Ancient Germanic culture Portal

Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century

The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today part of Germany. One of the earliest references to them is the cognomen Alamannicus assumed by Caracalla, who ruled the Roman Empire from 211-217 and claimed thereby to be their defeater.^[1] The nature of this alliance and their previous tribal affiliations remain uncertain. The alliance was aggressive in nature, attacking the Roman province of Germania Superior whenever it could. Generally it broadly followed the example of the Franks, the first Germanic tribal alliance, which had stopped the Romans from penetrating north of the lower Rhine and subsequently invaded the Roman province of Germania Inferior. Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Alemanni_expansion. ... Image File history File links Alemanni_expansion. ... The Germanic languages in Europe are divided into North (blue) and West Germanic (green and orange) Languages  Low Saxon-Low Franconian (Dutch)  High German (standard German, Schwyzerdütsch)  Insular Anglo-Frisian (English, Scots)  Continental Anglo-Frisian (Frisian)  East North Germanic (Danish, BokmÃ¥l Norwegian, Swedish)  West North Germanic (Nynorsk Norwegian... Map showing the position of the Main in Germany The Main (pronounced in German like the English word mine) is a river in Germany, 524 km long (including White Main 574 km), and one of the more significant tributaries of the Rhine river. ... The cognomen (name known by in English) was originally the third name of a Roman in the Roman naming convention. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ...

From the first century, the Rhine had become the border between Roman Gaul and tribal Germania. Germanic peoples, Celts, and tribes of mixed Celto-Germanic ethnicity were settled in its lands. The Romans divided these territories into two districts, Germania Inferior and Germania Superior situated along the lower and upper Rhine respectively. Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given,in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ...

Upper Germania included the region between the upper Rhine and the upper Danube, (the Black Forest region that was somewhat larger than today: see Hercynian Forest). The Romans called this the Agri Decumates, (i.e. "Decumates fields"), a name of unknown origin. Some have translated the expression as "the ten cantons",^[2] but whose cantons of what entity is not known. The exterior Roman fortified border around the area of Germania Superior was called the Limes Germanicus. The Danube (ancient Danuvius, Iranian *dānu, meaning river or stream, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river in the European Union and Europes second longest river. ... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... The Hercynian Forest was an ancient and dense forest that stretched eastward from the Rhine River. ... Agri Decumates a province of the Roman Empire covering the Black Forest area between the the Main river and the sources of Danube and Rhine rivers, presently in Southwestern Germany. ... Map of Upper Germanic Limes The Limes Germanicus (Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier (limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia, and divided the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes, from the years 83 to 260. ...

The assembled warbands of the Alamanni frequently crossed the limes, attacking Germania Superior and moving into the Agri Decumates. As a confederation, from the 5th century, they settled the Alsace and expanded into the Swiss Plateau, as well as parts of what are now Bavaria and Austria, reaching the valleys of the Alps by the 8th century. (New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 km² (??? mi) km² Population (Ranked 14th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... The Swiss plateau (plateau suisse in French, Schweizer Mittelland in German) constitutes one of the three major landscapes in Switzerland alongside the Jura mountains and the Alps. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

According to Historia Augusta the confederates in the third century were still simply called Germani. Proculus, an imperial usurper in 280, derived some of his popularity in Gaul by his guerilla successes against the Alamanni.^[3]. The Alamanni, thereafter became the nation of Alamannia, that was sometimes independent, but more often was ruled by the Franks. The name of Germany and the German language, in French, Allemagne, allemand, in Portuguese Alemanha, alemão, and in Spanish Alemania, alemán, are derived from the name of this early Germanic nation. Persian also designates Germans Almaani and Germany as Almaan. The Augustan History (Lat. ... Proculus derived his origin from the Franks. ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Alamannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after their break through the Roman Limes in 213. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ...

The region of the Alamanni was always somewhat sprawling and comprised a number of different districts, reflecting its mixed origins. In the Early Middle Ages its territories were divided between the Diocese of Strassburg, which dates from about 614, the territory of Augsburg from 736, the Mainz archdiocese from 745, and of Basel, from 805. Its distinctive laws were codified under Charlemagne as the Duchy of Alamannia in Swabia. Today the descendants of the Alamanni are divided between parts of four nations: France (Alsace), Germany (Swabia and parts of Bavaria), Switzerland and Austria, and the German spoken in those regions has distinctive regional dialects. Justinians wife Theodora and her retinue, in a 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. ... Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, seat of the archbishop of Strasbourg The Archbishopric of Strasbourg (French Diocèse dAlsace, German Erzbistum Straßburg, Latin Archidioecesis Argentoratensis o Argentinensis) is a Roman Catholic diocese at Strasbourg, Alsace, and is as immediate bishopric a direct subject to the Holy See in Rome... The Bishop of Augsburg is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg in the Archdiocese of München und Freising / Munich. ... Between 780–82 and 1802 the Archbishop of Mainz was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince in the Holy Roman Empire. ... The Bishop of Basel (German: Bischof von Basel) is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic diocese of Basel, Switzerland (Latin: Dioecesis Basileensis). ... Charlemagne and Pippin the Hunchback. ...

Language

The German spoken today over the range of the former Alemanni is termed Alemannic German, and is recognised among the subgroups of the High German languages. Alemannic runic inscriptions such as on the Pforzen buckle are among the earliest testimonies of Old High German. The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the 5th century either in Alemannia or among the Langobards; before that the dialect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little different from that of other West Germanic peoples. Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Pforzen buckle is a silver belt buckle found in Pforzen, Ostallgäu. ... The (Late Old High) German speaking area of the Holy Roman Empire around 950. ... High German subdivides into Upper German (green) and Central German (blue), and is distinguished from Low German (yellow). ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ...

Origin

Name

According to Asinius Quadratus (quoted in the mid-sixth century Byzantine historian Agathias) their name means "all men". It indicates that they were a conglomeration drawn from various tribes. This was the derivation of Alamanni used by Edward Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire^[4] and by the anonymous contributor of notes assembled from the papers of Nicolas Fréret, published in 1753, who noted that it was the name used by outsiders for those who called themselves Suevi.^[5] Asinius Quadratus was a Roman historian of the 3rd century AD. His works are now lost to us, surviving only as a few fragments. ... Agathias (c. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... Nicolas Fréret was a (1688-1749) French scholar. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ...

This etymology has remained the standard derivation ^[6]. Walafrid Strabo, a monk of Abbey of St. Gall writing in the ninth century remarked, in discussing the people of Switzerland and surrounding regions that only foreigners called them Alamanni, but that they gave themselves the name of Suevi. If true of the ninth century, this observation may not necessarily equally apply to the fourth. In short we do not know who applied the name and exactly when. It was, however, well established among a variety of historians and geographers. Walafrid (also Walahfrid), surnamed Strabo (or Strabus, i. ... The Abbey of St. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ...

First explicit mention

The Alamanni were first mentioned by Cassius Dio describing the campaign of Caracalla in 213. At that time they apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the south of the Chatti. Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... For other uses, see Main (disambiguation). ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably...

Cassius Dio (78.13.4) portrays the Alamanni as victims of this treacherous emperor. They had asked for his help, says Dio, but instead he colonized their country, changed their place names and executed their warriors under a pretext of coming to their aid. When he became ill, the Alamanni claimed to have put a hex on him (78.15.2). Caracalla, it was claimed, tried to counter this influence by invoking his ancestral spirits. Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ...

In retribution Caracalla then led the Legio II Traiana Fortis against the Alamanni, who lost and were pacified for a time. The legion was as a result honored with the name Germanica. The Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Caracalla, relates (10.5) that Caracalla then assumed the name Alamannicus, at which Helvius Pertinax jested that he should really be called Geticus Maximus, because in the year before he had murdered his step-brother, Geta. Not on good terms with Caracalla, Geta had been invited to a family reconciliation, at which time he was ambushed by centurions in Caracalla's army and slain in his mother Julia's arms. Julia is said thereafter to have seduced and married Caracalla. True or not, Caracalla, pursued by devils of his own, left Rome never to return. Legio II Traiana Fortis, Trajans strong legion, was a Roman legion levied by emperor Trajan in 105 AD, along with Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix, for the campaigns in Dacia. ... The Augustan History (Lat. ... Geta can be either: Geta, Åland - a Municipality in Finland. ...

Caracalla left for the frontier, where for the rest of his short reign he was known for his unpredictable and arbitrary operations launched by surprise after a pretext of peace negotiations. If he had any reasons of state for such actions they remained unknown to his contemporaries. Whether or not the Alamanni had been previously innocent, they were certainly further influenced by Caracalla to become thereafter notoriously implacable enemies of Rome.

This mutually antagonistic relationship is perhaps the reason why the Roman writers persisted in calling the Alamanni barbari, "savages". The archaeology, however, shows that they were largely Romanized, lived in Roman-style houses and used Roman artifacts, the Alemannic women having adopted the Roman fashion of the tunic even earlier than the men. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Most of them probably were in fact resident in or close to the borders of Germania Superior. Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention them, Ammianus Marcellinus earlier used the name to refer to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was formed, circa 98/99. At that time the entire frontier was being fortified for the first time. Trees from the earliest fortifications found in Germania Inferior are dated by dendrochronology to 99/100. Shortly afterwards Trajan was chosen by Nerva to be his successor, adopted with public fanfare in absentia by the old man shortly before his death. By 100 Trajan was back in Rome as Emperor instead of merely being a Consul. Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330-after 391) was a Roman historian who wrote during Late Antiquity. ... Map of Upper Germanic Limes The Limes Germanicus (Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier (limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia, and divided the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes, from the years 83 to 260. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ... The growth rings of an unknown tree species, at Bristol Zoo, England Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings, Cheraw, South Carolina Pine stump showing growth rings Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. ... For other uses, see Nerva (disambiguation). ...

Ammianus relates (xvii.1.11) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alamanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main (Latin Menus), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees. As winter was upon them, they reoccupied a Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331–June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361–363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ...

"munimentum quod in Alamannorum solo conditum Traianus suo nomine voluit appellari"

"A fortification which was founded on the soil of the Alamanni that Trajan wished to be called with his own name"

In this context the use of Alamanni is possibly an anachronism but it reveals that Ammianus believed they were the same people, which is consistent with the location of the Alamanni of Caracalla's campaigns.

Prior background

After Ammianus Marcellinus the next early geographer of southern Germany was the detailed work of Claudius Ptolemy. He wrote his Geography in Greek at about 150, approximately half a century prior to Dio's writings and a century before the Alamanni are said to have crossed the limes. There is, however, no mention of the Alamanni in Ptolemy. Since his is a detailed description, it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.^[7] A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; ca. ...

Nevertheless some conclusions can be drawn from Ptolemy. Germania Superior is easily identified. Following up the Rhine one comes to a town, Mattiacum, which must be at the border of the Roman Germany (vicinity of Wiesbaden). Upstream from it and between the Rhine and Abnoba (in the Black Forest) are the Ingriones, Intuergi, Vangiones, Caritni and Vispi, some of whom were there since the days of the early empire or before. On the other side of the northern Black Forest were the Chatti about where Hesse is today, on the lower Main. Wiesbaden is a city in central Germany. ... In Celtic mythology, Abnoba was a forest and river goddess, worshipped in the Black Forest and surrounding areas. ... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... The Vangiones were a tribe of the Belgae originally from the Upper Rhine valley. ... The Caritni, a Latinization, or the Karitnoi in the Greek of Ptolemys Geography (2. ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE7 Capital Wiesbaden Largest city Frankfurt Minister-President Roland Koch (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 5 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  21,100 km² (8,147 sq mi) Population 6,077,000 (08/2006)[1]  - Density...

Historic Swabia was eventually replaced by today's Baden-Württemberg, but it had been the most significant territory of mediaeval Alamannia, comprising all Germania Superior and territory east to Bavaria. It did not include the upper Main, but that is where Caracalla campaigned. Moreover, the territory of Germania Superior was not originally included among the Alemanni's possessions. Germany, showing modern borders. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Prime Minister Günther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  35,752 km² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 300... Alamannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after their break through the Roman Limes in 213. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...

However, if we look for the peoples in the region from the upper Main in the north, south to the Danube and east to the Czech Republic where the Quadi and Marcomanni were located, Ptolemy does not give any tribes. There are the Tubanti just south of the Chatti and at the other end of what was then the Black Forest, the Varisti, whose location is known. One possible reason for this distribution is that the population preferred not to live in the forest except in troubled times. The region between the forest and the Danube on the other hand included about a dozen settlements, or "cantons". The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Tubanti was a Germanic tribe, living in the eastern part of The Netherlands. ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... The Varisci (german Varisker) were a Germanic tribe, the presumed prior inhabitants of a mediaeval district, Provincia Variscorum, the same (in presumption) as the Vogtland district of Saxony in Germany. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, Iranian *dānu, meaning river or stream, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river in the European Union and Europes second longest river. ...

Ptolemy's view of Germans in the region indicates that the tribal structure had lost its grip in the Black Forest region and was replaced by a canton structure. The tribes stayed in the Roman province, perhaps because the Romans offered stability. Also, Caracalla perhaps felt more comfortable about campaigning in the upper Main because he was not declaring war on any specific historic tribe, such as the Chatti or Cherusci, against whom Rome had suffered grievous losses. By Caracalla's time the name Alamanni was being used by cantons themselves banding together for purposes of supporting a citizen army (the "war bands"). This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Alemanni and Hermunduri

The next early detailed source, the Germania of Tacitus, has sometimes been interpreted in such a way as to provide yet other historical problems. In Chapter 42 we read of the Hermunduri, a tribe certainly located in the region that later became Thuringia. Tacitus stated that they traded with Rhaetia, which in Ptolemy is located across the Danube from Germania Superior. A logical conclusion to draw is that the Hermunduri extended over later Swabia and therefore the Alamanni originally derived from the Hermunduri. Map of the Roman Empire and the free Germania, Magna Germania, in the early 2nd century For other uses, see Germania (disambiguation). ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... An ancient tribe of Germanic people who occupied the area around what is now Thuringia, Saxony, and Northern Bavaria, from roughly around 1 AD, to 400 AD. -Alternate spellings: Hermunduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, Hermonduli ... The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen) is located in central Germany and is considered one of the smaller of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 km² and 2. ... Raetia as province of the Roman Empire, ca. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... Germany, showing modern borders. ...

However, no Hermunduri appear in Ptolemy, though after the time of Ptolemy the Hermunduri joined with the Marcomanni in the wars of 166-180 against the empire. A careful reading of Tacitus provides one solution. He says that the source of the Elbe is among the Hermunduri, somewhat to the east of the upper Main. He places them also between the Naristi (Varisti), whose location at the very edge of the ancient Black Forest is well known, and the Marcomanni and Quadi. Moreover, the Hermunduri were broken in the Marcomannic Wars and made a separate peace with Rome. The Alamanni thus were probably not primarily the Hermunduri, although some elements of them may have been present in the mix of peoples at that time that became Alamannian. The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... This article is about a river in Central Europe. ... Map showing the position of the Main in Germany The Main (pronounced in German like the English word mine) is a river in Germany, 524 km long (including White Main 574 km), and one of the more significant tributaries of the Rhine river. ... The Varisci (german Varisker) were a Germanic tribe, the presumed prior inhabitants of a mediaeval district, Provincia Variscorum, the same (in presumption) as the Vogtland district of Saxony in Germany. ... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. ... Combatants Roman Empire Marcomanni, Quadi, other Germanic peoples along the Danube Commanders Marcus Aurelius The Marcomannic Wars were a series of wars lasting over thirty years during the reign of Marcus Aurelius from about AD 166 until 180, which pitted the Roman Empire against the Marcomanni, Quadi and other Germanic...

Concentration of Germanic peoples under Ariovistus

The term Suebi has a double meaning in the sources. On the one hand Tacitus' Germania tells us (Chapters 38, 39) that they occupy more than half of Germany, use a distinctive hair style, and are spiritually centered on the Semnones. On the other hand the Suebi of the upper Danube are described as though they were a tribe. The Semnoni (German: ) or Semnones were a Germanic tribe which was settled between the Elbe and the Oder in the 1st century when they were described by Tacitus. ...

The solution to the puzzle as well as explaining the historical circumstances leading to the choice of the Agri Decumates as a defensive point and the concentration of Germans there are probably to be found in the German attack on the Gallic fortified town of Vesontio in 58 BC. The upper Rhine and Danube appear to form a funnel pointing straight at Vesontio. Besançon is a French city, in the département of Doubs, of which it is the préfecture. ...

Julius Caesar in Gallic Wars tells us (1.51) that Ariovistus had gathered an army from a wide region of Germany, but especially the Harudes, Marcomanni, Triboci, Vangiones, Nemetes and Sedusii. The Suebi were being invited to join. They lived in 100 cantons (4.1) from which 1000 young men per year were chosen for military service, a citizen-army by our standards and by comparison with the Roman professional army. Gaius Julius Caesar [1] (Latin pronunciation ; English pronunciation ; July 12 or July 13, 100 BC or 102 BC – March 15, 44 BC), was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ... Combatants Roman Republic Several Gallic tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus Mark Antony Quintus Cicero Vercingetorix, Ambiorix, Commius, among other The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by several invading Roman legions under the command of Julius Caesar into Gaul, and the subsequent uprisings of the Gallic tribes. ... Ariovistus was king of the germanic tribe of the Suebis, as described in Julius Caesars The Gallic Wars. ... Charudes is the scholarly Latinization of an ethnic identity known in Ptolemy as the Charoudes. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Vangiones were a tribe of the Belgae originally from the Upper Rhine valley. ... A map of Gaul showing the position of the Nemetes The Nemetes or Nemeti (German: ) were a Western Germanic tribe living at the Rhine between the Palatinate and Lake Bodensee where Ariovistus had lead them, the Suebi and other allied Germanic peoples in the second quarter of the 1st century...

Ariovistus had become involved in an invasion of Gaul, which the German wished to settle. Intending to take the strategic town of Vesontio, he concentrated his forces on the Rhine near Lake Constance, and when the Suebi arrived, he crossed. The Gauls had called to Rome for military aid. Caesar occupied the town first and defeated the Germans before its walls, slaughtering most of the German army as it tried to flee across the river (1.36ff). He did not pursue the retreating remnants, leaving what was left of the German army and their dependents intact on the other side of the Rhine. Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given,in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...

The Gauls were ambivalent in their policies toward the Romans. In 53 BC the Treveri broke their alliance and attempted to break free of Rome. Caesar foresaw that they would now attempt to ally themselves with the Germans. He crossed the Rhine to forestall that event, a successful strategy. Remembering their expensive defeat at the Battle of Vesontio, the Germans withdrew to the Black Forest, concentrating there a mixed population dominated by Suebi. As they had left their tribal homes behind, they probably took over all the former Celtic cantons along the Danube. The Treveri tribe of Gaul inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle, within the southern fringes of the vast Arduenna Silva (Ardennes Forest). ...

Conflicts with the Roman Empire

The Limes Germanicus AD 83 to 260.

The Alamanni were continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire. They launched a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy in 268, when the Romans were forced to denude much of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive invasion of the Goths from the east. Their raids throughout the three parts of Gaul were traumatic: Gregory of Tours (died ca 594) mentions their destructive force at the time of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260), when the Alemanni assembled under their "king", whom he calls Chrocus, who "by the advice, it is said, of his wicked mother, and overran the whole of the Gauls, and destroyed from their foundations all the temples which had been built in ancient times. And coming to Clermont he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatae in the Gallic tongue," martyring many Christians (Historia Francorum Book I.32–34). Thus 6th century Gallo-Romans of Gregory's class, surrounded by the ruins of Roman temples and public buildings, attributed the destruction they saw to the plundering raids of the Alemanni. Image File history File links Karte_limes. ... Image File history File links Karte_limes. ... Map of Upper Germanic Limes The Limes Germanicus (Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier (limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia, and divided the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes, from the years 83 to 260. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given,in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Saint Gregory of Tours (c. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... Chrocus (also Crocus) was a leader of the Alamanni in the late 3rd century. ... Clermont-Ferrand is a city of France, in the Auvergne region, with a population of approximately 140,000. ... The Temple of Hercules Victor, near the Teatro di Marcello in Rome (a Greek-style Roman temple) // Pagan history and architecture Originally in Roman paganism, a templum was not (necessarily) a cultic building but any ritually marked observation site for natural phenomena believed to allow predictions, such as the flight...

In the early summer of 268, the Emperor Gallienus halted their advance into Italy, but then had to deal with the Goths. When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus' successor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alamanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River. This is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Gallienus Aurelius Claudius (commander in chief) Domitius Aurelianus (cavalry commander) Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown 30,000 to 50,000 The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Emperor... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... The Po (Latin: Padus, Italian: Po) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ...

After efforts to secure a peaceful withdrawal failed, Claudius forced the Alamanni to battle at the Battle of Lake Benacus in November. The Alamanni were routed, forced back into Germany, and did not threaten Roman territory for many years afterwards. The Battle of Lake Benacus was one of the decisive battles that marked the beginning of the Roman Empires emergence from the Crisis of the Third Century. ...

Their most famous battle against Rome took place in Argentoratum (Strasbourg), in 357, where they were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king Chondomar ("Chonodomarius") was taken prisoner to Rome. City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Alsace Department Bas-Rhin (67) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg Mayor Fabienne Keller  (UMP) City Statistics Land area¹ 78. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331–June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361–363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ...

On January 2, 366 the Alamanni yet again crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers, to invade the Gallic provinces, this time being defeated by Valentinian. is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 2, Alamanni cross frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading Roman Empire October 1 - Pope Damasus I becomes Bishop of Rome. ... It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ...

In the great mixed invasion of 406, the Alamanni appear to have crossed the Rhine river a final time, conquering and then settling what is today Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau. Fredegar's Chronicle gives the account. At Alba Augusta (Alba-la-Romaine) the devastation was so complete, that the Christian bishop retired to Viviers, but in Gregory's account at Mende in Lozère, also deep in the heart of Gaul, bishop Privatus was forced to sacrifice to idols in the very cave where he was later venerated. It is thought this detail may be a generic literary ploy to epitomize the horrors of barbarian violence. It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ... (New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 km² (??? mi) km² Population (Ranked 14th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... The Swiss plateau (plateau suisse in French, Schweizer Mittelland in German) constitutes one of the three major landscapes in Switzerland alongside the Jura mountains and the Alps. ... The Chronicle of Fredegar (died ca 660) is the main source for Western European events of the 7th century, a formative period whose scarcity of sources in part justifies the characterization of its silence as that of the Dark Ages. In the 7th century many institutions of the Middle Ages... Alba-la-Romaine is a commune in the French département of Ardèche. ... Viviers is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Viviers, in the Ardèche département Viviers, in the Moselle département Viviers, in the Yonne département Viviers-du-Lac, in the Savoie département Viviers-le-Gras, in the Vosges département Viviers... Lozère (in Occitan Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central. ...

List of battles between Romans and Alamanni

• 268, Battle of Lake Benacus — Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alamanni.
• 271
  • Battle of Placentia — Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alamanni forces invading Italy
  • Battle of Fano — Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy
  • Battle of Pavia — Aurelian destroys the retreating Alamanni army.
• 298
  • Battle of Lingones — Caesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni
  • Battle of Vindonissa — Constantius again defeats the Alamanni
• 356, Battle of Reims — Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alamanni
• 357, Battle of Strasbourg — Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
• 367, Battle of Solicinium — Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion.
• 378, Battle of Argentovaria — Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again.

The Battle of Lake Benacus was one of the decisive battles that marked the beginning of the Roman Empires emergence from the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... The Battle of Plaentia was fought in January of 271 between a Roman Army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Alemanni. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus[1] (September 9, 214–September 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... The Battle of Fano was fought in 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alemanni. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Aurelian  ? Casualties  ? entire army destroyed The Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia (Italy), and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Alamanni army. ... The Battle of Lingones was fought in 298 between Rome and the Alemanni. ... Caesar (plural Caesars), Latin: Cæsar (plural Cæsares), is a title of imperial character. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... The Battle of Vindonissa was fought in 298 between the Romans, led by Constantius Chlorus and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Reims was fought in 356 between the Roman forces of Julian the Apostate and the Alemanni. ... Caesar (plural Caesars), Latin: Cæsar (plural Cæsares), is a title of imperial character. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331–June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361–363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Julian the Apostate King Chnodomar Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Strasbourg was fought in 357 between the forces of the Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate and the Alemanni. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. ... The Battle of Solicinium was fought in 367 between a Roman army and the Alemanni. ... Flavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364-375). ... The battle of Argentovaria was fought in May 378 between the Roman emperor Gratian and the invading army of the Lentienses, at Argentovaria (near Colmar, France). ... For the 12th century canon lawyer, see Gratian (jurist). ...

Alamanni and Franks

Alemannia (yellow) and Upper Burgundy (green) around 1000.

Main article: Alamannia

The kingdom (or duchy) of Alamannia between Strasbourg and Augsburg lasted until 496, when the Alamanni were conquered by Clovis I at the Battle of Tolbiac. The war of Clovis with the Alamanni forms the setting for the conversion of Clovis, briefly treated by Gregory of Tours (Book II.31) Subsequently the Alamanni formed part of the Frankish dominions and were governed by a Frankish duke. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1728x1559, 825 KB) kopiert von de:Bild:Alamannien Hochburgund ca 1000. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1728x1559, 825 KB) kopiert von de:Bild:Alamannien Hochburgund ca 1000. ... Alamannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after their break through the Roman Limes in 213. ... Alamannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after their break through the Roman Limes in 213. ... Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French Louis and modern German Ludwig) (c. ... The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks under Clovis I and the Alamanni, traditionally in 496. ... Saint Gregory of Tours (c. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ...

In 746, Carloman ended an uprising by summarily executing all Alemannic nobility at the blood court at Cannstatt, and for the following century, Alamannia was ruled by Frankish dukes. Following the treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of the eastern kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Holy Roman Empire. The duchy persisted until 1268. Carloman (716–754) was the son of Charles Martel, major domo or Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Chrotrud. ... The blood court at Cannstatt (Blutgericht zu Cannstatt) took place as Carloman in 746 invited all nobles of the Alamanni, to a council at Cannstatt. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Verdun. ... Louis the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian or German Ludwig der Deutsche) (804 – August 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, was the king of Bavaria from 817, when his father partitioned the empire... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire around 1630, superimposed over modern European state borders Capital None Language(s) Latin, German, many others Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 962–967 Otto I  - 973–983 Otto II  - 996–1002 Otto III  - 1014– 1024 Henry II  - 1027–1039 Conrad II  - 1046...

List of Alamannic rulers

Kings

• Chrocus 306
• Mederich (father of Agenarich, brother to Chnodomar)
• Chnodomar 350, 357
• Vestralp 357, 359
• Ur 357, 359
• Agenarich (Serapio) 357
• Suomar 357, 358
• Hortar 357, 359
• Gundomad 354 (co-regent of Vadomar)
• Ursicin 357, 359
• Makrian 368–371
• Rando 368
• Hariobaud 4th c.
• Vadomar vor 354–360
• Vithicab 360–368
• Priarius ?–378
• Gibuld (Gebavult) c. 470

Dukes under Frankish rule

• Butilin 539–554
• Leuthari I before 552–554
• Haming 539–554
• Lantachar until 548 (Avenches diocese)
• Magnachar 565 (Avenches diocese)
• Vaefar 573 (Avenches diocese)
• Theodefrid
• Leutfred I until 588
• Uncilin 588–607
• Gunzo 613
• Chrodobert 630
• Leuthari II 642
• Gotfrid until 709
• Willehari 709–712 (in Ortenau)
• Lantfrid 709–730
• Theudebald 709–744

Chrocus (also Crocus) was a leader of the Alamanni in the late 3rd century. ... Gibuld (Gibuldus / Gebavultus) was king of the Alamanni around 470. ... The Franks were originally lead by dukes (military leaders) and reguli (petty kings). ... Gunzo (also Cunzo) was a 7th century duke of the Alamanni under Frankish sovereignty. ... Leutharis, Leuthari, Leuthard, or Leutharius II (fl. ... Gotfrid, Gotefrid, or Gottfried (Latin: Gotfridus or Cotefredus; died 709) was the Duke of Alemannia in the late seventh century and until his death. ... Willehari or Willihari (Latin: Vilarius, Wilharius, Willeharius, or Willicharius) was an Alemannic duke (dux) in the Ortenau in the early eighth century. ... Ortenaukreis is a district (Kreis) in the west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Lantfrid (also Lanfred, latinized Lantfridus or Lanfredus, died 730) was duke of Alamannia under Frankish sovereignty from 709 until his death. ... Theudebald or Theutbald was the Duke of Alamannia from 730 until his deposition. ...

Christianization

Christianization of the Alamanni took place during Merovingian times (6th to 8th centuries). Sources are sparse, but in the mid-6th century, the Byzantine historian Agathias of Myrina records, in the context of the wars of the Goths and Franks against Byzantium, that the Alamanni fighting among the troops of Frankish king Theudebald were like the Franks in all respects except religion, since they St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar... There are other articles with similar names; see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... Agathias or Agathias Scholasticus (c. ... Théodebald (French Thibaud or Théodebald), (d. ...

"worship trees, rivers, hills and gorges as gods, and decapitate horses and cows, and innumerable other animals, as if it were a holy rite,"

He also spoke of the particular ruthlessness of the Alamani in destroying Christian sanctuaries and plundering churches while the genuine Franks were respectful towards those sanctuaries. Agathias expresses his hope that the Alamanni would assume better manners through prolongued contact with the Franks, which is by all appearances what eventually happened.

Apostles of the Alamanni were Saint Columbanus and his disciple Saint Gall. Jonas of Bobbio records that Columbanus was active in Bregenz, where he disrupted a beer sacrifice to Wodan. Despite these activities, for some time, the Alamanni seem to have continued their pagan cult activities, with only superficial or syncretistic Christian elements. In particular, there is no change in burial practice, and tumulus warrior graves continued to be erected throughout Merovingian times. Syncretism of traditional Germanic animal-style with Christian symbolism is also present in artwork, but Christian symbolism becomes more and more prevalent during the 7th century. Unlike the later Christianization of the Saxon and of the Slavs, the Alamanni seem to have adopted Christianity gradually, and voluntarily, spread in emulation of the Merovingian elite. Saint Columbanus (543 - 21 November 615; also Saint Columban), was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries. ... Saint Gall or Gallus (c. ... Jonas of Bobbio (Jonas Bobiensis; Susa; Roman Sigusia, Piedmont, ca. ... Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. ... For other meanings of Odin and Wotan see Odin (disambiguation) Odin (Old Norse Óðinn, Swedish Oden) is usually considered the supreme god of Germanic and Norse mythology. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

From ca. the 520s to the 620s, there was a surge of Alamannic Elder Futhark inscriptions. About 80 specimens have survived, roughly half of them on fibulae, others on belt buckles (see Pforzen buckle, Bülach fibula) and other jewelry and weapon parts. Use of runes subsides with the advance of Christianity. The 24 runes of the Elder Futhark The Elder Futhark (or Elder Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark) is the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and other Migration period Germanic dialects of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artifacts (jewelery... For other uses see fibula (disambiguation) The fibula or calf bone is a bone placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. ... The Pforzen buckle is a silver belt buckle found in Pforzen, Ostallgäu. ... An Alamannic fibula found in Bülach in the Canton of Zürich, a silver disc-brooch with almandine inlay, discovered in 1927 in a womans grave in a row-gravefield. ...

The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history (unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur, established 451) and Basel, which was an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel. The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century Pactus Alamannorum hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's Lex Alamannorum of 720 has an entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone. Konstanz in 1925 seen from the lake Schnetztor, a section of the former city wall Another gate from city wall Shops in Konstanz The Konzilgebäude in Konstanz Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80,000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake... Gunzo (also Cunzo) was a 7th century duke of the Alamanni under Frankish sovereignty. ... Chur (French: Coire, German Chur (khoor) [kuːr] (in Graubünden); [xuːr] (elsewhere), Romansh Cuira (KWAY-rah) [ˈkwera] or (KWOI-rah) [ˈkwojra], Italian Coira (KOI-rah) [ˈkojra], Latin: Curia, Curia Rhaetorum and Curia Raetorum), is the capital of the Swiss canton of Graubünden and lies in the northern... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: , French: , Italian: ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area as of 2003). ... Augusta Raurica is a large Roman archaeological site in Switzerland. ... The Bishop of Basel (German: Bischof von Basel) is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic diocese of Basel, Switzerland (Latin: Dioecesis Basileensis). ... Lantfrid (also Lanfred, latinized Lantfridus or Lanfredus, died 730) was duke of Alamannia under Frankish sovereignty from 709 until his death. ... The terms Lex Alamannorum and Pactus Alamannorum refer to two early medieval law codes of the Alamanni. ...

See also: Germanic Christianity. By Germanic Christianity is that phase in the history of Northern Europe understood, when the Germanic peoples of the Migration period and Viking Age adopted Christianity. ...

Alemannic dialects

contemporary distribution of Alemannic dialects.

Alemannia lost its distinct jurisdictional identity when Charles Martel absorbed it into the Frankish empire, early in the 8th century. Today, Alemannic is a linguistic term, referring to Alemannic German, encompassing the dialects of the southern two thirds of Baden-Württemberg (German State), in western Bavaria (German State), in Vorarlberg (Austrian State), Swiss German in Switzerland and the Alsatian language of the Alsace (France). Image File history File links Alemannic_speaking_area. ... Image File history File links Alemannic_speaking_area. ... Charles Martel (or, in modern English, Charles the Hammer) (23 August 686 – 22 October 741) was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace, ruling the Franks in the name of a titular King, and proclaimed himself Duke of the Franks (the last four years of his reign he did not even bother... Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Prime Minister Günther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  35,752 km² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 300... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... Vorarlberg is the westernmost state (Land) of Austria. ... Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland. ... This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German Elsässisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... (New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 km² (??? mi) km² Population (Ranked 14th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ...

Notes

Asinius Quadratus was a Roman historian of the 3rd century AD. His works are now lost to us, surviving only as a few fragments. ... Agathias (c. ... Walafrid (also Walahfrid), surnamed Strabo (or Strabus, i. ... The Abbey of St. ... Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem of Rabanus Maurus overlaid. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is a dictionary of American English published by Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969. ... It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation). ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...

References

• Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective (Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology); Ian Wood (Foreword) ISBN 1-84383-035-3
• Hofmann, Johann Jacob Hofmann, Lexicon Universale, Leiden 1698, "Alamannicus"
• Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911: "Alamanni"

External links

• The Agri Decumates
• The Alemanni
• The Alamanni, WHKMLA
• The Military Orientation of the Roman Emperors Septimius Severus to Gallienus(146-268 C.E.)