NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Alsace

¹ French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq. mi. or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers

Alsace (French: Alsace, pronounced [alˈzas]; Alsatian and German: Elsass, pre-1996 German: Elsaß) is one of the 26 regions of France, located on the eastern border of France, on the west bank of the Upper Rhine, adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. Its capital and largest city is Strasbourg. Alsace, previously a part of the Holy Roman Empire, changed hands between France and Germany several times between the 17th and 20th century. Image File history File links Flag_of_Alsace. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Map of Alsace, by Rinaldum. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... In France, the president of the regional council (French: PrÃ©sident du conseil rÃ©gional) is the elected official who heads the conseil rÃ©gional of a rÃ©gion, a state-level territory. ... Adrien Zeller, 6e forum du financement de linnovation et de la compÃ©tivitÃ©, Strasbourg, 14 December 2006. ... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ... Departments (French: IPA: ) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts. ... The cantons of France are administrative divisions subdividing arrondissements and dÃ©partements. ... Map of the 36,568 communes of metropolitan France. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 1,000 kmÂ² and 10,000 kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... // The following are ranked lists of French rÃ©gions. ... For other meanings, see Estuary (disambiguation) RÃo de la Plata estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German ElsÃ¤ssisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... The German spelling reform of 1996 (Rechtschreibreform) is based on an international agreement signed in Vienna in July 1996 by the governments of the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, a quadrilingual country. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

In the course of the 17th century, the entirety of Alsace was gradually annexed under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV of France and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently (although now informally) mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because possession of these two régions (as Alsace-Lorraine) was often contested in the 19th and 20th century, following a division among the successors of Charlemagne in the 9th century. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Louis XIV redirects here. ... The Kingdom of France was organised into provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the dÃ©partement system superseded provinces. ... (RÃ©gion flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges Arrondissements 19 Cantons 157 Communes 2,337 Statistics Land area1 23,547 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 11th) - January 1, 2006 est. ... Imperial Province of ElsaÃŸ-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ...

Although Alsace was a German dialect-speaking region for most of its history, all Alsatians today speak French. About 25% of the local population is fluent in the Alsatian language (as a mother tongue) or German (as a second language). This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German ElsÃ¤ssisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... â€œNative Languageâ€ redirects here. ... A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1). ...

Geography

Lac Blanc

Alsace has an area of 8,283 km², making it the smallest région of metropolitan France. It is almost four times longer than it is wide, corresponding to a plain between the Rhine in the east and the Vosges mountains in the west. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 517 KB) Le lac Blanc Dans le massif des Vosges, prÃ¨s dOrbey. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 517 KB) Le lac Blanc Dans le massif des Vosges, prÃ¨s dOrbey. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Metropolitan France Metropolitan France (French: or la MÃ©tropole) is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica (French: Corse). ... For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ... Typical landscape in Vosges mountains (Chajoux valley, La Bresse, France) Waterfall in eastern Vosges mountains Glacial lake in Vosges mountains (Lac de Schiessrothried) The Vosges Mountains is a range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Belfort to Saverne. ...

It includes the départements of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin (known previously as Sundgau and Nordgau). It borders Germany on the north and the east, Switzerland and Franche-Comté on the south, and Lorraine on the west. Departments (French: IPA: ) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Doubs Haute-SaÃ´ne Jura Territoire de Belfort Arrondissements 8 Cantons 116 Communes 1,786 Statistics Land area1 16,202 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 20th) - January 1, 2006 est. ... (RÃ©gion flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges Arrondissements 19 Cantons 157 Communes 2,337 Statistics Land area1 23,547 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 11th) - January 1, 2006 est. ...

It contains many forests, primarily in the Vosges and in Bas-Rhin (Haguenau Forest). Several valleys are also found in the région. Its highest point is the ballon de Guebwiller in Haut-Rhin, which reaches a height of 1426m. This article is about a community of trees. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... FljÃ³tsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley (also called a vale or dale) is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ... Le Grand Ballon (German: GroÃŸer Belchen; translates as big balloon) is the apex of the Vosges mountains, located 25 kilometres northwest of Mulhouse, France. ... Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ...

Alsace has a semi-continental climate with cold and dry winters and hot summers. There is little precipitation because the Vosges protect it from the west. The city of Colmar has a sunny microclimate; it is the second driest city in France, with an annual precipitation of just 550 mm, making it ideal for vin d'Alsace (Alsatian wine). Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ... Typical landscape in Vosges mountains (Chajoux valley, La Bresse, France) Waterfall in eastern Vosges mountains Glacial lake in Vosges mountains (Lac de Schiessrothried) The Vosges Mountains is a range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Belfort to Saverne. ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin dÃ©partement of Alsace, France. ... Look up sunny in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Microclimate on rock located in intertidal zone on rock at Sunrise-on Sea Tree ferns thrive in a protected dell at the Lost Gardens of Heligan, in Cornwall, England, latitude 50Â° 15N A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. ... The wine producing region of Alsace in France primarily produces white wines. ...

History

Roman Alsace

Traditional Alsatian rural life

In prehistoric times, Alsace was inhabited by nomadic hunters, but by 1500 BC, Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. By 58 BC, the Romans had invaded and established Alsace as a center of viticulture. To protect this highly valued industry, the Romans built fortifications and military camps that evolved into various communities which have been inhabited continuously to the present day. While part of the Roman Empire, Alsace was part of Germania Superior. Image File history File links Traditional Alsatian rural life Canadian Illustrated News, vol. ... Image File history File links Traditional Alsatian rural life Canadian Illustrated News, vol. ... (Redirected from 1500 BC) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC - 1500s BC - 1490s BC 1480s BC 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC Events and Trends Stonehenge built in Wiltshire, England The element Mercury has been... This article is about the European people. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... wine grapes Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ...

Frankish Alsace

Main article: Duchy of Alsace

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their language formed the basis of the modern-day Alsatian dialect. Clovis and the Franks drove the Alemanni out of Alsace during the 5th century, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm was, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne, formally known as the founder of the Frankish realm, divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Ludwig the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however; the region that was to become Alsace fell to the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Duchy of Swabia in the Treaty of Meersen in 870. The Duchy of Alsace was a large political subdivision of the Frankish Empire during the last decade and a half of Merovingian rule. ... This article is about the historiography of the decline of the Roman Empire. ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. ... Clovis may refer to the following: The personal name of Germanic origin that primarily saw use in Europe before the year 1000 AD. Several locales and persons of historical importance have borne this name. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks under Clovis I and the Alamanni, traditionally in 496. ... Austrasia & Neustria Austrasia formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ... For other uses, see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... The Merovingians Chlodio is considered as the first king who started the conquest of Gaul by taking Camaracum (today Cambrai) and expanding the border down to the Somme. ... Text of the Oaths The Oaths of Strasbourg (Modern French: les serments de Strasbourg, Modern German: die StraÃŸburger Eide) is the name by which we know the pledges of allegiance taken in 842 by Louis the German, son of Louis the Pious, and ruler of the eastern Frankish kingdom... Events Oaths of Strasbourg â€” alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar â€” sworn and recorded in vernacular languages. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Verdun. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... Middle Francia describes the realm created for Emperor Lothair I, wedged between East Francia and West Francia. ... Lothar (in older English texts, sometimes Lothair) (795 - March 2, 855), Holy Roman Emperor, was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Irmengarde (Ermengarde), daughter of Ingramm (Ingerman), the Duke of Hesbaye. ... Events Louis II succeeds Lothar as western emperor. ... Lotharingia (yellow), as established by the Treaty of Verdun, 843, and reduced by the Treaty of Mersen, 870 Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in western Europe, the aggregate of territories belonging to Lothair, King of Lotharingia (reigned 855â€“869), who received it in 855 from his father... Charles the Bald[1] (numbered Charles II of France and the Holy Roman Emperor) (French: , German: ) (13 June 823 â€“ 6 October 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875â€“877) and king of West Francia (840â€“877), was the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious, by his second wife Judith. ... The Frankish Empire after the treaties of Verdun and Meerssen. ... Seal with Louis inscription and effigy. ... East Francia was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire of the Franks. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Meerssen. ...

Alsace within the Holy Roman Empire

At about this time the entire region began to fragment into a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a situation which lasted into the 17th century and was a common process in Europe. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors. Frederick I set up Alsace as a province (a procuratio, not a provincia) to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (Landgericht) and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau. Frederick II designated the Bishop of Strasbourg to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count Rudolph of Habsburg, who received his rights from Frederick II's son Conrad IV. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially-important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of free imperial city. A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the "Decapole" or "Dekapolis", a federation of ten free towns. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... The Hohenstaufen were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... Frederick Barbarossa in a 13th century chronicle. ... In Italy, the Province (in Italian: provincia) is an administrative division of an intermediate level, between municipality (comune) and region (regione). ... Ministerialis (plural ministeriales; a Latin word, used in English, meaning originally an official in the imperial service; in German, Ministeriale(n)) was the name used for a member of the class of service nobility in the Middle Ages in Germany. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... Haguenau (German: Hagenau) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin dÃ©partement, of which it is a sous-prÃ©fecture. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 â€“ December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, seat of the archbishop of Strasbourg The Archbishopric of Strasbourg (French DiocÃ¨se dAlsace, German Erzbistum StraÃŸburg, Latin Archidioecesis Argentoratensis o Argentinensis) is a Roman Catholic diocese at Strasbourg, Alsace, and is as immediate bishopric a direct subject to the Holy See in Rome... The brass of the tomb of Rudolph I in Speyer Rudolph I (Rudolph of Habsburg) (May 1, 1218 â€“ July 15, 1291) was a German king, who played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the royal dynasties of Germany. ... Conrad IV, Conrad of Hohenstaufen (April 25, 1228 Andria, Italy â€“ May 21, 1254, Lavello), was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) 1228â€“1254, of Germany 1237â€“1254, and of Sicily (as Conrad I) 1250â€“1254. ... In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only â€” as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (FÃ¼rsten) of... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... The term the Orient - literally meaning sunrise, east - is traditionally used to refer to Near, Middle, and Far Eastern countries. ... Southern Germany is the term used to desribe the southern states of Germany: namely Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg and Bavaria. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin dÃ©partement of Alsace, France. ... Haguenau (German: Hagenau) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ...

The prosperity of Alsace was terminated in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339 . An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356 , one of Europe's worst. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance. This article concerns the mid fourteenth century pandemic. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from Ð³Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚ÑŒ IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... The Rhine Rift is a striking reminder of the tectonic plates that created Europe. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ...

Petite-France, Strasbourg

German central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, ceding hegemony in Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the Rhône and Meuse Rivers, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister and Albert I of Germany's son, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of Belfort was first chartered by the Counts of Montbéliard. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years' War, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of Metz and Strasbourg and launched an attack on Basel. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 Ã— 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 Ã— 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Petite-France is an area in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... The RhÃ´ne River, or the RhÃ´ne (French RhÃ´ne, Arpitan RÃ´no, Occitan RÃ²se, standard German Rhone, Valais German Rotten), is one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. ... Meuse is a dÃ©partement in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. ... â€œPhilip the Fairâ€ redirects here. ... Albrecht I of Habsburg (July 1255 â€“ May 1, 1308), sometimes named as Albert I, was King of Germany, Duke of Austria, and eldest son of German King Rudolph I of Habsburg and Gertrude of Hohenburg. ... Belfort is a town and commune of northeastern France, prÃ©fecture (capital) of the Territoire de Belfort dÃ©partement in the Franche-ComtÃ© rÃ©gion. ... MontbÃ©liard is a commune in the Doubs dÃ©partement of the Franche-ComtÃ© rÃ©gion, in eastern France. ... Combatants France Castile Scotland Genoa Majorca Bohemia Crown of Aragon Brittany England Burgundy Brittany Portugal Navarre Flanders Hainaut Aquitaine Luxembourg Holy Roman Empire The Hundred Years War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Si paix dedans, paix dehors (French: If peace inside, peace outside) Cathedral St. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ...

In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold for money by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798. An engraving by W. Killian, 1623 Sigismund of Austria, Duke, then Archduke of Further Austria (Innsbruck, October 26, 1427 â€“ March 4, 1496) was a Habsburg archduke of Austria and ruler of Tirol from 1446 to 1490. ... Charles the Bold Charles, called the Bold (French: Charles le Téméraire) (November 10, 1433 – 1477) was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. ... Emperor Frederick III Frederick III of Habsburg (Innsbruck, September 21, 1415 â€“ August 19, 1493 in Linz) was elected as German King as the successor of Albert II in 1440. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Mulhouse (French: , pronounced ; Alsatian: MilhÃ¼sa or MilhÃ¼se, pronounced ; German: ; i. ... The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. ...

By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand, Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of Württemberg since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793. Reformation redirects here. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Martin Bucer Martin Bucer (or Butzer, Latin Martinus Buccer, Martinus Bucerus ) (November 11, 1491 â€“ February 28, 1551) was a German Protestant reformer. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... MontbÃ©liard is a commune in the Doubs dÃ©partement of the Franche-ComtÃ© rÃ©gion, in eastern France. ... Arms of the Kingdom of WÃ¼rttemberg The title of this article contains the character Ã¼. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ...

Incorporation into France

This situation prevailed until 1639 when most of Alsace was conquered by France to prevent it falling into the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. This occurred in the greater context of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Beset by enemies and to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. Thus, when the hostilities finally ceased in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace went to France with some towns remaining independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were Byzantine and confusing; it is thought that this was purposely so that neither the French king or the German emperor could gain tight control, but that one would play off the other, thereby assuring Alsace some measure of autonomy. Supporters of this theory point out that the treaty stipulations were authored by Imperial plenipotentiary Isaac Volmar, the former Chancellor of Alsace. The transfer of most of Alsace to France at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 marked its start, along with Lorraine, as a contested territory between France and Germany (French-German enmity). The Spanish Habsburgs House was started by Philip II of Spain. ... This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Combatants Sweden Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€ Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ... Examples of German and Austrian Thalers compared to a US quarter piece (bottom center) The Thaler (or Taler) was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch (1648) The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and officially recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation. ... The term Byzantine was first applied to the eastern Roman Empire by historians in the 16th century, decades after the Fall of Constantinople to the forces of Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. ... Ratification of the Treaty of MÃ¼nster. ... Lorraine coat of arms location of the Lorraine province Lorraine (French: Lorraine; German: Lothringen) is a historical area in present-day northeast France. ... Frenchâ€“German hereditary enmity[1](German: , French: ) describes the three centuries of hostile relations between France and Germany, from the Thirty Years War to World War II, after which it has been overcome. ...

Because warfare had caused large numbers of the population (mainly in the countryside) to die or to flee, numerous immigrants arrived from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Lorraine, Savoy and other areas after 1648 and until the mid-18th century. Between 1671-1711 Anabaptist refugees came from Switzerland, notably from Bern. Strasbourg became a main centre of the early Anabaptist movement. Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Relation to other religions Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Anabaptists (Greek Î±Î½Î± (again) +Î²Î±Ï€Ï„Î¹Î¶Ï‰ (baptize), thus re-baptizers[1]) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German BÃ¤rn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after ZÃ¼rich, Geneva and Basel). ...

France consolidated her hold with the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen, which brought the towns under her control. France occupied Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked action, and from 1688 onwards devastated large parts of southern Germany according to the Brûlez le Palatinat! policy. These territorial changes were reinforced at the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick which ended the War of the Grand Alliance. However, Alsace had a somewhat exceptional position in the Kingdom of France. The German language was still used in local government, school, and education and the German (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg was continued and attended by students from Germany. The Edict of Fontainebleau, which legalized the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. In contrast to the rest of France, there was a relative religious tolerance, although the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism and the Lutheran Strasbourg Cathedral had to be handed over to the Catholics in 1681. There was a customs boundary along the Vosges mountains against the rest of France while there was no such boundary against Germany. For these reasons Alsace remained marked by German culture and economically oriented towards Germany until the French Revolution. The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Negotiations de Nimegue or Negotiations de la Paix de Nimegue) were a series of treaties, signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen, August 1678 - December 1679, ending war between various countries, including France, United Provinces, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, MÃ¼nster, the Holy Roman... EzÃ©chiel du Mas, Comte de MÃ©lac (about 1630 - May 10, 1704) was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. ... The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (also known as Rijswijk) in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands). ... Combatants Denmark Dutch Republic, England,[3] Holy Roman Empire, Portugal Duchy of Savoy, Spain, Sweden France, Jacobites Commanders William III, Prince Waldeck, Duke of Savoy, Duke of Lorraine , Elector of Bavaria, Prince of Baden Louis XIV, Duc de Luxembourg â€ , Duc de Villeroi, Duc de Lorge, Duc de Boufflers, Nicolas Catinat... The University Palace in Strasbourg, and a monument to one of the universitys students, Johann Wolfgang Goethe The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is divided into three separate institutions. ... The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, best known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of 1598, which had granted to the Huguenots the right to worship their religion without persecution from the state. ... From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, historically known as the French Calvinists. ... West faÃ§ade of the cathedral The CathÃ©drale Notre-Dame (English Our Ladys Cathedral) in Strasbourg, France belongs to the grand history of European cathedrals architectural design. ... Typical landscape in Vosges mountains (Chajoux valley, La Bresse, France) Waterfall in eastern Vosges mountains Glacial lake in Vosges mountains (Lac de Schiessrothried) The Vosges Mountains is a range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Belfort to Saverne. ... The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

French Revolution

The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On July 21, 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song La Marseillaise, which later became the anthem of France. La Marseillaise was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, and Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée. Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants French government Parisian militia (predecessor of Frances National Guard) Commanders Bernard-RenÃ© de Launay â€ Prince de Lambesc Camille Desmoulins Strength 114 soldiers, 30 artillery pieces 600 - 1,000 insurgents Casualties 1 (6 or possibly 8 killed after surrender) 98 The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Rouget de Lisle, Composer of the Marseillaise, sings it for the first time. ... This article is about the anthem La Marseillaise. A sculpture popularly called La Marseillaise is part of the sculptural program of the Arc de Triomphe. ... FranÃ§ois Christophe de Kellermann. ... Combatants France Prussia Commanders Dumouriez, Kellermann Duke of Brunswick Strength 47,000 35,000 Casualties 300 184 The Battle of Valmy (or Cannonade of Valmy) was fought on 20 September 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, around the village of Valmy in northern France. ... Jean Baptiste KlÃ©ber. ... Flag of the so-called ArmÃ©e Royale et Catholique (Royal and Catholic Army) from VendÃ©e Insigna of the royalist insurgents During the French Revolution, the 1793-1796 uprising in the VendÃ©e, variously known as the Uprising, Insurrection, Revolt, VendÃ©an Rebellion, or Wars in the VendÃ©e...

At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the Jacobins and sympathetic to the invading forces of Austria and Prussia who sought to crush the nascent revolutionary republic. Many of the residents of the Sundgau made "pilgrimages" to places like Mariastein Abbey, near Basel, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the French Revolutionary Army of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly-vacant lands in the Russian Empire in 1803-4 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this tale based on what he had himself witnessed can be found in Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea. In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794), but even at that time, the term Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions: for example, Jacobin democracy is synonymous with totalitarian democracy. ... Anthem PreuÃŸenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King - 1701 â€” 1713 Frederick I (first) - 1888 â€” 1918 William II (last) Prime minister - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ... Miracle of Mariastein, by Meister E.S., 1543, in Mariastein Abbey church Mariastein Abbey (Kloster Mariastein) is a Benedictine monastery in Metzerlen-Mariastein in the Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. ... For other uses, see Basel (disambiguation). ... The French Revolutionary Army is the term used to refer to the military of France during the period between the fall of the ancien regime under Louis XVI in 1792 and the formation of the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Goethe redirects here. ...

In response to the restoration of Napoleon I of France, in 1814 and 1815, Alsace was occupied by foreign forces, including over 280,000 soldiers and 90,000 horses in Bas-Rhin alone. This had grave effects on trade and the economy of the region since former overland trade routes were switched to newly-opened Mediterranean and Atlantic seaports. NapolÃ©on I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to NapolÃ©on Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica â€“ 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Mediterranean redirects here. ... The Atlantic Ocean, not including Arctic and Antarctic regions. ...

The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of factors meant hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only to Paris, where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann, but also to far away places like Russia and the Austrian Empire to take advantage of new opportunities offered there. Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms for colonists in order to consolidate their hold on the lands. Many Alsatians also began to sail for the United States, where after 1807 slave importation had been banned and new workers were needed for the cotton fields. Haussmann, circa 1865 Georges-EugÃ¨ne Haussmann (March 27, 1809 â€“ January 11, 1891), who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Ottoman redirects here. ...

Between France and Germany

Main article: Alsace-Lorraine

France had declared the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), and was defeated not only by the Kingdom of Prussia, but also by other German states which at the end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 to 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria. Only in 1911, the Alsace was granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913 however, the Saverne Affair showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity. Imperial Province of ElsaÃŸ-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III FranÃ§ois Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000... Anthem PreuÃŸenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King - 1701 â€” 1713 Frederick I (first) - 1888 â€” 1918 William II (last) Prime minister - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim... This article is about the 1871 German Empire. ... Bismarck redirects here. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Imperial Province of ElsaÃŸ-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Imperial Province of ElsaÃŸ-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: ) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... French rule in Algeria, 1830–1962 Most of Frances actions in Algeria, not least the invasion of Algiers, were propelled by contradictory impulses. ... Flag of 1918 The ElsÃ¤ssisches Fahnenlied (The Alsatian Flags song) was written by Emil Woerth (1870-1926) in German when the Alsace was part of the German Empire (1871-1918). ...

During World War I, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine, and were part of the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918 which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and founded a republic. A self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine", but French troops entered Alsace less than a week later. At the sight of cheering Alsatian crowds welcoming back the French Army^{[citation needed]} and mostly under the pressure of the French military, Wilson and the other allies dropped their suggestions of organizing a plebiscite. Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public at large as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire and existed between 1871 and 1919; it grew out of the Prussian Navy and the Norddeutsche Bundesmarine. ... Imperial Province of ElsaÃŸ-Lothringen (497 Kb) The Republic of Alsace-Lorraine was a short-lived independent state comprised of the Alsace and Lorraine regions of what is now France. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€”February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... 1939â€“1941 semi-official emblem Anachronous world map in 1920â€“1945, showing the League of Nations and the world Capital Not applicableÂ¹ Language(s) English, French and Spanish Political structure International organisation Secretary-general - 1920â€“1933 Sir James Eric Drummond - 1933â€“1940 Joseph Avenol - 1940â€“1946 SeÃ¡n Lester Historical... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...

An Alsatian woman in traditional costume.

After World War I, the establishment of German identity in Alsace was reversed, as Germans who had settled in Alsace since 1871 were expelled. Policies forbidding the use of German and requiring that of French were introduced. However, in order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some changes that had been made from 1871 to 1919 in French law, such as the 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x694, 70 KB) attributed to Adolphe Braun (1812â€“1877): Woman in traditional Alsatian costume, 1870s / Frau in ElsÃ¤sser Tracht, 1870er Jahre Photography, albumen print, 26 x 19 cm Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x694, 70 KB) attributed to Adolphe Braun (1812â€“1877): Woman in traditional Alsatian costume, 1870s / Frau in ElsÃ¤sser Tracht, 1870er Jahre Photography, albumen print, 26 x 19 cm Source: http://www. ... The first page of the bill, as brought before the Chambre des DÃ©putÃ©s in 1905 On 9 December 1905, a law was passed in France separating the church and the state. ...

German stamps of Hindenburg marked with "Elsaß" (1940)

The région was effectively annexed by Germany in 1940 during World War II, and reincorporated into the Greater German Reich which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. The annexation, while putting a halt to the anti-German discrimination in the région, subjected it to the cruel Nazi dictatorship, which was loathed by most of the people. The German government never negotiated or declared a formal annexation, however, in order to preserve the possibility of an agreement with the West. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2235x2039, 525 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paul von Hindenburg Alsace Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2235x2039, 525 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paul von Hindenburg Alsace Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Hindenburg may refer to: Persons: Paul von Hindenburg (1847 â€“ 1934), German general in World War I and president of Germany (1925 â€“ 1934) Oskar von Hindenburg (1883 â€“ 1960), son of the former Carl Hindenburg (1741â€“1808), mathematician Hindenburg, Japanese comic writer Places (all named after Paul von Hindenburg): Hindenburg (Altmark) in... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... A Reichsgau was a province within the Greater Germany of 1938 to 1945 (from the start of territorial annexation to the fall of the Third Reich). ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DEC Capital SaarbrÃ¼cken Minister-President Peter MÃ¼ller (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 2,569 kmÂ² (992 sq mi) Population 1,044,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density 406 /km... Westmark is a fantasy novel which received an American Book Award. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ide

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