Year 1623 (MDCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. ... Events 1590 March 14 - Battle of Ivry - Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne. ... November 5, 1605 â€” The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament. ... Events and Trends Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands. ... Events and Trends Permanent Dutch settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River. ... Events and Trends Thirty Years War in full swing in Europe September 8, 1636 - A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes Harvard College as the first college founded in the Americas. ... Events and Trends The personal union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal ends due to a revolution in the latter (1640). ... Significant Events and Trends World Leaders King Frederick III of Denmark (1648 - 1670). ... This page indexes the individual years pages. ... Year 1620 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1621 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Events September 30 - Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. ... See also: 1628 in architecture, other events of 1629 1630 in architecture and the architecture timeline. ... // (unknown) Dirck Hals (1591-1656) painted Musicians and Prometheus Being Chained by Vulcan. ... (Redirected from 1623 in literature) See also: 16th century in literature, other events of the 17th century, 1700 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1622 in music, other events of 1623, 1624 in music, list of years in music. ... The year 1623 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. ... 1622 state leaders - Events of 1623 - 1624 state leaders - State leaders by year See also: List of religious leaders in 1623 List of international organization leaders in 1623 List of colonial governors in 1623 Asia China (Ming Dynasty) - Tianqi, Emperor of China (1620-1627) Japan Monarch - Go-Mizunoo, Emperor of... 1622 colonial governors - Events of 1623 - 1624 colonial governors - Colonial governors by year See also: List of state leaders in 1623 Portugal Angola - João Correia de Sousa, Governor of Angola (1621-1623) Pedro de Sousa Coelho, Governor of Angola (1623) Simão de Mascarenhas, Governor of Angola (1623-1624... Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. ... This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A), in other words, a common year where Doomsday is Tuesday. ... The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world. ... This is the calendar for a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E), e. ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ...

Events of 1623

January - June

• February 25 - Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes monarch of Palts.
• March 5 - The first American temperance law is enacted, in Virginia.
• March 20 - Richard Frethorne, a colonist who wrote letters to his parents in March through April of 1623, telling them about how he saw so many deaths through diseases and bad living conditions. He begged them to buy out his indeture.

February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... King Maximilian I of Bavaria. ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (65th in leap years). ... Temperance may refer to: Temperance (virtue) Temperance movement Temperance (Tarot card) Temperance (band) See also Astrud Gilberto, for the album Temperance This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in leap years). ...

Letter to his Parents

LOVING AND KIND FATHER AND MOTHER:

My most humble duty remembered to you, hoping in god of your good health, as I myself am at the making hereof. This is to let you understand that I your child am in a most heavy case by reason of the country, [which] is such that it causeth much sickness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which maketh the body very poor and weak. And when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us; for since I came out of the ship I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is, water gruel). As for deer or venison I never saw any since I came into this land. There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go and get it, but must work hard both early and late for a mess of water gruel and a mouthful of bread and beef. A mouthful of bread for a penny loaf must serve for four men which is most pitiful. [You would be grieved] if you did know as much as I [do], when people cry out day and night – Oh! That they were in England without their limbs – and would not care to lose any limb to be in England again, yea, though they beg from door to door. For we live in fear of the enemy every hour, yet we have had a combat with them … and we took two alive and made slaves of them. But it was by policy, for we are in great danger; for our plantation is very weak by reason of the death and sickness of our company. For we came but twenty for the merchants, and they are half dead just; and we look every hour when two more should go. Yet there came some four other men yet to live with us, of which there is but one alive; and our Lieutenant is dead, and [also] his father and his brother. And there was some five or six of the last year’s twenty, of which there is but three left, so that we are fain to get other men to plant with us; and yet we are but 32 to fight against 3000 if they should come. And the nighest help that we have is ten mile of us, and when the rogues overcame this place [the] last [time] they slew 80 persons. How then shall we do, for we lie even in their teeth? They may easily take us, but [for the fact] that God is merciful and can save with few as well as with many, as he showed to Gilead. And like Gilead’s soldiers, if they lapped water, we drink water which is but weak.

And I have nothing to comfort me, nor is there nothing to be gotten here but sickness and death, except [in the event] that one had money to lay out in some things for profit. But I have nothing at all–no, not a shirt to my back but two rags (2), nor clothes but one poor suit, nor but one pair of shoes, but one pair of stockings, but one cap, [and] but two bands [collars]. My cloak is stolen by one of my fellows, and to his dying hour [he] would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fellows saw him have butter and beef out of a ship, which my cloak, I doubt [not], paid for. So that I have not a penny, nor a penny worth, to help me too either spice or sugar or strong waters, without the which one cannot live here. For as strong beer in England doth fatten and strengthen them, so water here doth wash and weaken these here [and] only keeps [their] life and soul together. But I am not half [of] a quarter so strong as I was in England, and all is for want of victuals; for I do protest unto you that I have eaten more in [one] day at home than I have allowed me here for a week. You have given more than my day’s allowance to a beggar at the door; and if Mr. Jackson had not relieved me, I should be in a poor case. But he like a father and she like a loving mother doth still help me.

For when we go to Jamestown (that is 10 miles of us) there lie all the ships that come to land, and there they must deliver their goods. And when we went up to town [we would go], as it may be, on Monday at noon, and come there by night, [and] then load the next day by noon, and go home in the afternoon, and unload, and then away again in the night, and [we would] be up about midnight. Then if it rained or blowed never so hard, we must lie in the boat on the water and have nothing but a little bread. For when we go into the boat we [would] have a loaf allowed to two men, and it is all [we would get] if we stayed there two days, which is hard; and [we] must lie all that while in the boat. But that Goodman Jackson pitied me and made me a cabin to lie in always when I [would] come up, and he would give me some poor jacks [fish] [to take] home with me, which comforted me more than peas or water gruel. Oh, they be very godly folks, and love me very well, and will do anything for me. And he much marvelled that you would send me a servant to the Company; he saith I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and [I] saith that if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God’s sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef. Any eating meat will yield great profit. Oil and vinegar is very good; but, father, there is great loss in leaking. But for God’s sake send beef and cheese and butter, or the more of one sort and none of another. But if you send cheese, it must be very old cheese; and at the cheesemonger’s you may buy very food cheese for twopence farthing or halfpenny, that will be liked very well. But if you send cheese, you must have a care how you pack it in barrels; and you must put cooper’s chips between every cheese, or else the heat of the hold will rot them. And look whatsoever you send me – be in never so much–look, what[ever] I make of it, I will deal truly with you. I will send it over and beg the profit to redeem me; and if I die before it come, I have entreated Goodman Jackson to send you the worth of it, who hath promised he will. If you send, you must direct your letters to Goodman Jackson, at Jamestown, a gunsmith. (You must set down his freight, because there be more of his name there.) Good father, do not forget me, but have mercy and pity my miserable case. I know if you did but see me, you would weep to see me; for I have but one suit. (But [though] it is a strange one, it is very well guarded.) Wherefore, for God’s sake, pity me. I pray you to remember my love to all my friends and kindred. I hope all my brothers and sisters are in good health, and as for my part I have set down my resolution that certainly will be; that is, that the answer of this letter will be life or death to me. Therefore, good father, send as soon as you can; and if you send me any thing let this be the mark.

ROT

RICHARD FRETHORNE,

• April 29 - A fleet of 11 Dutch ships depart for the conquest of Peru.
• June 14 - The first breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev. Gerville Pooley, in Virginia, files against Cicely Jordan, but he loses.

April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... Breach of promise is a former tort. ... It has been suggested that civil trial be merged into this article or section. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ...

July - December

• July - The ship Anne arrived from England at "New Plymouth" (Plymouth Colony), carrying more settlers.
• July - The ship Little James arrived from England at "New Plymouth" (Plymouth Colony), a week or two after the ship Anne.
• August 6 - Maffeo Barberini elected Pope Urban VIII succeeds Pope Gregory XV as the 235th pope.
• November 1 - Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings.

July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... The Plymouth Colony was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691. ... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... The Plymouth Colony was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 – July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... Gregory XV, born Alessandro Ludovisi (January 9, 1554 – July 8, 1623), Pope (1621-1623), born at Bologna, succeeded Paul V on February 9, 1621. ... The Pope (or Pope of Rome) (from Latin: papa, Papa, father; from Greek: papas / = priest originating from πατήρ = father )[1] is the Bishop of Rome and the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... The Plymouth Colony was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691. ...

Undated

• Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman II (1618-1622) to Murat IV (1623-1640).
• The Safavids recapture Baghdad.
• England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis.
• Wilhelm Schickard invents his "Calculating Clock", an early mechanical calculator.
• Procopius's long-lost Secret History is rediscovered in the Vatican Library.
• Giambattista Marini publishes his long poem Adone.
• Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun.
• Johannes Rudbeck founds Rudbeckianska Gymnasiet, first gymnasium in Sweden.
• The Avedis Zildjian Company begins making cymbals at Constantinople.
• Second Thanksgiving celebrated at Plymouth Plantation.
• Erotomania is first mentioned in a psychiatric treatise.
• On The Coast of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement that will become the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts is first inhabited by Englishmen from Dorchester, England.
• The first European settlement in New Hampshire is founded.

The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... Osman II (also known as Genç Osman – meaning Young Osman – in Turkish) (in Arabic عثمان الثاني) (November 3, 1604 – May 20, 1622) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his death on 20 May 1622. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Sultan Murad IV Murad IV (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... The Safavid Empire at its 1512 borders. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Wilhelm Schickard (born 1592 in Herrenberg - died 1635 in Tübingen) built the first automatic calculator in 1623. ... Procopius of Caesarea (in Greek Προκόπιος, c. ... The Vatican Library (Latin: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana) is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City. ... Giambattista Marini (or Marino) (October 18, 1569 - March 25, 1625) was an Italian poet, born at Naples. ... Tommaso Campanella (September 5, 1568–May 21, 1639), baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was an Italian philosopher, theologian and poet. ... The City of the Sun (La città del Sole in Italian, Civitas Solis in Latin) by the Dominican philosopher Tommaso Campanella is one of the most important utopias. ... Johannes Rudbeckius or Johannes Rudbeck (1581-1646), bishop at VästerÃ¥s, Sweden, from 1619 until his death. ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... The Zildjian logo as seen on the official website The Avedis Zildjian Company is the worlds largest manufacturer of cymbals. ... Sabian Paragon cymbals 10-Inch (25 cm) AA Splash Cymbals (Fr. ... Map of Constantinople. ... The First Thanksgiving, painted by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1863-1930). ... Erotomania is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that another person, usually of a higher social status, is in love with them. ... Settled: 1623 â€“ Incorporated: 1642 Zip Code(s): 01930 â€“ Area Code(s): 351 / 978 Official website: http://www. ... New Hampshire State Seal, which depicts the USS Raleigh built in 1776 beside the Piscataqua River. ... Official language(s) English Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Area  Ranked 46th  - Total 9,359 sq mi (24,239 km²)  - Width 68 miles (110 km)  - Length 190 miles (305 km)  - % water 3. ...

Births

• January 9 - Meishō, empress of Japan (d. 1696)
• April 27 - Johann Adam Reinken, German organist (d. 1722)
• April 30 - François de Laval, first bishop of New France (d. 1708)
• May 27 - Sir William Petty, English scientist and philosopher (d. 1687)
• May 30 - John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (d. 1686)
• June 15 - Cornelis de Witt, Dutch politician (d. 1672)
• June 19 - Blaise Pascal, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (d. 1662)
• August 5 - (baptism) Antonio Cesti, Italian composer (d. 1669)
• August 23 - Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer (d. 1675)
• October 17 - Francis Turretin, Swiss theologian (d. 1687)
• date unknown
  • Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (d. 1673)
  • Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1667)

See also Category:1623 births.

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Japanese era name. ... Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... The traditional Korean calendar is directly derived from the Asian calendar. ... The Thai solar, or Suriyakati (สุริยคติ), calendar is used in traditional and official contexts in Thailand, although the Western calendar is sometimes used in business. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Empress Meishō (明正天皇 Meishō Tennō) (January 9, 1624–December 4, 1696) was the 109th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from December 22, 1629 to November 14, 1643. ... The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... Johann Adam Reinken (April 27, 1623 - November 24, 1722) was an organist at St. ... // Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... François-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval (30 April 1623 – 6 May 1708) was the first bishop of New France. ... // Events March 23 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth July 1 - Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia September 28 - Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya Kandahar conquered by Mir Wais In Masuria one third of the population die during the plague J... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... This article is about the English scientist. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater (30 May 1623 - 26 October 1686) was an English nobleman who served as Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Hertfordshire, in addition to being invested as a Privy Councillor in 1679. ... 1686 (MDCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... Cornelis, or Cornelius de Witt (1623-1672) was a Dutch statesman. ... Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... Blaise Pascal (pronounced ), (June 19, 1623–August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. ... Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... Marc Antonio Cesti (August 5, 1623 – October 14, 1669) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era. ... // Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... StanisÅ‚aw Lubieniecki (b. ... Events January 5 - The Battle of Turckeim June 18 - Battle of Fehrbellin August 10 - King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London - construction begins November 11 - Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ... October 17 is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Francis Turretin (also known as François Turretini) was the son of Francesco Turrettini, who left his native Lucca in 1574 and settled in Geneva in 1592. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... Margaret Cavendish Segment of Frontispiece from The Blazing World The Blazing World Portrait Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-15 December 1673), was an English aristocrat and a prolific writer. ... 1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford (1623–16 March 1667) was an English peer, the second son of the 10th Earl of Shrewsbury. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ...

Deaths

• January 15 - Paolo Sarpi, theologian (b. 1552)
• February 8 - Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, English politician (b. 1546)
• February - Malcolm Macfie, Chief of the Scottish Clan MacFie
• March 19 - Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1556)
• March 25 - Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon (b. 1555)
• June 16 - Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599)
• July 4 - William Byrd, English composer (born 1543)
• July 8 - Pope Gregory XV (b. 1554)
• October 21 - William Wade, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
• November 9 - William Camden, English historian (b. 1551)
• November 11 - Philippe de Mornay, French writer (b. 1549)
• November 12 - Josaphat Kuncevyc, Lithuanian archbishop (born c1582)
• date unknown
  • Andrea Andreani, Italian engraver (b. 1540)

See also Category:1623 deaths.