Spruces
Norway Spruce (Picea abies)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Picea Link
Species
About 35; see text. Download high resolution version (737x1020, 375 KB)Norway Spruce from [1] posted via de:Bild:Tannen. ... Binomial name Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the... Families Pinaceae, pine family Araucariaceae, araucaria family Podocarpaceae, yellow-wood family Phyllocladaceae Sciadopityaceae, umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae, cypress family Cephalotaxaceae, plum-yew family Taxaceae, yew family The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant conifers. ... Genera Subfamily Pinoideae     Pinus - pines (about 115 species) Subfamily Piceoideae     Picea - spruces (about 35 species) Subfamily Laricoideae     Cathaya (one species)     Larix - larches (about 14 species)     Pseudotsuga - douglas-firs (five species) Subfamily Abietoideae     Abies - firs (about 50 species)     Cedrus - cedars (two to four species)     Pseudolarix - golden larch (one species)     Keteleeria (three... Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (February 2, 1767 - January 1, 1850) was a German naturalist and botanist. ...

Foliage and cones of White Spruce

White Spruce taiga, Denali Highway, Alaska Range, Alaska.

Black Spruce taiga, Copper River, Alaska.

Black Spruce foliage and cones

Sitka Spruce cone

Spruce (etymologically from Polish "z Prus" meaning "from Prussia") refers to trees of the Genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from 20–60 (–95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small peg-like structure called a pulvinus. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pulvini (an easy means of distinguishing them from other similar genera, where the branches are fairly smooth). White Spruce - US NPS photo [1] File links The following pages link to this file: White Spruce Categories: National Park Service images ... White Spruce - US NPS photo [1] File links The following pages link to this file: White Spruce Categories: National Park Service images ... Binomial name Picea glauca (Moench) Voss The White Spruce (Picea glauca) is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 15-30 m tall, rarely to 40 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. ... Image File history File links Picea_glauca_taiga. ... Image File history File links Picea_glauca_taiga. ... Binomial name Picea glauca (Moench) Voss The White Spruce (Picea glauca) is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 15-30 m tall, rarely to 40 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. ... Image File history File links Picea_mariana_taiga. ... Image File history File links Picea_mariana_taiga. ... Binomial name Picea mariana The Black Spruce (Picea mariana) is a common coniferous tree in North America. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1365x1024, 515 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Spruce Anthocyanin Black Spruce ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1365x1024, 515 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Spruce Anthocyanin Black Spruce ... Image File history File links Picea_sitchensis2. ... Image File history File links Picea_sitchensis2. ... Binomial name Picea sitchensis (Bong. ... For other uses, see Tree (disambiguation). ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... A Silver Fir shoot showing three successive years of retained leaves In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant which retains its leaves year-round, with each leaf persisting for more than 12 months. ... Genera Subfamily Pinoideae     Pinus - pines (about 115 species) Subfamily Piceoideae     Picea - spruces (about 35 species) Subfamily Laricoideae     Cathaya (one species)     Larix - larches (about 14 species)     Pseudotsuga - douglas-firs (five species) Subfamily Abietoideae     Abies - firs (about 50 species)     Cedrus - cedars (two to four species)     Pseudolarix - golden larch (one species)     Keteleeria (three... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Boreal may refer to these: Northern from the eponymous Boreas, god of the North Wind in Greek mythology. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Look up whorl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the geometric object, for other uses see Cone. ...

Spruces are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Spruces. They are also used as food plants by Gall Adelgids (Adelges species). A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Superfamilies Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Acanthopteroctetoidea Alucitoidea Axioidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidea Choreutoidea Cossoidea Drepanoidea Epermenioidea Eriocranioidea Galacticoidea Gelechioidea Geometroidea Gracillarioidea Hedyloidea Hepialoidea Heterobathmioidea Hyblaeoidea Immoidea Incurvarioidea Lasiocampoidea Lophocoronoidea Micropterigoidea Mimallonoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Neopseustoidea Nepticuloidea Noctuoidea Palaephatoidea Pterophoroidea Pyraloidea Schreckensteinioidea Sesioidea Simaethistoidea Thyridoidea Tineoidea Tischerioidea Tortricoidea Urodoidea Whalleyanoidea Yponomeutoidea Zygaenoidea The order Lepidoptera... Spruces (Picea spp) are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including: Autumnal Moth (Epirrita autumnata) Bordered White (Bupalis piniaria) Conifer Swift (Korscheltellus gracilis) - a pest of Red Spruce, also recorded on White Spruce The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia) Gazoryctra wielgusi Grey Pug (Eupithecia subfuscata... Binomial name Adelges cooleyi (authority unknown) Gall Adelgid refers to adelgid species that produce Galls in spruce trees, conifer species. ...

Classification

1 Cones with thickish scales; leaves quadrangular in cross-section: section Picea 1a Cones with (mostly) pointed scales; leaves blunt or somewhat pointed

• Picea abies Norway Spruce. Europe; important in forestry. The original Christmas tree.
• Picea asperata Dragon Spruce. Western China; several varieties.
• Picea meyeri Meyer's Spruce. Northern China.
• Picea koraiensis Korean Spruce. Korea, northeast China.
• Picea koyamae Koyama's Spruce. Japan (mountains).

1b Cones with smoothly rounded scales; leaves blunt or somewhat pointed Binomial name Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. ... This article is very long. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... A Christmas tree from 1900. ... Binomial name Picea asperata Mast. ... Binomial name Picea meyeri Rehder & E.H.Wilson Meyers Spruce (Picea meyeri; Chinese: 白杄; Pinyin: báiqiān) is a species of spruce native to Nei Mongol in the northeast to Gansu in the southwest and also inhabiting Shanxi, Hebei and Shaanxi. ... Binomial name Picea koraiensis Nakai Korean Spruce (Picea koraiensis; Jel koreiskaya in Russian, Hongpi yunshan in Chinese) is a species of spruce. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or 조선, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Binomial name Picea koyamae Shiras. ...

• Picea orientalis Caucasian Spruce or Oriental Spruce . Caucasus, northeast Turkey.
• Picea morrisonicola Yushan Spruce . Taiwan (high mountains).
• Picea wilsonii Wilson's Spruce . Western China.
• Picea obovata Siberian Spruce. North Scandinavia, Siberia. Often treated as a variant of P. abies (and hybridises with it) but distinct cones.
• Picea schrenkiana Schrenk's Spruce. Mountains of central Asia.
• Picea smithiana Morinda Spruce. Western Himalaya.
• Picea alpestris Norway Spruce, Alpine Spruce. The Alps in Europe; rare, often treated as a variant of P. abies (and hybridises with it) distinct cones.

1c Cones with smoothly rounded scales; leaves viciously sharp-pointed Binomial name Picea orientalis (L.) Link The Caucasian Spruce or Oriental Spruce (Picea orientalis) is a spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Binomial name Picea obovata Ledeb. ... Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region centered on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe and includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... Binomial name Picea schrenkiana Fisch. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Binomial name Picea smithiana (Wall. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... Binomial name Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. ... The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... This article is very long. ...

• Picea maximowiczii Maximowicz Spruce. Japan (rare, mountains).
• Picea torano Tiger-tail Spruce. Japan.
• Picea neoveitchii Veitch's Spruce. Northwest China (rare, endangered).
• Picea martinezii Martinez Spruce. Northeast Mexico (very rare, endangered).
• Picea chihuahuana Chihuahua Spruce. Northwest Mexico (rare).

2 Cones with thickish wavy scales, leaves slightly to strongly flattened: section Omorika 2a Cones mostly with rounded scales; leaves flattened in section, white below Binomial name Picea martinezii T.F.Patt. ... Binomial name Picea chihuahuana Mart. ...

• Picea breweriana Brewer's Spruce. Klamath Mountains, North America; local endemic.
• Picea brachytyla Sargent's Spruce. Southwest China.
• Picea farreri Burmese Spruce. Northeast Burma, southwest China (mountains).
• Picea omorika Serbian Spruce. Serbia; local endemic; important in horticulture.

2b Cones mostly with wavy scales; leaves slightly flattened in section, often paler below Binomial name Picea breweriana S. Watson Brewers Spruce or Weeping Spruce (Picea breweriana) is a large evergreen coniferous tree growing to 20-40 m tall, exceptionally 54 m, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1. ... The Klamath Mountains are a mountain range in northwest California and southwest Oregon, the highest peaks being Mount Eddy (2744m / 9002) in Trinity County, California, and Mount Ashland (2296m / 7533) in Jackson County, Oregon. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ... the color of this tree is black in the summer it turns red these jghefjghsdjhfghejhrwhgrfjhewfbchwegfjhbdssahrevfd gmrngjvbm vc,mbhnb xkjyhn zbjktrsn bkjrtn hbmmfnbkjfdnFsnjkfdshfjknedjkghefkljnrtjrmb sdjfjf4uebsxjkuygh4jkgrvyihktgiolfpiu54resdfcgjk;fxtgfhjelrughjreakghrjeghjkrhgkjdfhngjkrnvjkdfrhgjkdhtaioahjglerugiorjhryourthjioghjfdghjfdkgjbfkcdlkjghrejkghuirhgkdhfregdhjhjfhuieoxogrtuyiutrkyhurtiouitrughirtuhirtuihrtuhurthurtiohuiortuhrthuirtoguoieruoiewusdiu ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city)  Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 8th century   -  Independence c. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ...

• Picea mariana Black Spruce. Northern North America.
• Picea rubens Red Spruce. Northeastern North America; important in forestry.
• Picea glehnii Glehn's Spruce. Northern Japan, Sakhalin.
• Picea alcockiana ("P. bicolor") Alcock's Spruce. Central Japan (mountains).
• Picea purpurea Purple Spruce. Western China.
• Picea balfouriana Balfour's Spruce. Western China.
• Picea likiangensis Likiang Spruce. Southwest China.
• Picea spinulosa Sikkim Spruce. Eastern Himalaya.

3 Cones with very thin, wavy scales: section 'Casicta' Binomial name Picea mariana (Mill. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Binomial name Picea rubens Sarg. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Location of Sakhalin in the Western Pacific Sakhalin, GOST transliteration Sahalin, (Russian: , Korean: Traditional Chinese: 庫頁島; Simplified Chinese: 库页岛; pinyin: kùyèdǎo Japanese: 樺太 romaji: karafuto), also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45° 50 and 54° 24 N. It is part of the Russian... Binomial name Picea spinulosa (Griff. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...

• Picea glauca White Spruce. Northern North America; important in forestry.
• Picea engelmannii Engelmann Spruce. Western North American mountains; important in forestry.
• Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce. Pacific Coast of North America; the largest species, to 95m tall, important in forestry.
• Picea jezoensis Jezo Spruce. Northeast Asia, Kamchatka south to Japan.
• Picea pungens Blue Spruce or Colorado Spruce. Rocky Mountains, North America; important in horticulture.

Binomial name Picea glauca (Moench) Voss The White Spruce (Picea glauca) is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 15-30 m tall, rarely to 40 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Binomial name Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Binomial name Picea sitchensis (Bong. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Binomial name Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Kamchatka is the home of many volcanoes. ... Binomial name Picea pungens Engelm. ... Confectionary Company, see Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

Uses

Spruce is one of the most important woods for paper manufacture, as it has long wood fibres which bind together to make strong paper. Spruces are cultivated over vast areas for this purpose. A blank sheet of paper Paper is a commodity of thin material produced by the amalgamation of fibers, typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose, which are subsequently held together by hydrogen bonding. ...

Spruces are also popular ornamental trees in horticulture, admired for their evergreen, symmetrical narrow-conic growth habit. For the same reason, some (particularly Picea abies and P. omorika) are also extensively used as Christmas trees. Concern has been expressed that this article or section is missing information about: horticulture as used in anthropology, a label for agriculture as used in small-scale societies. ... A Christmas tree from 1900. ...

Spruce wood, often called whitewood, is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialised uses in wooden aircraft and stringed musical instruments including guitars, mandolins, cellos, and violins. Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... The classical guitar typically has nylon strings. ... Carved and round backed mandolins (front) A mandolin is a stringed musical instrument. ... Alternate meaning: Cello web browser A cropped image to show the relative size of a cello to a human (Uncropped Version) The cello (also violoncello or cello) is a stringed instrument and part of the violin family. ... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ...

The resin was used in the manufacture of pitch in the past (before the use of petrochemicals); the scientific name Picea is generally thought to be derived from Latin pix, pitch (though other etymologies have been suggested). Resin of a pine Insect trapped in resin. ... The pitch drop experiment. ... Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum (hydrocarbon) origin. ...

The leaves and branches, or the essential oils, can be used to brew spruce beer. The tips from the needles can be used to make spruce tip syrup. Insert non-formatted text hereSpruce beer can be either of two kinds of fermented beverages. ...

Native Americans in eastern North America once used the thin, pliable roots of some species for weaving baskets and for sewing together pieces of birch bark for canoes. See also Kiidk'yaas for an unusual golden Sitka Spruce sacred to the Haida people. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Four styles of household basket. ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... A wood-and-canvas canoe evokes the heritage of canoeing in North America A canoe is a small narrow boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. ... Kiidkyaas or Kiid Kiyaas (ancient tree) was a Sitka Spruce tree, Picea sitchensis Aurea, that grew on the banks of the Yakoun River in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia. ... {{ethnic group| |group=Haida |image= |poptime=c. ...

In survival situations spruce needles can be directly ingested or boiled into a tea. This replaces large amounts of vitamin C. Water is also stored in a spruces needles providing an alternative means of hydration.

Spruce can be used as a preventative measure for scurvy in an environment where meat is the only prominent food source.

Spruce is also used as at Aintree racecourse, Liverpool to build several of the fences on the Grand National course.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Picea

• Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 1)
• Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 2)
• Gymnosperm Database - Picea