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Encyclopedia > AIDS reappraisal
Electron micrograph of the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS reappraisal disputes the existence of HIV or its role in causing AIDS.

The AIDS reappraisal movement or AIDS dissident movement, also referred to as AIDS denialism, is a loosely connected group of individuals who dispute the scientific consensus that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some dissident groups deny the existence of HIV; others accept that HIV exists, but argue that it is a harmless passenger virus and not the cause of AIDS. Dissidents argue that the consensus that HIV causes AIDS has resulted in inaccurate diagnoses, psychological terror, toxic treatments, and a squandering of public funds, as well as an unprecedented deviation from the scientific method and standards. TEM redirects here. ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a frequently mutating retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and which has been shown to cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... Denialism describes the position of governments, business groups, interest groups, or individuals who reject propositions that are strongly supported by scientific or historical evidence and seek to influence policy processes and outcomes accordingly. ... Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of science at a particular time. ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a frequently mutating retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and which has been shown to cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ... AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. ... Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. ...


The scientific community considers the causative role of HIV to be scientifically proven.[1][2] Dissident arguments are considered to be the result of cherry-picking and misrepresentation of predominantly outdated scientific data,[3] with the potential to endanger public health by dissuading people from utilizing proven treatments.[4][5][6][2][7][8] With the rejection of these arguments by the scientific community, AIDS-dissident material is currently spread largely through the Internet.[8] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // In the literal case of harvesting cherries, or any other fruit, the picker would be expected to only select the ripest and healthiest fruits. ... Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ...

Contents

Timeline

  • 1983: A group of scientists and doctors at the Pasteur Institute in France, led by Luc Montagnier, discovers a new virus in a patient with signs and symptoms that often precede AIDS.[9] They name their discovery lymphadenopathy-associated virus, or LAV, and send samples to Robert Gallo's team in the United States.
  • 1984: On April 23, at a Washington press conference held two weeks before the relevant papers are published, Margaret Heckler, then Secretary of Health and Human Services, announces that Gallo and his co-workers have discovered a virus that is the "probable" cause of AIDS. This virus is initially named HTLV-III.
  • 1984: Casper Schmidt responds to Gallo's papers by writing "The Group-Fantasy Origins of AIDS", which is published by the Journal of Psychohistory.[10] He posits that AIDS is an example of "epidemic hysteria" in which groups of people are subconsciously acting out social conflicts, and compares it to documented cases of epidemic hysteria in the past which were mistakenly thought to be infectious. Schmidt himself died of AIDS in 1994.[11]
  • 1986: The viruses discovered by Montagnier and Gallo, having been found to be genetically indistinguishable, are renamed HIV.[12]
  • 1987: Peter Duesberg questions the HIV theory of AIDS for the first time in his paper "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality", published in the journal Cancer Research.[13] This publication coincides with the start of major public health campaigns and the promotion of AZT as a treatment.
  • 1988: The Perth Group, led by Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, publishes their first article questioning aspects of the mainstream ideas about HIV and AIDS.[14] They conclude that there is "no compelling reason for preferring the viral hypothesis of AIDS to one based on the activity of oxidising agents."
  • 1990: Robert Root-Bernstein publishes his first peer-reviewed article detailing his objections to the mainstream view of AIDS and HIV, entitled "Do we know the cause(s) of AIDS?"[15] In it, he questions both the mainstream view and the dissident view as potentially inaccurate.
  • 1991: The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis, comprised of twelve scientists, doctors, and activists, submits a short letter to various journals; the letter is rejected. Another similar letter would be published 4 years later in the journal Science.[16]
  • 1994, 28 October: Robert Willner, a physician whose medical license was revoked for, among other things, treating an AIDS patient with ozone therapy, publicly jabs his finger with blood he says is from an HIV-infected patient.[6] Willner died the following year of a heart attack.[17]
  • 1995: The dissident group Continuum places an advertisement in The Pink Paper offering a £1,000 reward to "the first person finding one scientific paper establishing actual isolation of HIV" (according to their specific set of rules).[18]
  • 1996: Various scientists, including Duesberg, dismiss the Continuum challenge, asserting that HIV doubtlessly exists.[18]
  • 1998: Valerie Emerson, of Bangor, Maine, prevails in court in Maine for her right to refuse to give AZT to her 4-year-old son Nikolas Emerson, after she witnessed the death of her daughter Tia, who died at the age of 3 in 1996.[19] Nikolas Emerson died eight years later. [20]
  • 2000: South Africa's President, Thabo Mbeki, invites several dissidents to join his Presidential AIDS Advisory Panel.[21] The scientific community responds with the Durban declaration, a document affirming that HIV causes AIDS, signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians.[7]
  • 2006: Celia Farber, a journalist and prominent AIDS dissident, publishes an essay in the March issue of Harper's entitled Out of Control: AIDS and the Corruption of Medical Science, in which she summarizes a number of arguments for AIDS reappraisal and alleges incompetence, conspiracy, and fraud on the part of the mainstream medical community.[22]
  • 2007: Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, having testified at an appeals hearing for Andre Chad Parenzee that HIV is harmless, is found by the court "not qualified to express opinions about the existence of HIV, or whether it has been established that it causes AIDS." [23]

The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, microorganisms, diseases and vaccines. ... Luc Montagnier (born 1932 in Chabris, France) is a French virologist. ... Dr. Robert C. Gallo Robert Charles Gallo (born March 23, 1937) is a U.S. biomedical researcher. ... Margaret Mary Heckler (born June 21, 1931) is a Republican politician from Massachusetts who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1967 until 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Ambassador to Ireland under President Ronald Reagan. ... The United States Department of Health and Human Services, often abbreviated HHS, is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. ... Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a human, single-stranded RNA retrovirus that causes T-cell leukemia and T-cell lymphoma in adults and may also be involved in certain demyelinating diseases. ... The Journal of Psychohistory is a scientific journal in the field of psychohistory published by the Institute for Psychohistory. ... Peter H. Duesberg (born December 2, 1936 in Germany) is an award-winning professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Cancer Research is a scientific journal published by the American Association for Cancer Research. ... Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ... Zidovudine (INN) or azidothymidine (abbreviated to AZT) is an anti-retroviral drug, the first antiviral treatment to be approved for use against HIV. It is also sold under the names Retrovir and Retrovis, and as an ingredient in Combivir and Trizivir. ... The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos is a medical physicist based at Royal Perth Hospital in Australia. ... Professor Robert Root-Bernstein (PhD, Princeton University) is a MacArthur Award recipient, and currently a professor of life sciences at Michigan State University. ... The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis is a group of AIDS dissidents (that is, people who do not accept the scientific consensus that HIV is the cause of AIDS). ... Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the worlds most prestigious scientific journals. ... Robert Willner was a medical doctor from Florida who became famous for his role in AIDS reappraisal - the collection of people who believe that AIDS is not caused by the HIV virus. ... Some people including a number of doctors of medicine and biochemists believe ozone has remarkable healing properties [1][2][3]. Others though dismiss these claims as quackery [4]. For many years Ozones medical value or non-value has been the subject of controversial and emotional debate [5]. Ozone therapy... Heart attack redirects here. ... For other places with the same name, see Bangor. ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki ,KStJ [2][3] (born June 18, 1942)[2] is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ... The Durban declaration was a statement made at the 2000 AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa in response to statements by South Africa president Thabo Mbeki. ... Celia Farber is a writer and journalist who has been chronicling HIV and AIDS since 1987. ... An issue of Harpers Magazine from 1905 Another issue, from November 2004 Harpers Magazine (or simply Harpers) is a monthly magazine of politics and culture. ... In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ... Andre Chad Parenzee (born c. ...

The AIDS dissident community

People critical of the mainstream view of AIDS include HIV-positive persons, government employees, scientists, doctors, and activists in several countries.


Probably the most famous and influential AIDS dissident scientist is Peter Duesberg, professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, who has been contesting the mainstream view of AIDS causation since 1987.[13] Other scientists include David Rasnick (who worked with proteases and is co-holder of several patents on protease inhibitors similar to those used in the treatment of AIDS)[24] and Rodney Richards (who worked at Amgen during the development of some of the first commercial HIV antibody tests).[25][26] Nobel Prize winner Kary Mullis, inventor of PCR, has expressed sympathy for dissident theories.[27] Peter H. Duesberg (born December 2, 1936 in Germany) is an award-winning professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... Dr. David Rasnick PhD is president of the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis. ... Protease inhibitors are a class of medication used to treat or prevent viral infections. ... Randal Tobias, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, being publicly tested for HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia in an effort to reduce the stigma of being tested. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... Kary Banks Mullis, Ph. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...


Other notable AIDS dissidents include Australian academic Hiram Caton, journalist Celia Farber and activist Christine Maggiore. Nate Mendel, bassist with the rock band Foo Fighters, has expressed support for AIDS dissident ideas and organized a benefit concert in January 2000 for the AIDS dissident organization Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives.[28] This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Celia Farber is a writer and journalist who has been chronicling HIV and AIDS since 1987. ... Christine Maggiore is an HIV-positive activist who claims that HIV does not cause AIDS. She is the founder of Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives, an organization which questions most common assumptions about HIV and AIDS.[1] She is the author and self-publisher of the book What If Everything You... Nathan Gregor Nate Mendel (born December 2, 1968 in Richland, Washington) is an American bassist. ... Deon Rexroat of Anberlin. ... This article is about the band. ... Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives is an organization that presents information raising questions about the accuracy of HIV tests, the safety and effectiveness of AIDS drug treatments, and the validity of most common assumptions about HIV and AIDS [1] Their material references a growing body of scientific, medical, and epidemiological data...


Organizations of AIDS dissidents include the Perth Group and the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis. The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis is a group of AIDS dissidents (that is, people who do not accept the scientific consensus that HIV is the cause of AIDS). ...


AIDS reappraisal has some received support from some political conservatives in the United States. Duesberg's work has been published by the conservative Heritage Foundation and Regnery Press, as has Tom Bethell's book The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science, which endorsed AIDS reappraisal. Phillip E. Johnson has accused the Centers for Disease Control of "fraud" in relation to HIV/AIDS.[29] Describing the political aspects of the AIDS-reappraisal movement, Steven Epstein wrote in Impure Science that "...the appeal of Duesberg's views to conservatives—certainly including those with little sympathy for the gay movement—cannot be denied."[30], p. 158 Conservatism in the United States comprises a constellation of political ideologies including fiscal conservatism, free market or economic liberalism, social conservatism,[1] bioconservatism and religious conservatism,[2][3] as well as support for a strong military,[4] small government and promotion of states rights. ... The Heritage Foundation is one of the most prominent conservative think tanks in the United States. ... Regnery Publishing is an American publisher that specializes in conservative books. ... Tom Bethell (born 1936) is an journalist specializing in economic issues, known for his support of the market economy, political conservatism, and unorthodox science. ... The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science was the third book in the Politically Incorrect Guides series published by Regnery Publishing after the Guides to American History and Islam. ... Phillip E. Johnson Phillip E. Johnson (born 1940) is a retired UC Berkeley American law professor and author. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...


Former dissidents

Several prominent scientists once associated with AIDS reappraisal have since changed their views and accepted the idea that HIV plays a role in causing AIDS, in response to an accumulation of newer studies and data.[31] Robert Root-Bernstein, author of Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus and formerly a critic of the HIV/AIDS paradigm, has since distanced himself from the AIDS dissident movement, saying, "The denialists make claims that are clearly inconsistent with existing studies. When I check the existing studies, I don’t agree with the interpretation of the data, or, worse, I can’t find the studies [at all]."[32] Professor Robert Root-Bernstein (PhD, Princeton University) is a MacArthur Award recipient, and currently a professor of life sciences at Michigan State University. ...


Joseph Sonnabend, who until the late 1990s regarded the issue of AIDS causation as unresolved, has reconsidered in light of the success of newer antiretroviral drugs, stating, "The evidence now strongly supports a role for HIV... Drugs that can save your life can also under different circumstances kill you. This is a distinction that denialists do not seem to understand."[32] Sonnabend has also criticized AIDS dissidents for falsely implying that he supports their position, saying: Joseph Sonnabend (born 1932 in South Africa) is a distinguished retired physician, scientist and AIDS researcher, notable for pioneering community-based research, the propagation of safe sex to prevent infection, and an early and unconventional multifactorial model of AIDS. During the 1980s and 1990s he treated many hundreds of HIV...

Some individuals who believe that HIV plays no role at all in AIDS have implied that I support their misguided views on AIDS causation by including inappropriate references to me in their literature and on their web sites. Before HIV was discovered and its association with AIDS established, I held the entirely appropriate view that the cause of AIDS was then unknown. I have successfully treated hundreds of AIDS patients with antiretroviral medications, and have no doubt that HIV plays a necessary role in this disease.[33]

Both Sonnabend and Root-Bernstein now favor a less controversial hypothesis, suggesting that cofactors in addition to HIV are necessary to cause AIDS.


Walter Gilbert, winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, once expressed skepticism about the role of HIV in AIDS. Like Sonnabend, he has since changed his mind in response to the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment.[34] Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist,and molecular biology pioneer. ... This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...


Nonetheless, as of November 2006, some dissident websites continue to claim that Root-Bernstein, Sonnabend and Gilbert deny the role of HIV in AIDS.[35] 67 die and about 300,000 people are affected by floods in Ethiopias Somali Region of Ogaden after the Shabelle River bursts its banks. ...


Death of HIV-positive dissidents

In 2007, aidstruth.org, a website run by HIV researchers to counter dissident claims,[36] published a partial list of AIDS dissidents who had died of apparently AIDS-related causes. For example, the magazine Continuum, run by HIV-positive dissidents, shut down when its editors all died of AIDS-related causes. It was noted that in every case, the AIDS dissident community has attributed the deaths to unknown causes, secret drug use, or stress.[37]


Points of contention

See also: Duesberg hypothesis

Although members of the AIDS dissident community are united by their disagreement with the concept that HIV is the cause of AIDS, the specific positions taken by various groups differ. The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a harmless passenger virus. ...


Dissident arguments have centered around claims that HIV does not exist or has not been adequately isolated,[38] that the virus does not fulfill Koch's postulates,[39] that HIV testing is inaccurate,[40] or that antibodies to HIV neutralize the virus and render it harmless.[41] Suggested alternative causes of AIDS include recreational drugs, malnutrition and the very antiretroviral drugs used to treat the syndrome.[42] Kochs postulates (or Henle-Koch postulates) are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. ... Randal Tobias, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, being publicly tested for HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia in an effort to reduce the stigma of being tested. ... Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction similar to a lock and key. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... The term antiretroviral drugs is used to describe drugs used against HIV infection (HIV is an RNA retrovirus). ...


Such claims have been examined extensively in the peer-reviewed medical and scientific literature; a scientific consensus has arisen that dissident claims have been convincingly disproved, and that HIV does indeed cause AIDS.[2][43][44] Accumulating evidence of the significant benefits of modern anti-HIV medication is seen as further confirmation of HIV's role in AIDS.[45] For other uses, see Peer review (disambiguation). ... Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of science at a particular time. ...


Impact beyond the scientific community

That HIV causes AIDS is widely regarded as proven in the scientific community. However, the AIDS dissident movement has had a significant impact outside of scientific spheres, making the debate a civil and political as well as a scientific and public health issue.


Impact in North America and Europe

Skepticism about HIV as the cause of AIDS began almost immediately after the discovery of HIV was announced. One of the earliest prominent skeptics was the journalist John Lauritsen, who argued in his writings for The New York Native that AIDS was in fact caused by amyl nitrite poppers, and that the government had conspired to hide the truth.[46] Variety of popper brands Poppers is the street term for various alkyl nitrites taken for recreational purposes through direct inhalation, particularly amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite. ...


The publication of Peter Duesberg's first AIDS paper in 1987 fueled further support for dissident theories. Shortly afterwards, the journal Science reported that Duesberg's remarks had won him "a large amount of media attention, particularly in the gay press where he is something of a hero."[47] However, Duesberg's support in the gay community dried up as he made a series of statements perceived as homophobic; in an interview with the Village Voice in 1988, Duesberg stated his belief that the AIDS epidemic was "caused by a lifestyle that was criminal twenty years ago."[30], p. 118 Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the worlds most prestigious scientific journals. ... The sociological construct of a gay community is complex among those that classify themselves as homosexual, ranging from full-embracement to complete and utter rejection of the concept. ... Homophobia is a term used to describe: A culturally determined phobia manifesting as fear, revulsion, or contempt for homosexuality. ... The Village Voice is a New York City-based weekly newspaper featuring investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts reviews and events listings for New York City. ...


In the following few years, others became skeptical of the HIV theory as researchers initially failed to produce an effective treatment or vaccine for AIDS.[48] Journalists such as Neville Hodgkinson and Celia Farber regularly promoted dissident ideas in the American and British media; several television documentaries were also produced to increase awareness of the alternative viewpoint.[49] Finding difficulty in publishing his work in the scientific literature, Duesberg exercised his right as a member of the National Academy of Sciences to publish a paper arguing the AIDS-dissident viewpoint in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) without peer review. However, Duesberg's paper raised a "red flag" at the journal and was submitted for non-binding review. All of the reviewers found major flaws in Duesberg's paper; the reviewer specifically chosen by Duesberg noted the presence of "misleading arguments", "nonlogical statements", "misrepresentations", and political overtones.[50] Ultimately, Duesberg's article was published in PNAS;[51] its editor wrote to Duesberg: Celia Farber is a writer and journalist who has been chronicling HIV and AIDS since 1987. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences. ... Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. ...

If you wish to make these unsupported, vague, and prejudicial statements in print, so be it. But I cannot see how this would be convincing to any scientifically trained reader.[50]

With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996-1997, the survival and general health of people with HIV improved significantly.[52][53][54][55] The positive response to treatment with anti-HIV medication is regarded as further proof of HIV's causative role in AIDS, and has led several prominent AIDS dissidents to accept the causative role of HIV.[32] Nevertheless, these theories continue to exert a significant influence in some communities; a survey conducted at minority gay pride events in four American cities in 2005 found that 33% of attendees doubted that HIV caused AIDS.[56] The term antiretroviral drugs is used to describe drugs used against HIV infection (HIV is an RNA retrovirus). ...


AIDS activists have expressed concern that dissident arguments about HIV's harmlessness may be responsible for an upsurge in HIV infections. According to Stephen Thomas, director of the University of Pittsburgh Center for Minority Health:[57] The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ...

People are focusing on the wrong thing. They’re focusing on conspiracies rather than protecting themselves, rather than getting tested and seeking out appropriate care and treatment.

While dissident arguments have been rejected by the scientific community on the basis of overwhelming evidence, AIDS denialist ideas are propagated largely via the Internet. A 2007 article in PLoS Medicine noted: PLoS Medicine is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences it began operation on October 19, 2004. ...

Because these denialist assertions are made in books and on the Internet rather than in the scientific literature, many scientists are either unaware of the existence of organized denial groups, or believe they can safely ignore them as the discredited fringe. And indeed, most of the HIV deniers' arguments were answered long ago by scientists. However, many members of the general public do not have the scientific background to critique the assertions put forth by these groups, and not only accept them but continue to propagate them.[8]

Impact in South Africa

The government of South African President Thabo Mbeki has been sympathetic to the views of AIDS dissidents in the past; critics charge that dissident influence has been responsible for a slow and ineffective governmental response to the AIDS epidemic. Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki ,KStJ [2][3] (born June 18, 1942)[2] is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ... AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. ...


Durban Declaration

In 2000, when the International AIDS Conference was held in Durban, President Mbeki convened a Presidential Advisory Panel containing a number of AIDS dissidents, including Peter Duesberg and David Rasnick.[58] The Advisory Panel meetings were closed to the general press; an invited reporter wrote that Rasnick advocated that HIV testing be legally banned and denied that he had seen "any evidence" of an AIDS catastrophe in South Africa, while Duesberg "gave a presentation so removed from African medical reality that it left several local doctors shaking their heads."[21] The International AIDS Society is the custodian of the International AIDS Conferences, the paramount gathering of all disciplines in HIV/AIDS now held every two years. ... For other uses, see Durban (disambiguation). ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki ,KStJ [2][3] (born June 18, 1942)[2] is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ... Peter H. Duesberg (born December 2, 1936 in Germany) is an award-winning professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Dr. David Rasnick PhD is president of the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis. ...


In his address to the International AIDS Conference, Mbeki reiterated his view that HIV was not wholly responsible for AIDS, leading hundreds of delegates to walk out on his speech.[59] Mbeki also sent a letter to a number of world leaders likening the mainstream AIDS research community to supporters of the apartheid regime.[58] The tone and content of Mbeki's letter led diplomats in the U.S. to initially question whether it was a hoax.[60][61] A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ...


Mainstream AIDS scientists and activists were dismayed at the president's behavior and responded with the Durban declaration, a document affirming that HIV causes AIDS, signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians.[7][59] The Durban declaration was a statement made at the 2000 AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa in response to statements by South Africa president Thabo Mbeki. ...


Criticism of governmental response

South African health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang has also attracted heavy criticism, as she has often promoted nutritional remedies such as garlic, lemons and olive oil to people suffering from AIDS,[62][63][64] while emphasizing possible toxicities of antiretroviral drugs, which she has referred to as "poison".[65] The South African Medical Association has accused Tshabalala-Msimang of "confusing a vulnerable public".[66] In September 2006, a group of over 80 scientists and academics called for "the immediate removal of Dr. Tshabalala-Msimang as minister of health and for an end to the disastrous, pseudoscientific policies that have characterized the South African government's response to HIV/AIDS."[67] In December 2006, deputy health minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge described "denial at the very highest levels" over AIDS.[68] She was subsequently fired by Mbeki.[69] Dr. Manto Tshabalala-Msimang (born 9 October 1940) is the controversial Health Minister of South Africa under the government of Thabo Mbeki (as of 2007). ... Binomial name L. Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. ... This article is about the fruit. ... For the Popeye character, see Olive Oyl. ... The South African Medical Association (SAMA) is a trade union in South Africa. ... Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge (born June 29, 1952) was the former Deputy Minister of Health under president Thabo Mbeki until she was dismissed by him on August 8, 2007, after which she was automatically reduced to her role as a member of parliament (MP) representing the African National Congress. ...


Mbeki's government has been widely criticized for delaying the rollout of programs to provide antiretroviral drugs to people with advanced HIV disease and to HIV-positive pregnant women. The national treatment program began only after the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) brought a legal case against Government ministers, claiming they were responsible for the deaths of 600 HIV-positive people a day who could not access medication.[70][58] South Africa was one of the last countries in the region to begin such a treatment program, and roll-out has been much slower than planned.[65] The Treatment Action Campaign is a South African grassroots pressure group which was founded by Zackie Achmat, an HIV-positive activist who refused anti-retroviral treatment (ARVs) until they were universally available. ...


At the XVI International AIDS Conference, Stephen Lewis, U.N. special envoy for AIDS in Africa, attacked Mbeki's government for its slow response to the AIDS epidemic and reliance on dissident theories: The XVI International AIDS Conference will be held in Toronoto, Canada the week of August 13 - 18 2006. ... This article is about the Canadian politician and broadcaster. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

It [South Africa] is the only country in Africa ... whose government is still obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment... It is the only country in Africa whose government continues to promote theories more worthy of a lunatic fringe than of a concerned and compassionate state.[67]

In 2002, Mbeki requested that AIDS dissidents no longer use his name in dissident literature, and requested that dissidents stop signing documents with "Member of President Mbeki's AIDS Advisory Panel".[58]


In early 2005, former South African president Nelson Mandela announced that his son had died of complications of AIDS. Mandela's public announcement was seen as both an effort to combat the stigma associated with AIDS, and as a "political statement designed to... force the President [Mbeki] out of his denial."[71][72] For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see Mandela. ...


Harm allegedly caused by dissident views

Many AIDS experts and activists have alleged that the AIDS reappraisal movement endangers lives by persuading people to abandon safer sex or forego HIV testing and treatment.[57][73][74] In particular, the Durban declaration stated that: The Durban declaration was a statement made at the 2000 AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa in response to statements by South Africa president Thabo Mbeki. ...

HIV causes AIDS. It is unfortunate that a few vocal people continue to deny the evidence. This position will cost countless lives.[7]

In response to such accusations, the dissident Perth Group has denied encouraging unsafe sex or drug use; indeed, they contend that passive anal sex and drug use increase risk of AIDS and should be avoided.[75] Duesberg argues that although HIV itself is harmless, HIV-infected people are treated with medications which he claims cause AIDS symptoms; therefore, he argues, condom use will "protect people who have an average of 1,000 sexual contacts with HIV-positives from infection, and thus from AIDS caused by anti-HIV medication."[76] Roman men having anal sex. ...


See also

ACT UP, or the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, is a diverse, non-partisan group of individuals . ... The spread of HIV and AIDS has affected millions of people worldwide; According to the 2006 AIDS Epidemic Update, published by the UNAIDS/World Health Organization, there were an estimated 39. ...

References

  1. ^ a b Confronting AIDS: Update 1988, a report from the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academy of Sciences, published in 1988. On page 2 of the Executive Summary, the panel writes that "...the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive."
  2. ^ a b c The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS: a fact sheet from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Accessed February 29, 2008.
  3. ^ "Denying science" (2006). Nat. Med. 12 (4): 369. doi:10.1038/nm0406-369. PMID 16598265. “To support their ideas, some AIDS denialists have also misappropriated a scientific review in Nature Medicine which opens with this reasonable statement: "Despite considerable advances in HIV science in the past 20 years, the reason why HIV-1 infection is pathogenic is still debated."” 
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  45. ^ Major studies confirming the benefits and effectiveness of modern anti-HIV therapy include, but are not limited to:
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    • Jordan R, Gold L, Cummins C, Hyde C (2002). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for increasing numbers of drugs in antiretroviral combination therapy". BMJ 324 (7340): 757. PMID 11923157.  — full text
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    • Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d'Arminio Monforte A, Knysz B, Dietrich M, Phillips A, Lundgren J (2003). "Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study.". Lancet 362 (9377): 22-9. PMID 12853195. 
    • Sterne J, Hernán M, Ledergerber B, Tilling K, Weber R, Sendi P, Rickenbach M, Robins J, Egger M. "Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study.". Lancet 366 (9483): 378-84. PMID 16054937. 
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  76. ^ Duesberg.com Frequently Asked Questions

The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... 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An issue of Harpers Magazine from 1905 Another issue, from November 2004 Harpers Magazine (or simply Harpers) is a monthly magazine of politics and culture. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Other reading

See also Pieter Fourie, "The Political Management of HIV and AIDS in South Africa: One burden too many?" Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 0230006671


External links

Mainstream

  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Focus on the HIV-AIDS Connection: Resources and Links
  • Series of articles in Science magazine examining dissident claims
  • HIV Denial in the Internet Era, from PLoS Medicine, August 2007
  • AIDS Treatment News Denialist Series
  • AVERT.org: Evidence that HIV causes AIDS
  • AEGiS: News and Views on AIDS Causality
  • AidsTruth.org

PLoS Medicine is a scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences it began operation on October 19, 2004. ...

Dissident

  • Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis
  • Virusmyth
  • Peter Duesberg website
  • The Perth Group
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History AIDS origin · AIDS pandemic · AIDS Museum · Timeline of AIDS · Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis · Reappraisal of HIV–AIDS Hypothesis · Duesberg hypothesis
Culture International AIDS Conference · International AIDS Society · World AIDS Day · Treatment Action Campaign · UNAIDS · PEPFAR · NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt · HIV and AIDS misconceptions · List of HIV-positive people · People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement · HIV–positive fictional characters
AIDS pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa (in South Africa • Uganda) · Asia (in China • India • Myanmar • Pakistan • Taiwan • Japan) · in Latin America (in Brazil) · Caribbean · Eastern Europe and Central Asia (in Russia) · Western Europe · United States · List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... The genome and proteins of HIV have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. ... Randal Tobias, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, being publicly tested for HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia in an effort to reduce the stigma of being tested. ... This classification system is how the United States agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies HIV disease and infection. ... Following infection with HIV-1, the rate of clinical disease progression varies between individuals. ... An HIV vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against HIV, the etiological agent of AIDS. As there is no known cure for AIDS, the search for a vaccine has become part of the struggle against the disease. ... WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease are produced by the World Health Organisation. ... AIDS dementia complex (ADC; also known as HIV dementia, HIV encephalopathy and HIV-associated dementia) has become a common neurological disorder associated with HIV infection and AIDS. It is is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of brain macrophages and microglia. ... HAART redirects here. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding from cultured lymphocyte. ... Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has led to the deaths of more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. ... A United States HIV/AIDS Memorial Museum, to be located in Newark, New Jersey, is being planned for opening in 2006. ... This is a timeline of AIDS, including some discussion of early AIDS cases (especially those before 1980). ... According to the oral polio vaccine (OPVA) AIDS hypothesis, the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures (at least some of which were almost certainly contaminated with chimpanzee SIV) which were administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960. ... The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a harmless passenger virus. ... The International AIDS Society is the custodian of the International AIDS Conferences, the paramount gathering of all disciplines in HIV/AIDS now held every two years. ... The International AIDS Society (IAS) is the worlds professional society for scientists, health care and public health workers, and others engaged in HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care. ... The Red Ribbon is the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS. World AIDS Day, observed December 1 each year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection. ... The Treatment Action Campaign is a South African grassroots pressure group which was founded by Zackie Achmat, an HIV-positive activist who refused anti-retroviral treatment (ARVs) until they were universally available. ... The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, or UNAIDS, is the main advocate for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV epidemic. ... Presidents Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a U.S. government fund to combat AIDS by injecting 15 billion American dollars over a five year period from 2003-2008. ... The AIDS Quilt The AIDS Memorial Quilt is an enormous quilt made as a memorial to and celebration of the lives of people who have died of AIDS-related causes. ... The spread of HIV and AIDS has affected millions of people worldwide; According to the 2006 AIDS Epidemic Update, published by the UNAIDS/World Health Organization, there were an estimated 39. ... This is a categorized, alphabetical list of people who are known to have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the pathogen that causes AIDS, including those who have died. ... The People With AIDS (PWA) Self-Empowerment Movement was a movement of those diagnosed with AIDS and grew out of San Francisco. ... Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has led to the deaths of more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. ... The HIV/AIDS epidemics spreading through the countries of Sub-saharan Africa are highly varied. ... HIV and AIDS in South Africa are a major health concern, and around 5. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... == [[ This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... HIV/AIDS in Myanmar, recognised as a disease of concern by the Ministry of Health, is most prevalent among sex workers and intravenous drug users. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Brazilian AIDS program logo The first AIDS case was identified in Brazil in 1982. ... In the global AIDS pandemic, the Caribbean is the second-most affected region in the world. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... // History In the early 1980s, doctors in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco began seeing young men with Kaposis Sarcoma, a cancer usually associated with elderly men of Mediterranean ethnicity. ... People living with HIV/AIDS by country The adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2004 This is a list of countries and territories by people living with HIV/AIDS and the prevalence rate among adults, based on data from various sources, such as the The CIA World Factbook [1...

  Results from FactBites:
 
HIV & AIDS - Reappraisal of AIDS - Is the Oxidation Induced by the Risk Factors the Primary Cause? (7304 words)
The most prominent and persistently detected antigen in AIDS tests is a protein of a molecular weight of 41.000 (p41), which is approximately the molecular weight of polymerized actin, a protein found in all cells including bacteria (62).
At present the French believe that the AIDS virus does not belong to the "Superfamily" of leukemia viruses but is in fact a member of the lentivirus family of retroviruses as exemplified by visna virus(90).
In AIDS these abnormalities in T-cell numbers could be real or apparent and result from: (i) The extremely high sensitivity of T cells to oxidative stress (ii) T4 cells having a lower negative charge than the T8 cells (99) could be the first to be destroyed by persistent oxidative stress.
AIDS reappraisal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (5238 words)
The AIDS reappraisal movement (or AIDS dissident movement) is a loosely connected group of activists — journalists, scientists, HIV-positive persons, and concerned citizens — who dispute the consensus view that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AIDS has been the subject of many thousands of peer-reviewed studies since it was first detected in 1981, and a clear scientific consensus has developed that HIV causes AIDS.
AIDS dissidents claim another reason that HIV cannot cause AIDS is that the virus is neutralized by antibodies.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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