Région Alsace
New région flag	Region logo
Location
Administration
Capital	Strasbourg
Regional President	Adrien Zeller (UMP) (since 1996)
Departments	Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin
Arrondissements	13
Cantons	75
Communes	904
Statistics
Land area1	8,280 km²
Population	(Ranked 14th)
- January 1, 2007 est.	1,829,000
- March 8, 1999 census	1,734,145
- Density (2007)	221/km²
1 French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq. mi. or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers

Alsace (French: Alsace, pronounced [alˈzas]; Alsatian and German: Elsass, pre-1996 German: Elsaß) is one of the 26 regions of France, located on the eastern border of France, on the west bank of the Upper Rhine, adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. Its capital and largest city is Strasbourg. Alsace, previously a part of the Holy Roman Empire, changed hands between France and Germany several times between the 17th and 20th century. Image File history File links Flag_of_Alsace. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Map of Alsace, by Rinaldum. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... In France, the president of the regional council (French: Président du conseil régional) is the elected official who heads the conseil régional of a région, a state-level territory. ... Adrien Zeller, 6e forum du financement de linnovation et de la compétivité, Strasbourg, 14 December 2006. ... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ... Departments (French: IPA: ) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts. ... The cantons of France are administrative divisions subdividing arrondissements and départements. ... Map of the 36,568 communes of metropolitan France. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 1,000 km² and 10,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... // The following are ranked lists of French régions. ... For other meanings, see Estuary (disambiguation) Río de la Plata estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German Elsässisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... The German spelling reform of 1996 (Rechtschreibreform) is based on an international agreement signed in Vienna in July 1996 by the governments of the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, a quadrilingual country. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

In the course of the 17th century, the entirety of Alsace was gradually annexed under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV of France and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently (although now informally) mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because possession of these two régions (as Alsace-Lorraine) was often contested in the 19th and 20th century, following a division among the successors of Charlemagne in the 9th century. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Louis XIV redirects here. ... The Kingdom of France was organised into provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the département system superseded provinces. ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges Arrondissements 19 Cantons 157 Communes 2,337 Statistics Land area1 23,547 km² Population (Ranked 11th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ...

Although Alsace was a German dialect-speaking region for most of its history, all Alsatians today speak French. About 25% of the local population is fluent in the Alsatian language (as a mother tongue) or German (as a second language). This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German Elsässisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... “Native Language” redirects here. ... A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1). ...

Geography

Lac Blanc

Alsace has an area of 8,283 km², making it the smallest région of metropolitan France. It is almost four times longer than it is wide, corresponding to a plain between the Rhine in the east and the Vosges mountains in the west. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 517 KB) Le lac Blanc Dans le massif des Vosges, près dOrbey. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 517 KB) Le lac Blanc Dans le massif des Vosges, près dOrbey. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Metropolitan France Metropolitan France (French: or la Métropole) is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica (French: Corse). ... For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ... Typical landscape in Vosges mountains (Chajoux valley, La Bresse, France) Waterfall in eastern Vosges mountains Glacial lake in Vosges mountains (Lac de Schiessrothried) The Vosges Mountains is a range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Belfort to Saverne. ...

It includes the départements of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin (known previously as Sundgau and Nordgau). It borders Germany on the north and the east, Switzerland and Franche-Comté on the south, and Lorraine on the west. Departments (French: IPA: ) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Doubs Haute-Saône Jura Territoire de Belfort Arrondissements 8 Cantons 116 Communes 1,786 Statistics Land area1 16,202 km² Population (Ranked 20th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges Arrondissements 19 Cantons 157 Communes 2,337 Statistics Land area1 23,547 km² Population (Ranked 11th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ...

It contains many forests, primarily in the Vosges and in Bas-Rhin (Haguenau Forest). Several valleys are also found in the région. Its highest point is the ballon de Guebwiller in Haut-Rhin, which reaches a height of 1426m. This article is about a community of trees. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley (also called a vale or dale) is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ... Le Grand Ballon (German: Großer Belchen; translates as big balloon) is the apex of the Vosges mountains, located 25 kilometres northwest of Mulhouse, France. ... Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ...

Alsace has a semi-continental climate with cold and dry winters and hot summers. There is little precipitation because the Vosges protect it from the west. The city of Colmar has a sunny microclimate; it is the second driest city in France, with an annual precipitation of just 550 mm, making it ideal for vin d'Alsace (Alsatian wine). Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ... Typical landscape in Vosges mountains (Chajoux valley, La Bresse, France) Waterfall in eastern Vosges mountains Glacial lake in Vosges mountains (Lac de Schiessrothried) The Vosges Mountains is a range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Belfort to Saverne. ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ... Look up sunny in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Microclimate on rock located in intertidal zone on rock at Sunrise-on Sea Tree ferns thrive in a protected dell at the Lost Gardens of Heligan, in Cornwall, England, latitude 50° 15N A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. ... The wine producing region of Alsace in France primarily produces white wines. ...

History

Roman Alsace

Traditional Alsatian rural life

In prehistoric times, Alsace was inhabited by nomadic hunters, but by 1500 BC, Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. By 58 BC, the Romans had invaded and established Alsace as a center of viticulture. To protect this highly valued industry, the Romans built fortifications and military camps that evolved into various communities which have been inhabited continuously to the present day. While part of the Roman Empire, Alsace was part of Germania Superior. Image File history File links Traditional Alsatian rural life Canadian Illustrated News, vol. ... Image File history File links Traditional Alsatian rural life Canadian Illustrated News, vol. ... (Redirected from 1500 BC) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC - 1500s BC - 1490s BC 1480s BC 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC Events and Trends Stonehenge built in Wiltshire, England The element Mercury has been... This article is about the European people. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... wine grapes Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ...

Frankish Alsace

Main article: Duchy of Alsace

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their language formed the basis of the modern-day Alsatian dialect. Clovis and the Franks drove the Alemanni out of Alsace during the 5th century, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm was, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne, formally known as the founder of the Frankish realm, divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Ludwig the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however; the region that was to become Alsace fell to the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Duchy of Swabia in the Treaty of Meersen in 870. The Duchy of Alsace was a large political subdivision of the Frankish Empire during the last decade and a half of Merovingian rule. ... This article is about the historiography of the decline of the Roman Empire. ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. ... Clovis may refer to the following: The personal name of Germanic origin that primarily saw use in Europe before the year 1000 AD. Several locales and persons of historical importance have borne this name. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks under Clovis I and the Alamanni, traditionally in 496. ... Austrasia & Neustria Austrasia formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ... For other uses, see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... The Merovingians Chlodio is considered as the first king who started the conquest of Gaul by taking Camaracum (today Cambrai) and expanding the border down to the Somme. ... Text of the Oaths The Oaths of Strasbourg (Modern French: les serments de Strasbourg, Modern German: die Straßburger Eide) is the name by which we know the pledges of allegiance taken in 842 by Louis the German, son of Louis the Pious, and ruler of the eastern Frankish kingdom... Events Oaths of Strasbourg — alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar — sworn and recorded in vernacular languages. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Verdun. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... Middle Francia describes the realm created for Emperor Lothair I, wedged between East Francia and West Francia. ... Lothar (in older English texts, sometimes Lothair) (795 - March 2, 855), Holy Roman Emperor, was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Irmengarde (Ermengarde), daughter of Ingramm (Ingerman), the Duke of Hesbaye. ... Events Louis II succeeds Lothar as western emperor. ... Lotharingia (yellow), as established by the Treaty of Verdun, 843, and reduced by the Treaty of Mersen, 870 Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in western Europe, the aggregate of territories belonging to Lothair, King of Lotharingia (reigned 855–869), who received it in 855 from his father... Charles the Bald[1] (numbered Charles II of France and the Holy Roman Emperor) (French: , German: ) (13 June 823 – 6 October 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875–877) and king of West Francia (840–877), was the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious, by his second wife Judith. ... The Frankish Empire after the treaties of Verdun and Meerssen. ... Seal with Louis inscription and effigy. ... East Francia was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire of the Franks. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Meerssen. ...

Alsace within the Holy Roman Empire

At about this time the entire region began to fragment into a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a situation which lasted into the 17th century and was a common process in Europe. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors. Frederick I set up Alsace as a province (a procuratio, not a provincia) to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (Landgericht) and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau. Frederick II designated the Bishop of Strasbourg to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count Rudolph of Habsburg, who received his rights from Frederick II's son Conrad IV. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially-important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of free imperial city. A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the "Decapole" or "Dekapolis", a federation of ten free towns. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... The Hohenstaufen were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... Frederick Barbarossa in a 13th century chronicle. ... In Italy, the Province (in Italian: provincia) is an administrative division of an intermediate level, between municipality (comune) and region (regione). ... Ministerialis (plural ministeriales; a Latin word, used in English, meaning originally an official in the imperial service; in German, Ministeriale(n)) was the name used for a member of the class of service nobility in the Middle Ages in Germany. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... Haguenau (German: Hagenau) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, seat of the archbishop of Strasbourg The Archbishopric of Strasbourg (French Diocèse dAlsace, German Erzbistum Straßburg, Latin Archidioecesis Argentoratensis o Argentinensis) is a Roman Catholic diocese at Strasbourg, Alsace, and is as immediate bishopric a direct subject to the Holy See in Rome... The brass of the tomb of Rudolph I in Speyer Rudolph I (Rudolph of Habsburg) (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was a German king, who played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the royal dynasties of Germany. ... Conrad IV, Conrad of Hohenstaufen (April 25, 1228 Andria, Italy – May 21, 1254, Lavello), was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) 1228–1254, of Germany 1237–1254, and of Sicily (as Conrad I) 1250–1254. ... In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... The term the Orient - literally meaning sunrise, east - is traditionally used to refer to Near, Middle, and Far Eastern countries. ... Southern Germany is the term used to desribe the southern states of Germany: namely Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ... Haguenau (German: Hagenau) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ...

The prosperity of Alsace was terminated in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339 . An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356 , one of Europe's worst. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance. This article concerns the mid fourteenth century pandemic. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... The Rhine Rift is a striking reminder of the tectonic plates that created Europe. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ...

Petite-France, Strasbourg

German central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, ceding hegemony in Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the Rhône and Meuse Rivers, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister and Albert I of Germany's son, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of Belfort was first chartered by the Counts of Montbéliard. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years' War, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of Metz and Strasbourg and launched an attack on Basel. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Petite-France is an area in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... The Rhône River, or the Rhône (French Rhône, Arpitan Rôno, Occitan Ròse, standard German Rhone, Valais German Rotten), is one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. ... Meuse is a département in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. ... “Philip the Fair” redirects here. ... Albrecht I of Habsburg (July 1255 – May 1, 1308), sometimes named as Albert I, was King of Germany, Duke of Austria, and eldest son of German King Rudolph I of Habsburg and Gertrude of Hohenburg. ... Belfort is a town and commune of northeastern France, préfecture (capital) of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté région. ... Montbéliard is a commune in the Doubs département of the Franche-Comté région, in eastern France. ... Combatants France Castile Scotland Genoa Majorca Bohemia Crown of Aragon Brittany England Burgundy Brittany Portugal Navarre Flanders Hainaut Aquitaine Luxembourg Holy Roman Empire The Hundred Years War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Si paix dedans, paix dehors (French: If peace inside, peace outside) Cathedral St. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ...

In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold for money by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798. An engraving by W. Killian, 1623 Sigismund of Austria, Duke, then Archduke of Further Austria (Innsbruck, October 26, 1427 – March 4, 1496) was a Habsburg archduke of Austria and ruler of Tirol from 1446 to 1490. ... Charles the Bold Charles, called the Bold (French: Charles le Téméraire) (November 10, 1433 – 1477) was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. ... Emperor Frederick III Frederick III of Habsburg (Innsbruck, September 21, 1415 – August 19, 1493 in Linz) was elected as German King as the successor of Albert II in 1440. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Mulhouse (French: , pronounced ; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced ; German: ; i. ... The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. ...

By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand, Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of Württemberg since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793. Reformation redirects here. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Martin Bucer Martin Bucer (or Butzer, Latin Martinus Buccer, Martinus Bucerus ) (November 11, 1491 – February 28, 1551) was a German Protestant reformer. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Montbéliard is a commune in the Doubs département of the Franche-Comté région, in eastern France. ... Arms of the Kingdom of Württemberg The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ...

Incorporation into France

This situation prevailed until 1639 when most of Alsace was conquered by France to prevent it falling into the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. This occurred in the greater context of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Beset by enemies and to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. Thus, when the hostilities finally ceased in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace went to France with some towns remaining independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were Byzantine and confusing; it is thought that this was purposely so that neither the French king or the German emperor could gain tight control, but that one would play off the other, thereby assuring Alsace some measure of autonomy. Supporters of this theory point out that the treaty stipulations were authored by Imperial plenipotentiary Isaac Volmar, the former Chancellor of Alsace. The transfer of most of Alsace to France at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 marked its start, along with Lorraine, as a contested territory between France and Germany (French-German enmity). The Spanish Habsburgs House was started by Philip II of Spain. ... This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ... Examples of German and Austrian Thalers compared to a US quarter piece (bottom center) The Thaler (or Taler) was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch (1648) The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and officially recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation. ... The term Byzantine was first applied to the eastern Roman Empire by historians in the 16th century, decades after the Fall of Constantinople to the forces of Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. ... Ratification of the Treaty of Münster. ... Lorraine coat of arms location of the Lorraine province Lorraine (French: Lorraine; German: Lothringen) is a historical area in present-day northeast France. ... French–German hereditary enmity[1](German: , French: ) describes the three centuries of hostile relations between France and Germany, from the Thirty Years War to World War II, after which it has been overcome. ...

Because warfare had caused large numbers of the population (mainly in the countryside) to die or to flee, numerous immigrants arrived from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Lorraine, Savoy and other areas after 1648 and until the mid-18th century. Between 1671-1711 Anabaptist refugees came from Switzerland, notably from Bern. Strasbourg became a main centre of the early Anabaptist movement. Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus re-baptizers[1]) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German Bärn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel). ...

France consolidated her hold with the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen, which brought the towns under her control. France occupied Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked action, and from 1688 onwards devastated large parts of southern Germany according to the Brûlez le Palatinat! policy. These territorial changes were reinforced at the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick which ended the War of the Grand Alliance. However, Alsace had a somewhat exceptional position in the Kingdom of France. The German language was still used in local government, school, and education and the German (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg was continued and attended by students from Germany. The Edict of Fontainebleau, which legalized the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. In contrast to the rest of France, there was a relative religious tolerance, although the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism and the Lutheran Strasbourg Cathedral had to be handed over to the Catholics in 1681. There was a customs boundary along the Vosges mountains against the rest of France while there was no such boundary against Germany. For these reasons Alsace remained marked by German culture and economically oriented towards Germany until the French Revolution. The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Negotiations de Nimegue or Negotiations de la Paix de Nimegue) were a series of treaties, signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen, August 1678 - December 1679, ending war between various countries, including France, United Provinces, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, Münster, the Holy Roman... Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac (about 1630 - May 10, 1704) was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. ... The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (also known as Rijswijk) in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands). ... Combatants  Denmark Dutch Republic, England,[3]  Holy Roman Empire,  Portugal Duchy of Savoy, Spain,  Sweden France, Jacobites Commanders William III, Prince Waldeck, Duke of Savoy, Duke of Lorraine , Elector of Bavaria, Prince of Baden Louis XIV, Duc de Luxembourg â€ , Duc de Villeroi, Duc de Lorge, Duc de Boufflers, Nicolas Catinat... The University Palace in Strasbourg, and a monument to one of the universitys students, Johann Wolfgang Goethe The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is divided into three separate institutions. ... The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, best known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of 1598, which had granted to the Huguenots the right to worship their religion without persecution from the state. ... From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, historically known as the French Calvinists. ... West façade of the cathedral The Cathédrale Notre-Dame (English Our Ladys Cathedral) in Strasbourg, France belongs to the grand history of European cathedrals architectural design. ... Typical landscape in Vosges mountains (Chajoux valley, La Bresse, France) Waterfall in eastern Vosges mountains Glacial lake in Vosges mountains (Lac de Schiessrothried) The Vosges Mountains is a range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Belfort to Saverne. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

French Revolution

The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On July 21, 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song La Marseillaise, which later became the anthem of France. La Marseillaise was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, and Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée. Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... History The département was created on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants French government Parisian militia (predecessor of Frances National Guard) Commanders Bernard-René de Launay â€  Prince de Lambesc Camille Desmoulins Strength 114 soldiers, 30 artillery pieces 600 - 1,000 insurgents Casualties 1 (6 or possibly 8 killed after surrender) 98 The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Rouget de Lisle, Composer of the Marseillaise, sings it for the first time. ... This article is about the anthem La Marseillaise. A sculpture popularly called La Marseillaise is part of the sculptural program of the Arc de Triomphe. ... François Christophe de Kellermann. ... Combatants France Prussia Commanders Dumouriez, Kellermann Duke of Brunswick Strength 47,000 35,000 Casualties 300 184 The Battle of Valmy (or Cannonade of Valmy) was fought on 20 September 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, around the village of Valmy in northern France. ... Jean Baptiste Kléber. ... Flag of the so-called Armée Royale et Catholique (Royal and Catholic Army) from Vendée Insigna of the royalist insurgents During the French Revolution, the 1793-1796 uprising in the Vendée, variously known as the Uprising, Insurrection, Revolt, Vendéan Rebellion, or Wars in the Vendée...

At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the Jacobins and sympathetic to the invading forces of Austria and Prussia who sought to crush the nascent revolutionary republic. Many of the residents of the Sundgau made "pilgrimages" to places like Mariastein Abbey, near Basel, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the French Revolutionary Army of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly-vacant lands in the Russian Empire in 1803-4 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this tale based on what he had himself witnessed can be found in Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea. In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794), but even at that time, the term Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions: for example, Jacobin democracy is synonymous with totalitarian democracy. ... Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King  - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first)  - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister  - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ... Miracle of Mariastein, by Meister E.S., 1543, in Mariastein Abbey church Mariastein Abbey (Kloster Mariastein) is a Benedictine monastery in Metzerlen-Mariastein in the Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. ... For other uses, see Basel (disambiguation). ... The French Revolutionary Army is the term used to refer to the military of France during the period between the fall of the ancien regime under Louis XVI in 1792 and the formation of the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Goethe redirects here. ...

In response to the restoration of Napoleon I of France, in 1814 and 1815, Alsace was occupied by foreign forces, including over 280,000 soldiers and 90,000 horses in Bas-Rhin alone. This had grave effects on trade and the economy of the region since former overland trade routes were switched to newly-opened Mediterranean and Atlantic seaports. Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Mediterranean redirects here. ... The Atlantic Ocean, not including Arctic and Antarctic regions. ...

The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of factors meant hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only to Paris, where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann, but also to far away places like Russia and the Austrian Empire to take advantage of new opportunities offered there. Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms for colonists in order to consolidate their hold on the lands. Many Alsatians also began to sail for the United States, where after 1807 slave importation had been banned and new workers were needed for the cotton fields. Haussmann, circa 1865 Georges-Eugène Haussmann (March 27, 1809 – January 11, 1891), who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History  - Established 1804  - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Ottoman redirects here. ...

Between France and Germany

Main article: Alsace-Lorraine

France had declared the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), and was defeated not only by the Kingdom of Prussia, but also by other German states which at the end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 to 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria. Only in 1911, the Alsace was granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913 however, the Saverne Affair showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity. Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000... Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King  - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first)  - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister  - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim... This article is about the 1871 German Empire. ... Bismarck redirects here. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: ) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... French rule in Algeria, 1830–1962 Most of Frances actions in Algeria, not least the invasion of Algiers, were propelled by contradictory impulses. ... Flag of 1918 The Elsässisches Fahnenlied (The Alsatian Flags song) was written by Emil Woerth (1870-1926) in German when the Alsace was part of the German Empire (1871-1918). ...

During World War I, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine, and were part of the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918 which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and founded a republic. A self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine", but French troops entered Alsace less than a week later. At the sight of cheering Alsatian crowds welcoming back the French Army^{[citation needed]} and mostly under the pressure of the French military, Wilson and the other allies dropped their suggestions of organizing a plebiscite. Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public at large as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire and existed between 1871 and 1919; it grew out of the Prussian Navy and the Norddeutsche Bundesmarine. ... Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen (497 Kb) The Republic of Alsace-Lorraine was a short-lived independent state comprised of the Alsace and Lorraine regions of what is now France. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856—February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... 1939–1941 semi-official emblem Anachronous world map in 1920–1945, showing the League of Nations and the world Capital Not applicable¹ Language(s) English, French and Spanish Political structure International organisation Secretary-general  - 1920–1933 Sir James Eric Drummond  - 1933–1940 Joseph Avenol  - 1940–1946 Seán Lester Historical... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...

An Alsatian woman in traditional costume.

After World War I, the establishment of German identity in Alsace was reversed, as Germans who had settled in Alsace since 1871 were expelled. Policies forbidding the use of German and requiring that of French were introduced. However, in order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some changes that had been made from 1871 to 1919 in French law, such as the 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x694, 70 KB) attributed to Adolphe Braun (1812–1877): Woman in traditional Alsatian costume, 1870s / Frau in Elsässer Tracht, 1870er Jahre Photography, albumen print, 26 x 19 cm Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x694, 70 KB) attributed to Adolphe Braun (1812–1877): Woman in traditional Alsatian costume, 1870s / Frau in Elsässer Tracht, 1870er Jahre Photography, albumen print, 26 x 19 cm Source: http://www. ... The first page of the bill, as brought before the Chambre des Députés in 1905 On 9 December 1905, a law was passed in France separating the church and the state. ...

German stamps of Hindenburg marked with "Elsaß" (1940)

The région was effectively annexed by Germany in 1940 during World War II, and reincorporated into the Greater German Reich which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. The annexation, while putting a halt to the anti-German discrimination in the région, subjected it to the cruel Nazi dictatorship, which was loathed by most of the people. The German government never negotiated or declared a formal annexation, however, in order to preserve the possibility of an agreement with the West. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2235x2039, 525 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paul von Hindenburg Alsace Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2235x2039, 525 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paul von Hindenburg Alsace Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Hindenburg may refer to: Persons: Paul von Hindenburg (1847 – 1934), German general in World War I and president of Germany (1925 – 1934) Oskar von Hindenburg (1883 – 1960), son of the former Carl Hindenburg (1741–1808), mathematician Hindenburg, Japanese comic writer Places (all named after Paul von Hindenburg): Hindenburg (Altmark) in... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... A Reichsgau was a province within the Greater Germany of 1938 to 1945 (from the start of territorial annexation to the fall of the Third Reich). ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DEC Capital Saarbrücken Minister-President Peter Müller (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  2,569 km² (992 sq mi) Population 1,044,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 406 /km... Westmark is a fantasy novel which received an American Book Award. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ...

France regained control of the war-torn area in 1944 and resumed its policy of promoting the French language with uncompromising vigor. For instance, from 1945 to 1984 the use of German in newspapers was restricted to a maximum of 25%.^{[citation needed]} French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...

In more recent years, as nationalistic emotions have receded, Alsatian is now being promoted by local authorities again as an element of the region's identity. Alsatian is now taught in schools (but not mandatory) as one of the regional languages of France. German is also taught as a foreign language in local kindergartens and schools. For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation). ... Students in Rome, Italy. ...

Timeline

(7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) Events c. ... (6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – other millennia) Events 4860 BC - Mount Mazama in Oregon collapses, forming a caldera that later fills with water and becomes Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. ... (Redirected from 2300 BC) (24th century BC - 23rd century BC - 22nd century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2334 - 2279 BC (short chronology) Sargon of Akkads conquest of Mesopotamia 2217 - 2193 BC - Nomadic invasions of Akkad 2205 BC - Foundation of the Xia... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 800s BC 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC 700s BC Events and Trends 756 BC - Founding of Cyzicus. ... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 800s BC 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC 700s BC Events and Trends 756 BC - Founding of Cyzicus. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 500s BC 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC - 450s BC - 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC Years: 455 BC 454 BC 453 BC 452 BC 451 BC - 450 BC - 449 BC 448 BC... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 500s BC 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC - 450s BC - 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC Years: 455 BC 454 BC 453 BC 452 BC 451 BC - 450 BC - 449 BC 448 BC... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55... This article is about the Celtic settlement and burial site in France. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC... Events Valerian I captured by the Persian king Shapur I; Gallienus becomes sole Roman emperor. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Events Valerian I captured by the Persian king Shapur I; Gallienus becomes sole Roman emperor. ... Events The Gallic Empire (Gaul and Britain) is reconquered by Roman Emperor Aurelian With the conquests of the Palmyran Empire (272) and the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire is united again Births Deaths Pope Felix I Cao Fang, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei Categories: 274 ... The Gallic Empire (in Latin, imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that lived a brief existence during the Roman Empires Crisis of the Third Century, from 260 to 274. ... Events The Gallic Empire (Gaul and Britain) is reconquered by Roman Emperor Aurelian With the conquests of the Palmyran Empire (272) and the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire is united again Births Deaths Pope Felix I Cao Fang, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei Categories: 274 ... This article is about the year 286. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Strasbourg townscape Strasbourg (German Straßburg, castle of roads, Alsatian Strossburi) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace France. ... This article is about the year 286. ... Events Mid-February: Lentienses cross frozen Rhine, invading Roman Empire. ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... Franks penetrate into northern Belgium (approximate date). ... Events Mid-February: Lentienses cross frozen Rhine, invading Roman Empire. ... Events After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is divided in an eastern and a western half. ... A votive crown belonging to Reccesuinth (653–672) The Visigoths (Latin: ) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths being the other. ... Events After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is divided in an eastern and a western half. ... Events Attila the Hun attacks Britain Births Deaths Categories: 436 ... An engraving depicting what Theodosius may have looked like, ca. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... Events Attila the Hun attacks Britain Births Deaths Categories: 436 ... For the processor, see Intel 80486. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... For the processor, see Intel 80486. ... Events Frankish kingdom split in four after the death of Clovis I; Childebert I becomes king of Paris, Clotaire I becomes king of Soissons, Chlodomer becomes king of Orléans, and Theuderic I becomes king of Reims and Austrasia. ... The Merovingians Chlodio is considered as the first king who started the conquest of Gaul by taking Camaracum (today Cambrai) and expanding the border down to the Somme. ... Old Frankish was the language of the Franks and it is classified as a West Germanic language. ... Events End of the reign of Northern Wei Chang Guang Wang, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty. ... Events The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured. ... Events The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured. ... Events Leo III becomes pope Earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland. ... Events Leo III becomes pope Earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Events Succession of Pope Leo IV, (847 - 855) Births Alfred the Great (d. ... The (Late Old High) German speaking area of the Holy Roman Empire around 950. ... Events Succession of Pope Leo IV, (847 - 855) Births Alfred the Great (d. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Verdun. ... Lothar (in older English texts, sometimes Lothair) (795 - March 2, 855), Holy Roman Emperor, was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Irmengarde (Ermengarde), daughter of Ingramm (Ingerman), the Duke of Hesbaye. ... Middle Francia describes the realm created for Emperor Lothair I, wedged between East Francia and West Francia. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... Events End of Strathclyde as a fully independent kingdom. ... The Treaty of Mersen (870 AD) was an agreement of the division of the Carolingian Empire by the sons of Louis I, Charles II of the West Franks (France) and Louis the German of East Franks (Germany), signed at the town of Meerssen, which is now in the Netherlands. ... Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ... Events End of Strathclyde as a fully independent kingdom. ... Events February 2 - Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. ... The Kingdom of Germany was a medieval state[1] which grew out of that of East Francia in the tenth century, when the term regnum Teutonicum first came into informal use. ... Events February 2 - Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. ... For a bill proposed in USA in 1998, see Bill 1618. ... For others with the same name, see Otto I (disambiguation). ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... The term Alemannic can have several meanings. ... For a bill proposed in USA in 1998, see Bill 1618. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ... Louis XIV redirects here. ... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Dutch War (1672–1678) was a war fought between France and a quadruple alliance consisting of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the United Provinces. ... The borders of modern France closely align with those of the ancient territory of Gaul, inhabited by Celts known as Gauls. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Administrative divisions

The Alsace region is divided into 2 departments, 13 departmental arrondissements, 75 cantons (not shown here), and 904 communes: The Alsace Regional Council is the Conseil régional of Alsace (France). ... Departments (French: IPA: ) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts. ... The cantons of France are administrative divisions subdividing arrondissements and départements. ... Map of the 36,568 communes of metropolitan France. ...

Haut-Rhin is a French département, named after the Rhine river. ... The arrondissement of Altkirch is an arrondissement of France, located in the Haut-Rhin département, in the Alsace région. ... The arrondissement of Mulhouse is an arrondissement of France, located in the Haut-Rhin département, in the Alsace région. ... The arrondissement of Colmar is an arrondissement of France, located in the Haut-Rhin département, of the Alsace région. ... The arrondissement of Ribeauvillé is an arrondissement of France, located in the Haut-Rhin département, in the Alsace région. ... The arrondissement of Guebwiller is an arrondissement of France, located in the Haut-Rhin département, in the Alsace région. ... The arrondissement of Thann is an arrondissement of France, located in the Haut-Rhin département, in the Alsace région. ...

Politics

Alsace is one of the most conservative régions of France. It is one of just two régions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 région elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Adrien Zeller, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. The frequently changing status of the région throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005. Metropolitan France Metropolitan France (French: or la Métropole) is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica (French: Corse). ... Regional elections were held in France on March 21 and March 28, 2004. ... The Alsace Regional Council is the Conseil régional of Alsace (France). ... Adrien Zeller, 6e forum du financement de linnovation et de la compétivité, Strasbourg, 14 December 2006. ... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), is the main French centre-right political party. ... For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) A nation is a community of people who live together in an area (or, more broadly, of their descendants who may now be dispersed); and who regard themselves, or are regarded by others, as sharing some common identity, to which certain... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: European Union The European Union On-Line Official EU website, europa. ... The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, commonly referred to as the European Constitution, is an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the European Union. ...

Economy

According to INSEE, Alsace had a gross domestic product of 44.3 billion euros in 2002. With a GDP per capita of €24,804, it was the second-place région of France, losing only to Île-de-France. 68% of its jobs are in the services; 25% are in industry, making Alsace one of France's most industrialised régions. INSEE is the French abbreviation for the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (French: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques). ... This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Essonne Hauts-de-Seine Paris Seine-Saint-Denis Seine-et-Marne Val-de-Marne Val-dOise Yvelines Arrondissements 25 Cantons 317 Communes 1,281 Statistics Land area1 12,012 km² Population (Ranked 1st)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ... Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ...

Alsace is a région of varied economic activity, including:

• viticulture (mostly in the centre of the région, between Sélestat and Colmar);
• hop harvesting and brewing (half of French beer is produced in Alsace, especially in the vicinity of Strasbourg, notably in Kronenbourg, Schiltigheim and Obernai);
• forestry development
• automobile industry (Mulhouse)
• life sciences, as part of the Alsace Biovalley and
• tourism

• Alsace has many international ties and 35% of firms are foreign companies (notably German, Swiss, American, Japanese and Scandinavian).

• 570 million tons of potassium chloride and phosphates have been mined in the past century and a museum of the industry can be found in Wittelsheim.

wine grapes Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. ... Sélestat (German: Schlettstadt) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ... Species Humulus lupulus L. Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. ... A 16th century brewer A 21st century brewer This article concerns the production of alcoholic beverages. ... Brasseries Kronenbourg is an Alsatian brewery founded in 1664 by Jérôme Hatt in Strasbourg, 17 years prior to the territory being annexed by France. ... Schiltigheim is a city in Bas-Rhin département, Alsace, France, near Strasbourg. ... Obernai (French: ; Alsatian: Owernah; German: ) is a town and commune in Alsace, France. ... Mulhouse (French: , pronounced ; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced ; German: ; i. ... Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology is the science of life (from the Greek words bios = life and logos = word). ... Tourist redirects here. ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide composed of potassium and chlorine. ... In chemistry, a phosphate is a polyatomic ion or radical consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen. ... The Palais du Louvre in Paris, which houses the Musée du Louvre, one of the worlds most famous museums, and most certainly the largest. ...

Demographics

Alsace's population increased to 1,829,000 in 2007. It has regularly increased over time, except in wartime, by both natural growth and migration. This growth has even accelerated at the end of the 20th century. INSEE estimates that its population will grow 12.9% to 19.5% between 1999 and 2030. Net migration rates for 2006: positive (blue), negative (orange) and stable (green). ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... INSEE is the French abbreviation for the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (French: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques). ...

With a density of 221/km², Alsace is the third most densely populated région in metropolitan France. Metropolitan France Metropolitan France (French: or la Métropole) is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica (French: Corse). ...

Transportation

Roads

Pont Couverts, Strasbourg

Most major car journeys are made on the A35 autoroute (with intermittent areas of dual carriageways), which links Saint-Louis on the Swiss border to Lauterbourg on the German border. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,560 × 1,920 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,560 × 1,920 pixels, file size: 2. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... The A35 autoroute is a highway in north eastern France. ... For specific systems, such as the Autobahns of Germany, see list of highway systems with full control of access and no cross traffic. ... This early German Autobahn uses a dual carriageway design. ...

The A4 toll-road (towards Paris) begins 20 km northwest of Strasbourg and the A36 toll-road towards Lyon, begins 10 km west from Mulhouse. The A4 Autoroute, also known as lautoroute de lEst (English: the Eastern Motorway) is a French autoroute that travels 482 km (299 miles) between the cities of Paris and Strasbourg. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... The A36 autoroute is a toll motorway in north eastern France connecting the German border with Burgundy. ... Mulhouse (French: , pronounced ; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced ; German: ; i. ...

Spaghetti-junctions (built in the 1970s and 1980s) are prominent in the comprehensive system of motorways in Alsace, especially in the outlying ares of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. These cause a major buildup of traffic and are the main sources of pollution in the towns, notably in Strasbourg where the motorway traffic of the A35 was 170,000 per day in 2002.

At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north- and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside of Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hoerdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. This early German Autobahn uses a dual carriageway design. ...

To add to the buildup of traffic, the neighbouring German state of Baden-Württemberg plans to impose a tax on heavy-goods vehicles using their roads. Thus, HGVs travelling from north Germany to Switzerland or southern Alsace would most probably bypass the A5 on the Alsace-Baden-Württemberg border and use the untolled, French A35 instead. Location Coordinates , , Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Minister-President Günther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (of 69) Basic statistics Area  35,752 km² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density...

Trains

Place de l'Homme de Fer Tram Station

TER Alsace is the rail network serving Alsace. Its network is articulated around the city of Strasbourg. It's one of the most developed rail network in France, financially sustained partly by the French railroad SNCF, and partly by the région Alsace. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (808x659, 153 KB)Tram station in Place de lHomme de Fer in Strasbourg. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (808x659, 153 KB)Tram station in Place de lHomme de Fer in Strasbourg. ... TER Alsace is the regional rail network serving Alsace région, France. ... SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français) (French National Railway Company) is a French public enterprise. ...

Because the Vosges are surmountable only by the Col de Saverne, it has been suggested that Alsace needs to open up and get closer to France in terms of its rail links. The Col de Saverne (Pass of Saverne or Saverne Pass) is a natural pass in the Vosges mountains, near Saverne, which permits travel between Alsace and the Moselle. ...

The TGV Est (Paris - Strasbourg) was brought into service in June 2007, and different plans are due to be implemented: The LGV Est européenne (sometimes referred to as TGV Est, or occasionally as TGV East in English) is an extension to the French high-speed TGV network, connecting Paris and Strasbourg. ...

• the TGV Rhin-Rhône or a Dijon-Mulhouse line (to start in construction in 2006, with anticipated completion in 2011);
• an interconnection with the German InterCityExpress, as far as Kehl and/or Ottmarsheim;
• a tram-train system in Mulhouse (May 2006), then Strasbourg (2011).

However, the abandoned Maurice-Lemaire tunnel towards Saint-Dié-des-Vosges was rebuilt as a toll-road. The LGV Rhin-Rhône is a high-speed railway line running between Lyon and Valence, in France. ... Dijon ( , IPA: ) is a city in eastern France, the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Côte-dOr département and of the Bourgogne région. ... ICE 3 trainset near Ingolstadt The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation: ) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and its neighbouring countries. ... Kehl is a town in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg. ... Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, commonly referred to as Saint-Dié, is a commune of northeastern France. ...

Rivers

Saint-Louis-Arzviller inclined plane

Port traffic of Alsace exceeds 15 million tonnes, of which about three quarters is centred on Strasbourg, which is the second busiest French fluvial harbour. The enlargement plan of the Rhine-Rhône channel, intended to link up the Mediterranean Sea and Central Europe (Rhine, Danube, North Sea and Baltic Sea) was abandoned in 1998 for reasons of expense and land erosion, notably in the Doubs valley. Image File history File links ArzvillerPlanIncline. ... Image File history File links ArzvillerPlanIncline. ... The Saint-Louis-Arzviller inclined plane viewed from above. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... This article is about the Danube River. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation). ...

Air traffic

There are two international airports in Alsace: An International airport is an airport where flights from other countries land and/or take off. ...

• the international airport of Strasbourg in Entzheim;
• the international EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg, which is the seventh largest French airport in terms of traffic.

The city is also two hours away from one of the biggest European airports, Frankfurt Main. EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg (IATA: BSL, EAP, MLH, ICAO: LFSB) is an international airport near Mulhouse (France), Basel (Switzerland), and Freiburg (Germany). ...

Religion

Temple Saint-Étienne, the main Lutheran church of Mulhouse

Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but largely because of the région's German influence, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPRAL (local Lutheran-Reformed union-church) is France's biggest protestant church. Unlike the rest of France, the Alsace-Moselle territory still adheres to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; public education in these faiths is offered. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the région having been administered by Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well does the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,927 × 1,927 pixels, file size: 715 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,927 × 1,927 pixels, file size: 715 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther. ... Mulhouse (French: , pronounced ; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced ; German: ; i. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... German culture (German: Deutsche Kultur) is a term that refers to the heritage and weltanschauung of the people from the German-speaking world, or Deutschsprechende Welt. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Alsace-Moselle is the current legal name of the France that was part of Germany from 1871 to 1919 (and then from 1940 to 1944_1945), consisting of the départements of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin (both of which make up Alsace), and the département of Moselle (itself... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Concordat of 1801 reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the major religion of France and restored some of its civil status. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... This article or section should include material from German Monarchy The term German Empire (the translation from German of Deutsches Reich) commonly refers to Germany, from its consolidation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ...

Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region called Crumpled Alsace (fr: Alsace bossue). Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent. Reformation redirects here. ... Martin Bucer Martin Bucer (or Butzer, Latin Martinus Buccer, Martinus Bucerus ) (November 11, 1491 – February 28, 1551) was a German Protestant reformer. ... Cuius regio, eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means, Whose the region is, his religion. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus re-baptizers[1]) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... This article is about Old Order Amish, but also refers to other Amish sects. ... Jacob Amman (Jakob Ammann) was born circa 1644 in Erlenbach im Simmental, Switzerland, but later moved to Alsace as part of a wave of Anabaptist emigration from out of the Canton of Berne. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      The... Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (German: Markirch) is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France. ... Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

In 1707, the simultaneum was established, by which many Reformed and Lutheran church buildings were forced to allow Catholic services. About 50 such "simultaneous churches" still exist in modern Alsace, though they tend to hold Catholic services only occasionally.

Culture

Spatial distribution of dialects in Alsace prior to the expansion of standard French in the 20th century.

Tarte Flambée

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Cuisine of Alsace

Historically part of the Holy Roman Empire, the région has passed between French and German control numerous times, resulting in a rich cultural blend. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 318 × 598 pixelsFull resolution‎ (753 × 1,417 pixels, file size: 88 KB, MIME type: image/png) Created map myself. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 318 × 598 pixelsFull resolution‎ (753 × 1,417 pixels, file size: 88 KB, MIME type: image/png) Created map myself. ... Standard French (in French: le français standard, le français neutre or even le français international) is an unofficial term for a standard variety of the French language. ... Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 737 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 737 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...

Language

Although Germanic languages were dominant in Alsace for much of its history, the main language spoken in Alsace today is French.

The traditional language of the région is Alsatian, an Alemannic dialect of Upper German and thus closely related to Swiss German. Some Frankish dialects of West Central German are also spoken in the extreme north of Alsace. Neither Alsatian nor the Frankish dialects have any form of official status, as is customary for regional languages in France, although both are now recognized as languages of France and can be chosen as subjects in lycées. This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German Elsässisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... The term Alemannic can have several meanings. ... Some basics of Germanic linguistics : in linguistics, German and Germanic do not have the same meaning: see Germanic. ... Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland. ... The Frankish language can refer to: Old Frankish, the language spoken by the Franks, a Germanic people active in the Roman era Low Franconian, the only linguistic subgroup containing modern variants of the Old Frankish language: Dutch and Afrikaans. ... West Central German (Westmitteldeutsch) is a High German dialect family in the German language. ... This is an article about language policy in France. ... A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country, be it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area. ... There are a number of languages of France. ... In France, secondary education is divided into two schools: the collège (IPA: ) (somewhat comparable to U.S. junior high school) for the first four years directly following primary school; the lycée (IPA: ) (comparable to a U.S. high school) for the next three years. ...

Since 1945, the influence of standard French has been steadily increasing in Alsace, and today Alsace is largely a French-speaking area. More often assumed to be a bilingual area (French/Alsatian), Alsace has in fact moved toward a situation of total French monolingualism. This is documented in Le declin du dialecte alsacien, a study funded by the General Council of Alsace and carried out in twenty secondary schools by Calvin Veltman and M.N. Denis. People above 70 still speak Alsatian at home, but the younger generations use French even at home, and the vast majority of people below 30 do not understand Alsatian anymore. This situation has spurred a movement to preserve the Alsatian language, which is perceived as endangered, a situation paralleled in other régions of France, such as Brittany or Occitania. Alsatian is now taught in French high schools, but the overwhelming presence of French media make the survival of Alsatian uncertain among younger generations. Increasingly, French is the only language used at home and at work, whereas a growing number of people have a good knowledge of standard German as a foreign language learned in school. Calvin Veltman is an American sociologist, demographer and sociolinguist at the Université du Québec à Montréal. ... Historical province of Brittany, showing the main areas with their name in Breton language The traditional flag of Brittany (the Gwenn-ha-du), formerly a Breton nationalist symbol but today used as a general civic flag in the region. ... A version of the flag frequently used by Occitan activists. ... Standard German is the prescriptive norm variant of the German language used as a written language, in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas. ...

Cuisine

Alsatian cuisine, strongly influenced by the Germanic culinary traditions, is marked by the use of pork in various forms. Traditional dishes include baeckeoffe, tartes flambées (flammekueche), choucroute, and fleischnackas. The south of Alsace, also called Sundgau, is characterized by carpe frite. Cuisine (from French cuisine, cooking; culinary art; kitchen; ultimately from Latin coquere, to cook) is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. ... For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation). ... Baeckeoffe is a dish that is a slow-cooked mix of sliced potatoes and other items. ... Flammekueche or Tarte flambée is a well-known Alsacian speciality. ... A typical choucroute garnie Choucroute garnie (French for dressed sauerkraut; choucroute is a phonologically frenchified form of Alsatian Sürkrüt, c. ... Sundgau is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). ...

The festivities of the year's end involve the production of a great variety of biscuits and small cakes called bredalas as well as pain d'épice (gingerbread), especially from Gertwiller, which are given to children starting on Saint Nicholas Day. Gingerbread cookies Gingerbread in cake form A Lebkuchen house Traditional ToruÅ„ gingerbread Gingerbread is a sweet that can take the form of a cake or a cookie in which the predominant flavor is ginger. ... Saint Nicholas, also known as Nikolaus in Germany and Sinterklaas (a contracted form of Sint Nicolaas) in the Netherlands and Flanders, is the common name for the historical Saint Nicholas of Myra, who lived in 4th century Byzantine Anatolia, (now in modern Turkey) and had a reputation for secret gift...

Riesling Grapes

A wine-producing région, Alsace wines are primarily white. Its wines, which have a strong Germanic influence, are called vins d'Alsace. It produces some of the world's most noted dry rieslings and is the only région in France to produce mostly varietal wines identified by the names of the grapes used (wine from Burgundy is also mainly varietal, but not normally identified as such), typically from grapes also used in Germany. The most notable example is gewurztraminer. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x800, 828 KB) Beschreibung Photographer: Tom Maack, Riesling grapes and leaves. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x800, 828 KB) Beschreibung Photographer: Tom Maack, Riesling grapes and leaves. ... This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant growing regions where vineyards are planted. ... Alsatian wine has a long history. ... The wine producing region of Alsace in France primarily produces white wines. ... Riesling is a white grape variety and varietal appellation of wines grown historically in Germany (see German wine), Alsace (France), Austria, and northern Italy. ... Varietal describes wines made from a single named grape variety. ... This article is about the fruits of the genus Vitis. ... Burgundy wine (in French, Bourgogne) is wine made in the Burgundy AOC region of France. ... Gewürztraminer is a white wine grape variety. ...

Alsace is also the main beer-producing région of France, thanks primarily to breweries in and near Strasbourg. These include those of Kronenbourg, Fischer, Heineken International, Météor, and Kanterbräu. Hops are grown in Kochersberg and in northern Alsace. Schnapps is also traditionally made in Alsace, but it is in decline because home distillers are becoming less common and the consumption of traditional, strong, alcoholic beverages is decreasing. For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ... Kettles in a modern Trappist brewery A brewery can be a building or place that produces beer, or a business (brewing company) whose trade is the production and sale of beer. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... Brasseries Kronenbourg is an Alsatian brewery founded in 1664 by Jérôme Hatt in Strasbourg, 17 years prior to the territory being annexed by France. ... Heineken International is an Australian beer, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Bunbury. ... Line 14 - St Lazare station Paris Metro Line 14 of Paris Métro crosses the center of Paris and currently runs between the Saint Lazare and Bibliothèque François Mitterrand stations. ... Hop umbel (branched floral structure resembling nested-inverted umbrellas) in a Hallertau hop yard Hops are a flower used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in beer, as well as in herbal medicine. ... Schnapps is a type of distilled beverage. ... Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate...

Alsatian food is synonymous with conviviality, the dishes are substantial and served in generous portions and it has one of the richest regional kitchens. The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly Sauerkraut. Sauerkraut and sausage on a plate Pickled Eisbein, served with Sauerkraut Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...

The word "Sauerkraut" in Alsatian has the form "Sûrkrût (Saurkraut)", which means "sour cabbage" as its German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...

To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish.

Traditionally it is served with pork, Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages or a selection of pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

Additionally, Alsace is known for its fruit juices and mineral waters.

A Jewish influence can also be noted in its goods, and in the names of them, through the Yiddish language.

Architecture

Colmar's old town

The traditional habitat of the Alsatian lowland consists of houses constructed with walls in half-timbering and cob and roofing in flat tiles. This type of construction can be seen in other areas of France, but their particular abundance in Alsace is owed to several reasons: Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,280 × 960 pixels, file size: 592 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,280 × 960 pixels, file size: 592 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ...

1. The proximity to the Vosges where the wood can be found.
2. Wood was used more than stone because it resisted earthquakes better, due to its greater flexibility.
3. During periods of war and bubonic plague, villages were often burned down, so to prevent the collapse of the upper floors, stone ground floors were built and the upper floors built in half-timberings to prevent the spread of fire.
4. During most of the part of its history, a great part of Alsace was flooded by the Rhine every year. Half-timbered houses were easy to knock down and to move around during those times (a day was necessary to move it and a day to rebuild it in another place).

However, half-timbering was found to increase the risk of fire, which is why from the 19th century, it began to be rendered. In recent times, villagers started to paint the rendering white in accordance with Beaux-Arts movements. To discourage this, the régions's authorities gave financial grants to the inhabitants to paint the rendering in various colors, in order to return to the original style and many inhabitants accepted (more for financial reasons than by firm belief). Vosges is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998. ...

Symbolism

The stork is a main feature of Alsace and was the subject of many legends told to children. The bird practically disappeared around 1970, but re-population efforts are continuing. They are mostly found on roofs of houses, churches and other public buildings in Alsace. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 254 KB) La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:pt. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 254 KB) La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:pt. ... For other uses, see Stork (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Legend (disambiguation). ...

Tourism

Having been early and always densely populated, Alsace is famous for its high number of picturesque villages, churches and castles and for the various beauties of its three main towns, in spite of severe destructions suffered throughout five centuries of wars between France and Germany.

Alsace is furthermore famous for its vineyards (especially along the Route du vin from Marlenheim to Colmar) and the Vosges mountains with their thick and green forests and picturesque lakes.

Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg

The main entrance from the Ouvrage Schoenenbourg of the Maginot Line

• Old towns of Strasbourg, Colmar, Sélestat, Guebwiller, Saverne, Obernai
• Smaller cities and villages : Molsheim, Rosheim, Riquewihr, Ribeauvillé, Kaysersberg, Wissembourg, Neuwiller-lès-Saverne, Marmoutier, Rouffach, Soultz-Haut-Rhin, Hunspach, Seebach
• Churches (as main sights in otherwise less remarkable places) : Thann, Andlau, Murbach, Ebersmunster, Niederhaslach, Sigolsheim, Lautenbach, Epfig, Altorf, Ottmarsheim, Domfessel, and the fortified church at Hunawihr
• Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg
• Other castles : Ortenbourg, Hohlandsbourg, Fleckenstein, Haut-Barr (above Saverne), Saint-Ulrich (above Ribeauvillé), Lichtenberg, Wangenbourg, Castles of Eguisheim, Pflixbourg, Wasigenstein, Château d'Andlau, Grand Geroldseck, Ramstein, Wasenbourg
• Musée de l'automobile de Mulhouse
• Cité du train museum in Mulhouse
• The EDF museum in Mulhouse
• Ungersheim open air museum
• Muséee historique in Haguenau, largest musuem in Bas-Rhin outside of Strasbourg
• Bibliothèque humaniste in Sélestat, one of the oldest public libraries in the world
• Christmas markets in Kaysersberg, Strasbourg, Mulhouse and Colmar
• Departmental Centre of the History of Families (CDHF) in Guebwiller
• Struthof concentration camp
• The Maginot Line: Ouvrage Schoenenbourg
• Mount Ste Odile
• Alsace Wine Route
• Mémorial d'Alsace-Lorraine in Schirmeck
• The Struthof, the only deportation camp on the French territory during WWII
• Famous mountains: Massif du Donon, Grand Ballon, Petit Ballon, Ballon d'Alsace, Hohneck, Hartmanswillerkopf
• National parks : Parc naturel des Vosges du Nord

Image File history File links Haut-koenigsbourg_02. ... Image File history File links Haut-koenigsbourg_02. ... View over castle and onto the Alsatian plain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 2902 KB) Summary The entrance to Ouvrage Schoenenbourg along the Maginot Line in Alsace. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 2902 KB) Summary The entrance to Ouvrage Schoenenbourg along the Maginot Line in Alsace. ... Template:Ébauche Ligne Maginot Template:Infobox Ligne Maginot Louvrage du Schoenenbourg est un ouvrage de la Ligne Maginot qui se situe sur les communes de Hunspach et dIngolsheim sur le Secteur Fortifié de Haguenau, dans le département du Bas-Rhin. ... The Maginot Line (IPA: [maÊ’inoː], named after French minister of defense André Maginot) was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses, which France constructed along its borders with Germany and Italy, in the light of experience from World War I... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ... Sélestat (German: Schlettstadt) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Guebwiller is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in eastern France. ... Saverne (German Zabern), a town of France in the région of Alsace, situated on the Rhine-Marne canal at the foot of a pass over the Vosges Mountains, and 45 km (27 m. ... Obernai (French: ; Alsatian: Owernah; German: ) is a town and commune in Alsace, France. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Rosheim is a small city in the Alsace, France. ... Riquewihr, known as Reichenweiher in German, is a village in Alsace that is a popular tourist attraction for its historical architecture. ... Ribeauvillé is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département, in the French région of Alsace. ... Kaysersberg (German: Kaisersberg) is a small city in the Alsace, France. ... Wissembourg (German: Weißenburg) is a small town and commune situated on the border between France and Germany, in the Alsace région, approximately 60 km north of Strasbourg. ... Marmoutier is a commune of the Bas-Rhin département, in France. ... Soultz-Haut-Rhin is a French town, located in the département of Haut-Rhin and the region Alsace. ... Seebach is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. ... Position of Thann Thann is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Haut-Rhin département, in France. ... Andlau is a commune in the French département of Bas-Rhin. ... Church of St. ... Lautenbach is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. ... 1908 postcard of Altorf Altorf (German Altdorf) is a town and commune in the French region Alsace and part of the Bas-Rhin département. ... View over castle and onto the Alsatian plain. ... A window in Eguisheim, with an inscription in Alsatian Eguisheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ... The Château dAndlau is a medieval castle in the commune of Andlau, in the Bas-Rhin département of France. ... Électricité de France (EDF) is the main electricity generation and distribution company in France. ... Haguenau (German: Hagenau) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Erfurt, Germany A Christmas market, also known as Christkindlmarkt, Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlmarket, and Weihnachtsmarkt, is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas. ... Camp entrance Natzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located close to the Alsatian village of Natzwiller (German Natzweiler) in France about 50 km south west from the city of Strasbourg. ... The Maginot Line (IPA: [maÊ’inoː], named after French minister of defense André Maginot) was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses, which France constructed along its borders with Germany and Italy, in the light of experience from World War I... Template:Ébauche Ligne Maginot Template:Infobox Ligne Maginot Louvrage du Schoenenbourg est un ouvrage de la Ligne Maginot qui se situe sur les communes de Hunspach et dIngolsheim sur le Secteur Fortifié de Haguenau, dans le département du Bas-Rhin. ... Saint Odile in Dompeter - Alsace Saint Odile (or Odilia) (Obernai, Dept. ... Schirmeck is a commune of the Bas-Rhin département, in France. ... Camp entrance Natzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located close to the Alsatian village of Natzwiller (German Natzweiler) in France about 50 km south west from the city of Strasbourg. ... This article is about national parks. ...

Administration

Main article: Alsace Regional Council

The Alsace Regional Council is the Conseil régional of Alsace (France). ...

Famous Alsatians

Frédéric Bartholdi

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Statue of Liberty, his most famous work Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. ... Paul Appell (September 27, 1855 in Strasbourg – October 24, 1930 in Paris), also known as Paul Appel, was a French mathematician and Rector of the University of Paris. ... Hans (Jean) Arp (September 16, 1886 – June 7, 1966) was a German-French sculptor, painter, and poet. ... The Statue of Liberty, his most famous work Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. ... Max Bense Max Bense ---- (more info) Stage 3 : Proofreaders Needed (How-to) RCS (talk) 07:41, 30 November 2007 (UTC) already available in 6 different wiki-languages Tirkfltalk 100%   08:15, 30 November 2007 (UTC) Join this translation   ---   Update this information (instructions)   Max Bense (born February 7, 1910 in Strasbourg... Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced bay-tuh; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005), was a German-American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. ... Brandt at the Doctors Trial Karl Brandt (January 8, 1904 – June 2, 1948) was the personal physician of Adolf Hitler and headed the administration of the Nazi euthanasia programme from 1939. ... A portrait of Sebastian Brant Sebastian Brant (also Brandt) (1457 – May 10, 1521), German humanist and satirist, was born in Strasbourg. ... Martin Bucer Martin Bucer (or Butzer, Latin Martinus Buccer, Martinus Bucerus ) (November 11, 1491 – February 28, 1551) was a German Protestant reformer. ... Mireille Delunsch (born 1962 in Mulhouse) is a french opera singer (soprano). ... Doré photographed by Felix Nadar. ... Alfred Dreyfus in an army uniform. ... Blessed Charles de Foucauld (1858-1916). ... Charles Friedel (March 12, 1832 – April 20, 1899) was a French chemist and mineralogist. ... Georges Friedel (born 19 July 1865 in Mulhouse; died 11 December 1933 in Strasbourg) was a French Mineralogist and Crystallographer. ... Charles Frédéric Girard (March 8, 1822 - January 29, 1895) was a French biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology. ... Portrait of Gottfried von Strassburg from the Codex Manesse (Folio 364r). ... Alfred Kastler (May 3, 1902 - January 7, 1984) is a French physicist, born in Guebwiller, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1966. ... Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg (March 16, 1445 – March 10, 1510), Swiss-born preacher, considered one of the greatest of the popular preachers of the 15th century. ... François Christophe de Kellermann François Christophe Kellermann or de Kellermann (28 May 1735 - 23 September 1820), duke of Valmy and marshal of France, came of a Saxon family, long settled in Strassburg and ennobled. ... Jean Baptiste Kléber Jean Baptiste Kléber (9 March 1753 - 14 June 1800) was a French general. ... Katia Krafft (17 April 1942 – 3 June 1991) and her husband, Maurice Krafft ( 25 March 1946 – 3 June 1991) were French vulcanologists who died in a pyroclastic flow on Mt Unzen, in Japan, on June 3, 1991. ... Johann Heinrich Lambert Johann Heinrich Lambert (August 26, 1728 – September 25, 1777), was a mathematician, physicist and astronomer. ... Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French chemist. ... Leo IX, born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg (June 21, 1002 – April 19, 1054) was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. ... Julius Leber (born 16 November 1891 in Biesheim, Alsace), died 5 January 1945 in Berlin) was a German politician and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime. ... Sébastien Loeb (born February 26, 1974) is a French rally driver and winner, with co-driver Daniel Elena, of the World Rally Drivers Championship title in 2004, 2005 and 2006 and of a record ten World Rallies in 2005. ... Lord Howes action, or the Glorious First of June, painted 1795 Philip James de Loutherbourg, also seen as Philippe-Jacques and Philipp Jakob and with the appellation the Younger (31 October 1740 – 11 March 1812) was an English artist of French origin. ... Marcel Marceau (born Marcel Mangel) (March 22, 1923 – September 22, 2007) was a well-known mime artist, among the most popular representatives of this art form world-wide. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Charles Münch (September 26, 1891 – November 6, 1968) was a French conductor and violinist. ... Viktor Nessler (born Baldenheim bei Schlettstadt, Alsace, 28 January 1841 - died Strasbourg, 28 May 1890) was an Alsatian composer who worked mainly in Leipzig. ... Jean-Frédéric Oberlin (German: Johann Friedrich Oberlin) (August 3, 1740 - June 1, 1826) was an Alsatian pastor and philanthropist. ... François-Joseph Offenstein (Erstein in Alsace, July 27th 1760 - Mouzay September 27th 1837) was a general during the French Revolutionary Wars and the first Empire // Son of François-Joseph Offenstein (butcher in Erstein) and of Catherine Reibel, he grew up under the french Ancien Régime before joining... Beatus Rhenanus (also known as Beatus Bild; 22 August 1485 in Schlettstadt, Alsace-20 July 1547 in Strasbourg), was a German humanist, religious reformer, and classical scholar. ... c. ... Albert Schweitzer, M.D., OM, (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965), was an Alsatian theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. ... Still life with basket of glasses Sebastian (or Sébastien) Stoskopff (Strasbourg, July 13, 1597 - Idstein, February 10, 1657) was an alsacian painter of still lives. ... Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck (August 10, 1489 - October 30, 1553), German statesman and reformer, was born at Strasbourg, where his father, Martin Sturm, was a person of some importance. ... Tomi (Jean-Thomas) Ungerer, (November 28, 1931 - ) is a French illustrator best known for his erotic and political illustrations as well as childrens books. ... Jean-Jacques Waltz (b. ... Arsène Wenger OBE (born October 22, 1949 in Strasbourg) is a French football manager. ... Alfred Werner (December 12, 1866 - November 15, 1919) was a German Nobel prize-winning chemist. ... Bob Wollek was a race car driver from Strasbourg, France. ... William Wyler (July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a prolific, Oscar-winning motion picture director. ...

Major communities

Bischheim is a commune in the department of Bas-Rhin in Alsace, France with a population of 16,763. ... Petite Venise Colmar is a town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département of Alsace, France. ... Guebwiller is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in eastern France. ... Haguenau (German: Hagenau) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Illkirch-Graffenstaden is a commune of the Bas-Rhin département, in Alsace, France. ... Illzach is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France. ... Lingolsheim is a city near Strasbourg in the French department of Bas-Rhin in Alsace. ... Mulhouse (French: , pronounced ; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced ; German: ; i. ... Saint-Louis is a town and commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in Alsace, France. ... Saverne (German Zabern), a town of France in the région of Alsace, situated on the Rhine-Marne canal at the foot of a pass over the Vosges Mountains, and 45 km (27 m. ... Schiltigheim is a city in Bas-Rhin département, Alsace, France, near Strasbourg. ... Sélestat (German: Schlettstadt) is a commune of northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ...

Sister provinces

There is an accord de coopération internationale between Alsace and the following regions ^[1] :

• Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
• Lower Silesia, Poland
• Quebec, Canada
• Jiangsu, China
• Moscow, Russia
• Vest, Romania

Gyeongsangbuk-do (North Gyeongsang) is a province in eastern South Korea. ... Lower Silesian Voivodeship. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ...   (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ... Moscow Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) officially established on January 14, 1929. ... Vest (West) is a development region in Romania. ...

See also

• Alsace-Lorraine
• Elsässisches Fahnenlied, anthemn of 1911

Imperial Province of Elsaß-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... Flag of 1918 The Elsässisches Fahnenlied (The Alsatian Flags song) was written by Emil Woerth (1870-1926) in German when the Alsace was part of the German Empire (1871-1918). ...

References

Bibliography

• Schwengler, Bernard: Le Syndrome Alsacien, 158 p., Éditions Oberlin, Strasbourg 1989. ISBN 2-85369-096-2
• Das Elsass. Ein literarischer Reisebegleiter, 251 S., mehr. Abb. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 2001. ISBN 3-4583-4446-2 − Elsässische Impressionen von fünfzig Schriftsteller/-innen aus fünf Jahrhunderten
• Assall, Paul: Juden im Elsass, 252 S., zahlr. SW-Abb. Rio Verlag, Zürich. ISBN 3-907668-00-6
• Erbe, Michael (Hrsg.): Das Elsass. Historische Landschaft im Wandel der Zeiten, 198 S., Ill., Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2002. ISBN 3-17-015771-X
• Faber, Gustav: Elsass. Artemis-Cicerone Kunst- und Reiseführer, München 1989 (vergriffen)
• Gerson, Daniel: Die Kehrseite der Emanzipation in Frankreich. Judenfeindschaft im Elsass 1778 bis 1848, 332 S. Klartext, Essen 2006. ISBN 3-89861-408-5
• Haeberlin, Marc: Elsass, meine große Liebe, 279 S., zahlr. Farbfotos. Orselina, La Tavola 2004. ISBN 3-9099-0908-6
  − Rezension über das „Schlaraffenland“ Elsass
• Herden, Ralf Bernd: Straßburg Belagerung 1870", 198 S., mit zeitgenössischen Bildern und Anekdoten um das Elsaß und seine wechselvolleGeschichte,BoD Norderstedt 2007, ISBN 978-3-8334-5147-8
• Mehling, Marianne (Hrsg.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Elsaß, 259 S., überw. ill. Droemer Knaur, München 1984. (vergriffen)
• Schreiber, Hermann: Das Elsaß und seine Geschichte, eine Kulturlandschaft im Spannungsfeld zweier Völker, 358 S., ill. Weltbild, Augsburg 1996. (vergriffen)
• Ungerer, Tomi (2004): Elsass. Das offene Herz Europas, DNA, 48 S., 40 farb. Abb. Édition La Nuée Bleue, Straßburg. ISBN 2-7165-0618-3
• Ungerer, Tomi / Brison, Danièle / Schneider, Tony: Die elsässische Küche. 60 Rezepte aus der Weinstube L'Arsenal, ill. von Tomi Ungerer, 120 S., 60 Abb., gebunden. Édition DNA, Straßburg 1994. ISBN 2-7165-0341-9
• Vogler, Bernard / Lersch, Hermann: Das Elsass, 127 S., 240 meist farb. Abb. Éditions Ouest-France, Morstadt 2000. ISBN 3-8857-1260-1

Tomi (Jean-Thomas) Ungerer, (November 28, 1931 - ) is a French illustrator best known for his erotic and political illustrations as well as childrens books. ...

Footnotes

External links

• Tourism-Alsace.com Infos from the Alsace Tourism Board
• Official website of the Alsace regional council
• Alsace at the Open Directory Project

• Statistics and figures on Alsace on the website of the INSEE
• Alsace.net: Directory of Alsatian Websites (French)
• Jews and Judaism in Alsace (French)
• The museums of Alsace
• Churches and chapels of Alsace (pictures only)
• Medieval castles of Alsace (pictures only)
• Synagogues of Alsace (French)
• The organs of Alsace
• The Alsacian Library of the Crédit Mutuel

v • d • e  Regions of France

Alsace • Aquitaine • Auvergne • Bourgogne • Bretagne • Centre • Champagne-Ardenne • Corsica • Franche-Comté • Île-de-France • Languedoc-Roussillon • Limousin • Lorraine • Midi-Pyrénées • Nord-Pas de Calais • Basse-Normandie • Haute-Normandie • Pays de la Loire • Picardie • Poitou-Charentes • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur • Rhône-Alpes Overseas regions: French Guiana • Guadeloupe • Martinique • Réunion

Coordinates: 48°30′N, 7°30′E The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from , its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ... INSEE is the French abbreviation for the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (French: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Statistics Land area1 41,308 km² Population (Ranked 6th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Clermont-Ferrand Regional President René Souchon (PS) (since 2006) Departments Allier Cantal Haute-Loire Puy-de-Dôme Arrondissements 14 Cantons 158 Communes 1,310 Statistics Land area1 26,013 km² Population (Ranked 19th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Yonne Côte-dOr Nièvre Saône-et-Loire Arrondissements 15 Cantons 174 Communes 2,045 Statistics Land area1 31,582 km² Population (Ranked 16th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Rennes Regional President Jean-Yves Le Drian (PS) (since 2004) Departments Côtes-dArmor Ille-et-Vilaine Morbihan Finistère Arrondissements 15 Cantons 201 Communes 1,268 Statistics Land area1 27,208 km² Population (Ranked 7th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Cher Eure-et-Loir Indre Indre-et-Loire Loir-et-Cher Loiret Arrondissements 20 Cantons 198 Communes 1,842 Statistics Land area1 39,151 km² Population (Ranked 9th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Aube Ardennes Haute-Marne Marne Arrondissements 15 Cantons 146 Communes 1,947 Statistics Land area1 25,606 km² Population (Ranked 18th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Doubs Haute-Saône Jura Territoire de Belfort Arrondissements 8 Cantons 116 Communes 1,786 Statistics Land area1 16,202 km² Population (Ranked 20th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Essonne Hauts-de-Seine Paris Seine-Saint-Denis Seine-et-Marne Val-de-Marne Val-dOise Yvelines Arrondissements 25 Cantons 317 Communes 1,281 Statistics Land area1 12,012 km² Population (Ranked 1st)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Aude Gard Hérault Lozère Pyrénées-Orientales Arrondissements 14 Cantons 186 Communes 1,545 Statistics Land area1 27,376 km² Population (Ranked 10th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... This article is about the modern French region of Limousin. ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges Arrondissements 19 Cantons 157 Communes 2,337 Statistics Land area1 23,547 km² Population (Ranked 11th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Occitan cross) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Ariège Aveyron Gers Haute-Garonne Hautes-Pyrénées Lot Tarn Tarn-et-Garonne Arrondissements 22 Cantons 293 Communes 3,020 Statistics Land area1 45,348 km² Population (Ranked 8th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Nord Pas-de-Calais Arrondissements 13 Cantons 156 Communes 1,546 Statistics Land area1 12,414 km² Population (Ranked 4th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... Capital Caen Land area¹ 17,589 km² Regional President Philippe Duron (PS) (since 2004) Population  - Jan. ... Capital Rouen Land area¹ 12,318 km² Regional President Alain Le Vern (PS) (since 1998) Population  - Jan. ... Capital Nantes Land area¹ 32,082 km² Regional President Jacques Auxiette (PS) (since 2004) Population  - Jan. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Amiens Regional President Claude Gewerc (PS) (since 2004) Departments Aisne Oise Somme Arrondissements 13 Cantons 129 Communes 2,292 Statistics Land area1 19,399 km² Population (Ranked 12th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... Categories: Stub | Regions of France ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Alpes-Maritimes Bouches-du-Rhône Hautes-Alpes Var Vaucluse Arrondissements 18 Cantons 237 Communes 963 Statistics Land area1 31,400 km² Population (Ranked 3rd)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... (Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Lyon Regional President Jean-Jack Queyranne (PS) (since 2004) Departments Ain Ardèche Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute-Savoie Arrondissements 25 Cantons 335 Communes 2,879 Statistics Land area1 43,698 km² Population (Ranked 2nd)  - January 1, 2006... Overseas region (French: Région doutre-mer), is a recent designation given to the overseas departments which have similar powers to those of the regions of metropolitan France. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...