ... // Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a nation and several states throughout Chinese history of around the same region in China. ...

During the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became an important regional port for the Yangtze and Huangpu rivers. It also became a major seaport for the nearby Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, although overseas commerce was still forbidden at that time. A historically important area of this era is Wujiaochang (五角场) (now in the Yangpu District), the foundation of the city center. Around the end of the Qianlong era, Shiliupu (十六铺) (now in the Huangpu District) became the largest port in East Asia. The Qianlong Emperor (September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ... Huangpu river (黃浦江) is a 97km long river in China flowing through Shanghai. ...   (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ... Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Yangpu District (杨浦区), meaning Willow Bank, is one of the 19 districts in Shanghai. ... Huangpu (黄浦), or sometimes also called New Huangpu, is one of Shanghais 18 districts. ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ...

Nineteenth to early twentieth century

The importance of Shanghai grew radically in the 19th century, as the city's strategic position at the mouth of the Yangtze River made it an ideal location for trade with the West. The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ...

During the First Opium War in the early 19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, which officially lasted until 1943 but was essentially defunct by the late 1930s. From the twenties to the late 30s Shanghai was a so-called 'sin city'. Gangsters wielded a great deal of power and ran casinos and brothels. Combatants Qing China British East India Company Commanders Daoguang Emperor Charles Elliot, Anthony Blaxland Stransham The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing The Treaty of Nanking (Chinese: 南京條約, Nánjīng Tiáoyuē) is the treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Empire of China. ... Treaty ports were port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the so-called Unequal Treaties, i. ... The Treaty of the Bogue is an additional agreement between the United Kingdom and China that came one year after the earlier Treaty of Nanjing settlement. ... Year 1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia (Traditional Chinese: 中美望廈條約; Simplified Chinese: 中美望厦条约; Pinyin: ) is the first diplomatic agreement between China and the United States in history, signed on July 3, 1844. ... Jan. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... Twenties- commonly understood to be the years of a persons life between turning twenty and, then, thrity. ... For other uses, see Sin City (disambiguation). ... Gangsters are members of a professional crime organization, i. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typically manual stimulation, oral sex, sexual intercourse, or anal sex) for cash or other kind of return, generally indiscriminately with many persons. ...

The Taiping Rebellion broke out in 1850, and in 1853 Shanghai was occupied by a triad offshoot of the rebels, called the Small Swords Society. The fighting destroyed the countryside but left the foreigners' settlements untouched, and Chinese arrived seeking refuge. Although previously Chinese were forbidden to live in foreign settlements, 1854 saw new regulations drawn up making land available to Chinese. Land prices rose substantially. Combatants Qing Empire United Kingdom France (United Kingdom and France join the war later) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Commanders Xianfeng Emperor Tongzhi Emperor Empress Dowager Cixi Charles George Gordon Frederick Townsend Ward Hong Xiuquan Yang Xiuqing Xiao Chaogui Feng Yunshan Wei Changhui Shi Dakai Li Xiucheng Strength 2,000,000-5... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Triad (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally Triad Society) or (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally Black Society, a general term for criminal organizations) is a term that describes many branches of Chinese underground society and/or organizations based in Hong Kong and Macau and also operating in Taiwan, mainland... Small Swords Society, or Xiao Dao Hui was a political and military organisation active in Shanghai, China and neighbouring areas during the Taiping Rebellion (commonly known in the West as the Boxer Rebellion). ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Jiujiang Road, Shanghai, 1920s

1854 also saw the first annual meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. In 1863, the British settlement, located along the western bank of the Huangpu river to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and American settlement, located on the western bank of the Huangpu river and to the north of Suzhou creek (Hankou district) joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and instead maintained its own French Concession, located to the south of the International Settlement. Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods — some for generations — called themselves "Shanghighlanders". In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 so-called White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly-established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. Shanghai Russians then constituted the second-largest foreign community in Shanghai (after the Japanese) and played an important role in the economic and cultural life of the city. Image File history File links Shanghai1920s. ... Image File history File links Shanghai1920s. ... Established in 1863, the Shanghai Municipal Council was the governing body which administered the combined British and American concessions in Shanghai, known as the International Settlement. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The European and American elite of the International Settlement in Shanghai called themselves the Shanghighlanders. ... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейц&#1099... The Russian consulate by Suzhou Creek. ...

This terrified baby was the only person left alive in Shanghai's South Station after a Japanese bombing run during the Battle of Shanghai in August 1937.^[6]

The Sino-Japanese War fought 1894–95 over control of Korea concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Shanghai was then the most important financial center in the Far East. Under the Republic of China, Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality in May 1930. The Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai on January 28, 1932, nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese occupation of northeast China. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the January 28 Incident. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. The Battle of Shanghai in 1937 resulted in the occupation of the Chinese administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. The International Settlement was occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Shanghai South Railway Station (上海南站) is a railway and metro station in the city of Shanghai. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng Heisuke Yanagawa, Iwane Matsui, Hasegawa Kiyoshi Strength 600,000 troops in 75 divisions and 9 brigades, 200 airplanes 300,000 troops in 8 divisions and 6 brigades, 500 airplanes, 300 tanks... Japan and Qing China fought the First Sino-Japanese War (or the Qing-Japanese War) during 1894 and 1895, primarily over control of Korea. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... The Shunpanrō hall where the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: 下関条約, Shimonoseki Jōyaku), known as the Treaty of Maguan (T. Chinese: 馬關條約, S. Chinese: 马关条约;) in China, was signed at the Shunpanrō hall on April 17, 1895 between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire. ... The far east as a cultural block includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and South Asia. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... Special city refers to Special cities of Korea Former name for municipalities of China This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... One aspect of the Manchurian Incident (January 1931) was an engagement of the Imperial Japanese Army with Chinese forces. ... Combatants Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force Commanders 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中) Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Strength 50,000 90,000 Casualties... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng Heisuke Yanagawa, Iwane Matsui, Hasegawa Kiyoshi Strength 600,000 troops in 75 divisions and 9 brigades, 200 airplanes 300,000 troops in 8 divisions and 6 brigades, 500 airplanes, 300 tanks... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Jewish asylum during World War II

In the 1930s and early 1940s, over 20,000 European Jews fleeing Nazi persecution found refuge in Shanghai, one of the few places in the world that allowed their entry at that time. The Sephardic Jewish community, which was well-established in Shanghai, helped these new immigrants to find jobs and shelter in the foreign settlements of Shanghai. However, under pressure from their Nazi allies, the Japanese required the European Jewish refugees to move to a section in the northeast part of the city that became known as the Shanghai ghetto in Shanghai's Hongkou District. As in the internment camps where other foreigners were interned in Shanghai during the war, conditions were poor; hunger, disease and abuse by the Japanese occupiers took the lives of many. Language(s) Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the... The Shanghai ghetto was an area of approximately one square mile in the Hongkou District of Japanese-occupied Shanghai, where about 20,000 Jewish refugees[1] lived during World War II, having fled from Nazi Germany, Austria, Poland and Lithuania. ... Hongkou (Chinese:虹口; pinyin:hóngkÇ’u) is a northern district of Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. ...

Communist rule

On May 27, 1949, Communist Party of China controlled People's Liberation Army took control of Shanghai. It was one of the only two former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the other being Beijing). It underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... Peoples Liberation Army redirects here. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... Peking redirects here. ...

In 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Specifically North Point is where the largest concentration of emigrants would be found. One of the first actions taken by the communist party was to clean up the portion of the population that were considered counter-revolutionaries. Mass executions took place with thousands slaughtered in the hands of the communist party. Places such as the Canidrome would transform from a greyhound racetrack/ballroom to a mass execution facilities^[7][8]. North Point is a mixed-use urban area on the north of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong, between Causeway Bay and Quarry Bay. ... Outside of the Canidrome 1930s The Shanghai Cultural Plaza precinct (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is an area in Shanghais Luwan District, in the former French Concession of Shanghai, China. ...

During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as Guangdong during the mid-1980s. At that time Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was not permitted to initiate economic reforms until 1991. The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... Left wing redirects here. ... This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... Not to be confused with the former Kwantung Leased Territory in north-eastern China. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

Political power in Shanghai has traditionally been seen as a stepping stone to higher positions within the PRC central government. In the 1990s, there was what was often described as the politically right-of-center "Shanghai clique," which included the president of the PRC Jiang Zemin and the premier of the PRC Zhu Rongji. Starting in 1992, the central government under Jiang Zemin, a former Mayor of Shanghai, began reducing the tax burden on Shanghai and encouraging both foreign and domestic investment in order to promote it as the economic hub of East Asia and to encourage its role as gateway of investment to the Chinese interior. Since then it has experienced continuous economic growth of between 9–15%. In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply The Right, are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum often associated with any of several strains of conservatism, the religious right, and areas of classical liberalism, or simply the opposite of left-wing politics. ... The Shanghai clique is an informal name for officials in Chinese Communist Party especially central government of the Peoples Republic of China or CCP centre who rose to prominence in the Shanghai city administration under Jiang Zemin or used to be subordinates of Jiang. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... The Premier (Chinese: 总理 pinyin: zŏnglĭ), sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister, is the Chairman of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China and head of government. ... ZhÅ« RóngjÄ« (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991, before serving as Vice-Premier and then Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from March 1998 to March... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Mayor of Shanghai (上海市长) is the highest ranking official in the Peoples Government of Shanghai. ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ...

Politics and Administration

Politics

Main article: Politics of Shanghai

Shanghai municipal government building.

Shanghai has been a political hub of China since the 20th Century. Many of China's top government officials in Beijing are known to have risen in Shanghai in the 1980s on a platform that was critical of the extreme leftism of the Cultural Revolution, giving them the tag "Shanghai Clique" during the 1990s. Many observers of Chinese politics view the more right-leaning Shanghai Clique as an opposing and competing faction of the current Chinese administration under President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao. Shanghai's top jobs, the Party Chief and the position of Mayor, have always been prominent on a national scale. Four Shanghai mayors eventually went on to take prominent Central Government positions, including former President Jiang Zemin and former Premier Zhu Rongji. The top administrative jobs are always appointed directly by the Central Government. The Politics of Shanghai is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 399 KB) Shanghai Municipal Govt building. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 399 KB) Shanghai Municipal Govt building. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Shanghai clique is an informal name for officials in Chinese Communist Party especially central government of the Peoples Republic of China or CCP centre who rose to prominence in the Shanghai city administration under Jiang Zemin or used to be subordinates of Jiang. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hu Hu Jintao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; born December 21, 1942) is currently the Paramount Leader of the Peoples Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the... Wen Jiabao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wen Chia-pao) (born September 1942) is the Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... ZhÅ« RóngjÄ« (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991, before serving as Vice-Premier and then Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from March 1998 to March...

The current Shanghai government under Mayor Han Zheng has openly advocated transparency in the city's government. However, in previous years a complicated system of relationships between Shanghai's government, banks, and other civil institutions has been under scrutiny for corruption, motivated by faction politics in Beijing; these allegations from Beijing did not go anywhere until late 2006. Since Jiang's departure from office there has been a significant amount of clash between the local government in Shanghai and the Central People's Government, an evolving example of de facto Chinese federalism. The Shanghai government looks after almost all of the city's economic interests without interference from Beijing. Han Zheng (韩正) (born April 1954) is the current mayor of Shanghai. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Chinese federalism refers to political theories which argue that the Peoples Republic of China central government does or should devolve large amounts of power to local entities. ...

By 2006, Shanghai's actual level of autonomy has arguably surpassed that of any autonomous regions, raising alarm bells in Beijing. In September 2006, the Shanghai Communist Party Secretary Chen Liangyu, Shanghainese in origin and often clashing with central government officials, along with a number of his followers, were removed from their positions after a probe into the city's pension fund. Over a hundred investigators, sent by the Central Government, reportedly uncovered clues of money diversion from the city's pension fund to unapproved loans and investments. Chen's abrupt removal is viewed by many Chinese as a political manoeuvre by President Hu Jintao to further secure his power in the country, and retain administrative centralism. In March 2007 the central government appointed Xi Jinping, who is not a Shanghai native, to become the Party Secretary, the most powerful office in the city. An autonomous region or autonomous district is a subnational region with special powers of self-rule. ... September 2006 is the ninth month of 2006 and has begun on a Friday. ... Official photo of Chen This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chen. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hu Hu Jintao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; born December 21, 1942) is currently the Paramount Leader of the Peoples Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the... March 2007 is the third month of the year. ... Xi Jinping Xi Jinping, Member of 16th CPC Central Committee, Secretary of the CPC Zhejiang Provincial Committee, Chairman of the Standing Committee of Zhejiang Provincial Peoples Congress Born: 1953, Shaanxi Province, Fuping Xi Jinping, male, Han nationality, is a native of Fuping, Shaanxi Province. ...

Subdivisions

Main article: Districts and counties of Shanghai

Puxi (literally Huangpu River west) side of Shanghai with The Bund in the right foreground. Shanghai's new financial district (not pictured) is on the east side of the Huangpu River.

Shanghai's districts and county

Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 19 county-level divisions: 18 districts and 1 county. There is no single downtown district in Shanghai, the urban core is scattered across several districts. Prominent central business areas include Lujiazui on the east bank of the Huangpu River, and The Bund and Hongqiao areas in the west bank of the Huangpu River. The city hall and major administration units are located in Huangpu District, which also serve as a commercial area, including the famous Nanjing Road. Other major commercial areas include the classy Xintiandi and Huaihai Road in Luwan district and Xujiahui in Xuhui District. Many universities in Shanghai are located in residential areas of Yangpu District and Putuo District. Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 19 county-level divisions: 18 districts and 1 county. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 209 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 × 535 pixel, file size: 781 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Click photo to zoom. ... Huangpu river (黃浦江) is a 97km long river in China flowing through Shanghai. ... An overview of The Bund in Shanghai The Bund (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. ... Image File history File links Shanghai_administrative. ... Image File history File links Shanghai_administrative. ... For other province-level divisions, see Political divisions of China. ... Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times. ... District, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. ... In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 (xiàn). ... Lujiazui (陆家嘴) is a metro station in the city of Shanghai. ... Huangpu river (黃浦江) is a 97km long river in China flowing through Shanghai. ... An overview of The Bund in Shanghai The Bund (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. ... Hongqiao Airport (Chinese: 虹桥机场 pinyin: Hóngqiáo Jīcháng) is one of the two airports in Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. ... Huangpu (黄浦), or sometimes also called New Huangpu, is one of Shanghais 18 districts. ... Nanjing Road is one of the worlds busiest shopping streets. ... Xintiandi is a carfree area of Shanghai. ... Luwan (卢湾) is a district located in Central Shanghai, China. ... Xujiahui is an area in the Xuhui District of Shanghai, China and the name of a metro station in this area. ... Shanghai district map highlighting Xuhui Xuhui District (徐汇区; pinyin: Xúhuì QÅ«) is a district of Shanghai. ... Yangpu District (杨浦区), meaning Willow Bank, is one of the 19 districts in Shanghai. ... Shanghai district map highlighting Putuo Putuo District (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) of Shanghai has a land area of 54. ...