Amanita muscaria
A. muscaria showing various growth stages.
Conservation status
Secure
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Subclass: Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Amanitaceae Genus: Amanita Species: A. muscaria
Binomial name
Amanita muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hook.

Amanita muscaria mycological characteristics:   gills on hymenium     cap is flat or convex Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 1431 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Amanita muscaria Talk:Amanita muscaria Basidiocarp Sporocarp (fungi) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Subphyla/Classes Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Agaricomycotina Incertae sedis (no phylum) Wallemiomycetes Entorrhizomycetes Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla, that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the Higher Fungi within the Kingdom Fungi. ... Hymenomycetes are a class of fungi within the genus basidiomycota. ... Hymenomycete are a type of fungi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Genera Amanita Limacella Torrendia Amanitaceae is a family of fungi or mushrooms. ... Species 600, see List of Amanita species Synonyms Aspidella The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Drawn image of Elias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (August 15, 1794 – February 8, 1878) was a Swedish botanist born at Femsjö in Smalandia. ... Sir William Jackson Hooker (July 6, 1785 - August 12, 1865) was an English botanist. ... Image File history File links Gills_icon. ... Classes Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms Heterobasidiomycetes - jelly fungi The Subdivision Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes) is one of three taxa of the fungal Division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia). ... Image File history File links Flat_cap_icon. ... Image File history File links Convex_cap_icon. ... The cap of a fungal fruiting body. ... The cap of a fungal fruiting body. ...   hymenium is free Image File history File links Free_gills_icon2. ... Classes Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms Heterobasidiomycetes - jelly fungi The Subdivision Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes) is one of three taxa of the fungal Division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia). ...   stipe has a ring and volva Image File history File links Ring_and_volva_stipe_icon. ... Diagram of a basidiomycete stipe with a annulus and vulva In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. ...   spore print is white Image File history File links White_spore_print_icon. ... Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. ...   ecology is mycorrhizal Image File history File links Mycorrhizal_ecology_icon. ... A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural form mycorrhizae meaning fungus roots) is a distinct type of root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant. ...     edibility: poisonous or psychoactive Image File history File links Poisonous_toxicity_icon. ... Image File history File links Psychoactive_toxicity_icon. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... Psychedelic mushrooms is a general term for fungi that contain psychoactive substances. ...

Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly Amanita, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally conveyed to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large imposing white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Though generally considered poisonous, Amanita muscaria is otherwise famed for its hallucinogenic properties with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. The mushroom has had a religious significance in Siberian culture and possibly also in ancient Indian and Scandinavian cultures. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Classes Subdivision Teliomycotina    Urediniomycetes Subdivision Ustilaginomycotina    Ustilaginomycetes Subdivision Hymenomycotina    Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms The Division Basidiomycota is a large taxon within the Kingdom Fungi that includes those species that produce spores in a club_shaped structure called a basidium. ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Species 600, see List of Amanita species Synonyms Aspidella The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide. ... For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... Boreal may refer to these: Northern from the eponymous Boreas, god of the North Wind in Greek mythology. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant. ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... Hallucinogenic drugs or hallucinogens are drugs that can alter sensory perceptions, elicit alternate states of consciousness, or cause hallucinations. ... Muscimol (Agarin, Pantherine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. ...

The common name in English is thought to have been derived from its European use as an insecticide, sprinkled in milk.^[1] The fly-killing agent is now known to be ibotenic acid.^[2] Another compound isolated from the fungus is 1,3-diolein which is an insect attractor.^{[3] [4]} An alternative derivation proposes that the term fly- refers not to insects as such but rather the delirium resulting from consumption of the fungus. This is based on the medieval belief that flies could enter a person's head and cause mental illness.^[5] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... Categories: Stub | Amino acids ... This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ...

Taxonomy and naming

Similar to its English common name, the German, Fliegenpilz, Dutch Vliegenzwam, Swedish Röd flugsvamp, Danish Rød fluesvamp, Finnish punakärpässieni, Polish muchomór, Slovak muchotrávka, Hungarian légyölő galóca and French Amanite tue-mouches, are derived from its use in Europe as an insecticide, sprinkled in milk. This practice has been recorded from Germanic- (bar England) and Slavic-speaking parts of Europe, as well as the bilingual Vosges region and pockets elsewhere in France, and Romania.^[6] Albertus Magnus was the first to record it in his work De vegetabilibus sometime before 1256,^[7] commenting: The Slovak language (slovenčina, slovenský jazyk), sometimes referred to as Slovakian, is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Slavic languages (together with Czech, Polish, Kashubian and Sorbian). ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Vosges is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. ... Albertus Magnus (b. ...

vocatur fungus muscarum, eo quod in lacte pulverizatus interficit muscas
("It is called the mushroom of flies, because crushed in milk it kills flies")^[8]

The 16th century Flemish botanist Charles de l'Écluse localised the practice to Frankfurt in Germany,^[9] while the father of taxonomy Linnaeus reported it from Småland in southern Sweden where he had lived as a child.^[10] He officially described it in Volume Two of his Species Plantarum in 1753, giving it the name Agaricus muscarius,^[11] the specific epithet deriving from Latin musca meaning "fly".^[12] It gained its current name in 1783, when placed in the genus Amanita by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries. English mycologist John Ramsbottom reported it was used for getting rid of bugs in England and Sweden, and bug agaric was an old alternate name.^[8] French mycologist Pierre Bulliard tried to replicate its fly-killing properties without success in his work Histoire des plantes vénéneuses et suspectes de la France, and proposed a new binomial name Agaricus pseudo-aurantiacus because of this.^[13] Charles de lÉcluse Charles de lÉcluse, LEscluse, or Carolus Clusius (Arras, February 19, 1526–Leiden April 4, 1609), seigneur de Watènes, was the Flemish doctor and pioneering botanist, perhaps the most influential of all 16th century scientific horticulturists. ...   (German: , English: American English: ) is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a mid-2007 population of 663,567. ... A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden. ... Writing the Species Plantarum was one of Carolus Linnaeus two great contributions to the Scientific community. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Species 600, see List of Amanita species Synonyms Aspidella The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide. ... Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1, 1744 – December 18, 1829) was a French soldier, naturalist, academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ... Drawn image of Elias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (August 15, 1794 – February 8, 1878) was a Swedish botanist born at Femsjö in Smalandia. ...

An alternative derivation proposes that the term fly- refers not to insects as such but rather the delirium resulting from consumption of the fungus. This is based on the medieval belief that flies could enter a person's head and cause mental illness.^[5] Several regional names appear to be linked with this connotation, meaning either 'mad- or 'fool's Amanita caesarea. Hence there is oriol foll 'mad oriol' in Catalan, mujolo folo from Toulouse, concourlo fouolo from the Aveyron department in Southern France, ovolo matto from the Province of Trento in Italy. A local dialect name in Fribourg in Switzerland is tsapi de diablhou 'Devil's hat'.^[14] This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-Pyrénées Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc  (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land... Aveyron (Occitan: Avairon) is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River. ... Trento (Italian: Provincia autonoma di Trento, German: Autonome Provinz Trient) is an autonomous province in the autonomous Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy. ... Fribourg (French), (German: or , often Fribourg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district of Sarine. ...

The word toadstool in English does not refer to any particular species, yet it has a more definite specific connotation with A. muscaria in continental Europe. Yet another name is crapaudin in many parts of France, and a Basque term from Guipúzcoa and Biscay is amoroto, all alluding to toads.^[15] Finally, a common name from China is ha-ma chün 'toad mushroom' (蛤蟆菌). Interestingly, the toad lacks the negative connotations in chinese culture and symbolism.^[16] Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Guipuscoa province. ... For other uses, see Biscay (disambiguation). ...

Wasson proposed this was due to its being a shamanic and also taboo object and hence unable to be named specifically in ancient Celtic culture.^[17] He speculates that the power of this taboo may have perpetuated its malign reputation while other lethal fungi such as the death cap (A. phalloides) have had little cultural connotations throughout European history.^[18] This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (Vaill. ...

Ethnobotanist and ethnomycologist Giorgio Samorini has proposed a symbiotic relationship between toads, flies and the fly agaric. After a lick of A. muscaria, flies become inebriated and delirious prey for hungry toads that may have learned this, therefore hanging out around toadstools. This relationship within nature illuminates an etymological keystone and example of zoopharmacognosy. This would also provide further biosemiotic insight into the ancient mystery of toads, flies and mushrooms appearing together in popular mythology and fairy lore.^[19] However it is more commonly thought that toads are associated with the mushroom because they symbolise toxicity and chthonic forces in the same way that serpents do.^[20] An ethnobotanist is an ethnologist who studies relationships between people from various cultures and their plants. ... Giorgio Samorini Giorgio Samorini (born in 1957, in Bologna, Italy) is an ethnobotanist and psychedelics researcher. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ... Zoopharmacognosy is the use of drugs by animals. ... Biosemiotics (bios=life & semion=sign) is a growing field that studies the production, action and interpretation of signs in the physical and biologic realms in an attempt to integrate the findings of scientific biology and semiotics to form a new view of life and meaning as immanent features of the... For other uses, see Chthon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Serpent (disambiguation). ...

Classification

Amanita muscaria is the type species of the genus Amanita. By extension, it is also the type species of Amanita subgenus Amanita, as well as section Amanita within this subgenus. Amanita subgenus Amanita includes all Amanita with inamyloid spores. Amanita section Amanita includes those species with patchy universal veil remnants, including a volva that is reduced to a series of concentric rings and the veil remnants on the pileus being a series of patches or warts. Most species in this group also have a bulbous base.^{[21] [22]} A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus). ... In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic grade intermediate between genus and species. ... In botanical nomenclature, a taxon is usually assigned to a rank in a hierarchy. ... The Universal veil is a mycological term to describe a cup like structure that appears in some gilled mushrooms. ... Pileus may mean: In science: Pileus (mycology), the cap of a mushroom. ...

Amanita section Amanita consists of A. muscaria and its close relatives, including A. pantherina (the panther cap), Amanita gemmata, A. farinosa, and A. xanthocephala.^[23] Modern fungal taxonomists have classified Amanita muscaria and its allies this way based on gross morphology and spore inamyloidy. Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed this classification as natural.^{[24] [25]} Binomial name Amanita pantherina Amanita pantherina is a North American fungus. ... The Amanita Gemmata is a mushroom of the Amanita genus, a genus of fungi inclusive of some of the most deadly mushrooms, as well as notably psychedelic mushrooms. ... Binomial name Amanita farinosa (Schw. ... The Vermilion grisette, also known as Pretty grisette or Vermilion Amanita (Amanita xanthocephala) is a colourful mushroom of the genus Amanita notable for containing some of the worlds most poisonous fungi. ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into molecular systematics. ...

Amanita muscaria var. guessowii has a yellow cap surface.
Middlesex Fells, Massachusetts

Amanita muscaria varies considerably in its morphology and many authorities recognize a number of subspecies or varieties within the species. In The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, Rolf Singer listed three subspecies, though without description: A. muscaria ssp. muscaria, A. muscaria ssp. americana, and A. muscaria ssp. flavivolvata.^[21] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x1500, 1615 KB) Summary Amanita muscaria var. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x1500, 1615 KB) Summary Amanita muscaria var. ... A cliff in the Fells. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Contemporary authorities recognize up to seven varieties:

• var. muscaria, the typical red-and-white spotted variety. Some authorities, such as Rodham Tulloss, only use this name for Eurasian and western Alaskan populations.^{[22] [26]}
• var. flavivolvata is red, with yellow to yellowish-white warts, and occurs in the western regions of the North American continent, from southern Alaska down through the Rocky Mountains, through Central America, to at least Andean Colombia. Rodham Tulloss uses this name to describe all "typical" A. muscaria from indigenous New World populations from Alaska southward.^{[22] [27]}
• var. alba, an uncommon fungus, has a white to silvery white cap with white warts but otherwise similar to the usual form.^{[22] [28]}
• var. formosa, has a yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish or tan warts and stem. Some authorities use this name for all A. muscaria fitting this description worldwide (cf, Jenkins), others (cf, Tulloss) restrict its use to Eurasian populations.^{[22] [29]}
• var. guessowii is yellow to orange, with center of cap more orange or reddish orange than the outer part. It is found throughout North America, but is most common in northeastern North America, from Newfoundland and Quebec down to Tennessee. Some authorities (cf, Jenkins) treat these populations as part of A. muscaria var. formosa, while others (cf, Tulloss) recognize it as a distinct variety.^{[22] [29]}
• var. persicina is pinkish to orangish "melon" colored with poorly formed or absent remnants of universal veil on the stem and vasal bulb, known from the Southeastern Coastal areas of the U.S.A, described in 1977.^{[22] [30]}
• var. regalis (= Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael), from Scandinavia and Alaska,^[31] is liver-brown and has yellow warts. It appears to be uniformly distinctive and some authorities (cf, Tulloss) treat it as a separate species, while others (cf, Jenkins) treat it as a variety of A. muscaria.^{[22] [32]}

A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of different regional populations of A. muscaria by Geml, et al. found three distinct clades within this species representing, roughly, Eurasian, Eurasian "subalpine", and North American populations. (Alaska contains examples of all three clades, leading to the hypothesis that this was the center of diversification of this species.) The study also looked at four named varieties of this species; var. alba, var. flavivolvata, var. formosa (including var. guessowii), and var. regalis from both areas. All four varieties were found within both the Eurasian and North American clades, evidence that these morphological forms are simply polymorphisms found throughout the species rather than distinct subspecies or varieties.^[33] For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ... In biology, polymorphism can be defined as the occurrence in the same habitat of two or more forms of a trait in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation alone. ...

Description

A mature Amanita muscaria near Tyndrum, Scotland, showing a flat pileus

A large conspicuous mushroom, Amanita muscaria is generally common and numerous where it grows, often being found in groups with basidiocarps in all stages of development. Fully grown, the bright red cap is usually around 8-20 cm (3-8 in) in diameter, though larger specimens have been found. The red colour may fade after rain and in older mushrooms. After emerging from the ground, the cap is covered with numerous small white to yellow flecks (warts) which are remnants of the universal veil, a membrane that encloses the entire mushroom when it is still very young. The gills are white, as is the spore print. The stem is white, 5-20 cm high (approximately 2-8 in), with a basal bulb that bears universal veil remnants (more or less distinct rings or ruffs), and has the slightly brittle, fibrous texture typical of many large mushrooms. Between the basal universal veil remnants and gills are remnants of the partial veil (which covers the gills during development) in the form of a white ring. It can be quite wide and flaccid with age. There is generally no associated smell other than a mild earthiness.^[34] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1605x1938, 769 KB) Amanita muscaria near Tyndrum, Scotland. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1605x1938, 769 KB) Amanita muscaria near Tyndrum, Scotland. ... Tyndrum (Taigh an Droma in Gaelic) is a small village in Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... For other uses, see Mushroom (disambiguation). ... Mushroom In fungi, the fruiting body (also known as sporocarp) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. ... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial unit of length. ... The Universal veil is a mycological term to describe a cup like structure that appears in some gilled mushrooms. ... The volva is a mycological term to describe a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom which is a remnant of the Universal veil. ... Partial veil is a mycological term which describes a structure of some mushrooms which protects the developing gills or other spore-producing surface. ... An annulus is the ring like structure sometimes found on the stipe of a mushroom. ...

Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like a white egg, covered in the white warty material of the universal veil. As the fungus grows, the red colour appears through the broken veil, and the cap changes from hemispherical to plate-like and flat in mature specimens.^[35]

spores under microscopy

Though very distinctive, the fly agaric has been mistaken for other yellow to red species in the Americas such as Armillaria cf. mellea and the edible Amanita basii, a Mexican species similar to A. caesarea of Europe. Poison control centers in the U.S. and Canada are aware that amarill is a common name of A. caesarea-like species in Mexico, not just the Spanish for 'yellow'. Honey mushrooms, Armillaria Borealis (?) Honey fungus ( Armillaria sp. ... Binomial name Amanita caesarea (Scop. ...

Amanita caesarea can be distinguished as it has an entire orange red cap, lacking the numerous white warty spots of the fly agaric. Furthermore the stem, gills and ring are bright yellow, not white.^[36] Finally the volva is a distinct white bag, not broken into scales.^[37]

In Australia, the introduced fly agaric may be confused with the native vermilion grisette (Amanita xanthocephala), which grows in association with Eucalypts. The latter species generally lacks the white warts of A. muscaria and bears no ring.^[38] The Vermilion grisette, also known as Pretty grisette or Vermilion Amanita (Amanita xanthocephala) is a colourful mushroom of the genus Amanita notable for containing some of the worlds most poisonous fungi. ...

Distribution and habitat

A. muscaria in a pine woodland of Pinus sylvestris.

A. muscaria is a cosmopolitan mushroom, native to birch, pine, spruce, fir and cedar woodlands throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere,^[33] including high elevations of warmer latitudes in regions like the Hindu Kush, the Mediterranean and Central America. Interestingly, a recent molecular study proposes an ancestral origin in the Siberian–Beringian region in the Tertiary period before radiating outwards across Asia, Europe and North America.^[33] Though generally encountered in autumn, the season can vary in different climates: fruiting occurs in summer and autumn across most of North America, but later in autumn and early winter on the Pacific coast. It is often found in similar locations to Boletus edulis, and may appear in fairy rings^[39] It has been widely transported into the southern hemisphere, including Australia,^[40] New Zealand, South Africa^[41] and South America, where it usually occurs under introduced pine trees. Binomial name Pinus sylvestris L. The Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.; family Pinaceae) is a common tree ranging from Great Britain and Spain east to eastern Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as Lapland. ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... For other uses, see Pine (disambiguation). ... Species About 35; see text. ... FIR may stand for: finite impulse response (a property of some digital filters) far infrared, i. ... For other uses, see Cedar (disambiguation). ... The Hindu Kush or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1600 km (1000 miles) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the ice ages. ... Tertiary geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately 65 million to 1. ... Binomial name Boletus edulis Bull. ... One of Arthur Rackhams illustrations to William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream. ...

The fungal equivalent of a weed in southeastern Australia, it appears to have formed new associations with southern beech (Nothofagus) in Tasmania and Victoria and invading native rain forest, where there are concerns it may be displacing native species.^[42] Furthermore it appears to be spreading northwards with recent reports near Port Macquarie on the New South Wales north coast.^[43] Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ... Species Nothofagus alpina - Rauli Beech Nothofagus antarctica - Antarctic Beech Nothofagus betuloides - Magellanes Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii - Myrtle Beech Nothofagus dombeyi - Coigüe Beech Nothofagus fusca - Red Beech Nothofagus gunnii - Tanglefoot Beech Nothofagus menziesii - Silver Beech Nothofagus moorei - Negrohead Beech Nothofagus obliqua - Roble Beech Nothofagus pumilio - Lenga Beech Nothofagus solanderi - Black Beech... Slogan or Nickname: Island of Inspiration; The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 5  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product... VIC redirects here. ... Apartments in Port Macquarie at twilight - Hollingworth Street, Westport. ... NSW redirects here. ...

When imported to a new country, A. muscaria can jump to native species (for example, Eucalyptus in Australia). It can then be exported with its new symbiont (for example, from Australia to Argentina). This article is about the plant genus. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ...

Toxicity

Victims of Amanita muscaria poisoning are generally either young children or people ingesting it for a hallucinogenic experience. Occasionally, immature button forms have been mistaken for edible puffballs.^[44] About 1 g (0.04 oz) of A. muscaria or 50-100 mg ibotenic acid is considered a toxic dose.^{[45] [46]} Ibotenic acid, a compound present in A. muscaria, has shown to be highly neurotoxic when injected directly into the brains of mice and rats.^[47] For the 2007 motion picture, see Puffball (film). ... Categories: Stub | Amino acids ... A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. ...

Deaths from A. muscaria are extremely rare. A historical journal article reported two fatalities occurring in North America. ^[48] With modern medical treatment the prognosis is generally good.^[49] A fatal dose has been calculated at approximately 15 fly agaric caps,^[50] although the amount and ratio of chemical compounds per mushroom varies widely from region to region, season to season, further confusing the issue. It has been reported that spring and summer mushrooms may contain up to 10 times as much ibotenic acid and muscimol compared to fall fruitings.^[51] Many older books mistakenly list it as deadly, giving the impression that it is far more toxic than it really is.^[52] The vast majority of mushroom poisoning fatalities (90% or more) are from having eaten either the greenish to yellowish death cap (A. phalloides) or one of the several Amanita species known as destroying angel.^[53] The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... Binomial name (Vaill. ... Binomial name Amanita virosa Lam. ...

The active constituents of this species are water soluble, and boiling and then discarding the cooking water will at least partly detoxify A. muscaria. However, drying may increase potency as the process facilitates the conversion of ibotenic acid to the more potent muscimol.^[54] According to some sources, once detoxified, the mushroom becomes edible.^[55] In Sanada, Japan, fly agarics are detoxified by pickling them. ^[56] For other uses, see Pickle. ...

Biochemistry

Amanita muscaria contains a number of biologically active agents, at least two of which are known to be psychoactive. Muscimol (3hydroxy-5-aminomethy-1 isoxazole, an unsaturated cyclic hydroxamic acid) is the most significant. It is the product of the decarboxylation or drying of ibotenic acid, another important compound in the biochemistry of the fly agaric. Muscarine, discovered in 1869,^[57] was long thought to be the active hallucinogenic agent in A. muscaria until the mid 20th century,^{[58] [59]} when researchers in England,^[60] Japan,^[61] and Switzerland^[62] recognized that these effects were due mainly to ibotenic acid and muscimol.^[3] A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Muscimol (Agarin, Pantherine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. ... The general structure of a hydroxamic acid A hydroxamic acid is a class of chemical compounds sharing the same functional group in which an amine is inserted into an carboxylic acid. ... A Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group (-COOH) is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide (CO2). ... Categories: Stub | Amino acids ... Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Ibotenic acid and muscimol are structurally related to two major neurotransmitters of the central nervous system: glutamic acid and GABA respectively. Ibotenic acid and muscimol act like these neurotransmitters (muscimol is a potent GABA_A agonist) which are involved in the control of neuronal activity. It is these interactions which are thought to cause the psychoactive effects found in intoxication. Following ingestion some of the ibotenic acid is metabolised to muscimol which would appear to be the agent responsible for the majority of the psychoactivity.^[5][63] When muscimol is administered, it has been shown active in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum.^{[citation needed]} Categories: Stub | Amino acids ... Muscimol (Agarin, Pantherine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. ... Glutamic acid (Glu, E), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). ... Gaba may refer to: Gabâ or gabaa (Philippines), the concept of negative karma of the Cebuano people GABA, the gamma-amino-butyric acid neurotransmitter GABA receptor, in biology, receptors with GABA as their endogenous ligand Gaba 1 to 1, an English conversational school in Japan Marianne Gaba, a US model... The GABAA receptor is one of the three ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Agonists An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell. ... For other uses, see Cortex. ... For other uses, see Hippocampus (disambiguation). ... The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. ...

Muscazone is another compound more recently isolated from European specimens of the fly agaric. It is a product of the breakdown of ibotenic acid by ultra-violet radiation.^[64] It is of minor pharmacological activity compared with the other agents.^[5] Categories: Stub | Amino acids ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Bioactivity. ...

Muscarine binds with Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and lead to the excitation of the neurons bearing these receptors. The levels in Amanita muscaria are minute when compared with other poisonous fungi,^[65] such as the deadly Inocybe erubescens or small white Clitocybe species C. dealbata and C. rivulosa, and are too insignificant to play a role in the symptoms of poisoning.^[66] Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata. ... Amanita muscaria from which muscarine was isolated Acetylcholine - natural agonist of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. ... Hundreds of species of mushrooms compose the genus Clitocybe. ... Binomial name Clitocybe dealbata (Sowerby) Gillet (1874) The ivory funnel (Clitocybe dealbata) is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. ...

Amanita muscaria growing in autumn Scottish woodland

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the country. ... Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ...

Symptoms

Fly agarics are known for the unpredictability of their effects. Depending on habitat and the amount ingested per body weight, effects can range from nausea and twitching to drowsiness, cholinergic effects (low blood pressure, sweating and salivation), auditory and visual distortions, mood changes, euphoria, relaxation, and loss of equilibrium. Retrograde amnesia frequently results following recovery.^{[51] [67] [63]} For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Choline is an organic compound, classified as an essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. ... A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ... SWEAT is an OLN/TSN show hosted by Julie Zwillich that aired in 2003-2004. ... For the band, see Saliva (band). ... Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ... For other uses, see Vertigo. ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ...

In cases of serious poisoning it causes a delirium, characterized by bouts of marked agitation with confusion, hallucinations, and irritability followed by periods of central nervous system depression. Seizures and coma may also occur in severe poisonings.^[63] Effects typically appear after around 30 to 90 minutes and peak within three hours, but certain effects can last for a number of days. ^[45][68] In the majority of cases recovery is complete within 12 hours. The effect is highly variable and individuals can react quite differently to the similar doses.^{[51][45] [69]} Some cases of intoxication have exhibited headaches up to ten hours afterwards.^[45] This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ... Agitation may have the following special meanings Agitation, an emotional state Agitation, putting into motion (by shaking or stirring) Agitation, a term from the lexicon of Communists: political activities aimed at urging people to do something This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... This article is about the medical condition. ... For other uses, see Coma (disambiguation). ...

Treatment

Medical attention should be sought in cases of suspected poisoning. If the delay between ingestion and treatment is less than four hours, inducing vomiting with Syrup of ipecac is warranted. However, this should be avoided if there is a reduced level of consciousness and gastric lavage performed instead. Intravenous rehydration may required for recurrent vomiting but this is rare.^[70] Syrup of Ipecac (derived from the dried rhizome and roots of the Ipecacuanha plant), is an emetic—a substance used to induce vomiting. ... Gastric lavage, also commonly called a stomach pump, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the stomach. ...

Psychoactive use

A basket of A. muscaria.

Unlike the hallucinogenic mushrooms of the Psilocybe, Amanita muscaria has been rarely consumed recreationally.^[71] It is classified as an unscheduled drug in the United States. Any sales of A. muscaria for human ingestion are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Most other countries do not have laws against the use of A. muscaria, as it is currently legal and un-controlled under UN international law. However, following the outlawing of psilocybin containing mushrooms in the UK, an increased quantity of Amanita mushrooms began to be sold and consumed.^[72] Image File history File links Basket_of_Amanita_muscaria. ... Image File history File links Basket_of_Amanita_muscaria. ... Type species Psilocybe montana Species List of Psilocybe species Psilocybe is a genus of small mushrooms growing worldwide. ... The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ... “FDA” redirects here. ... Psilocybin (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family, found in psilocybin mushrooms. ...

The active ingredient is excreted in the urine, and it has sometimes been the practice for a shaman to consume the mushrooms, and the rest of the tribe to drink his urine.^[73] This urine, still containing active hallucinogens may actually be more potent than the A. muscaria mushrooms with fewer negative effects, such as sweating and twitching, suggesting that the initial user may act as a screening filter for other components in the mushroom.^[74] This was also a not uncommon practice in Siberia, where the poor would consume the urine of the wealthy, who could afford to buy the mushrooms.^[73] If a fly agaric is eaten, it is usually not fresh, but in its dried or cooked form, where ibotenic acid is converted to the more stable and far less poisonous muscimol. This article is about the urine of animals generally. ... This article is about the practice of shamanism; for other uses, see Shaman (disambiguation). ... http://www. ...

Siberia

A. muscaria was widely used as a hallucinogenic drug by many of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. Its use was known among almost all of the Uralic-speaking peoples of western Siberia and the Paleosiberian-speaking peoples of eastern Siberia. However, there are only isolated reports of A. muscaria use among the Tungusic and Turkic peoples of central Siberia and it is believed that hallucinogenic use of A. muscaria was largely not a practice of these peoples.^{[75] [73]} In western Siberia, the use of A. muscaria was restricted to shamans, who used it as an alternate method of achieving a trance state. (Normally, Siberian shamans achieve a trance state by prolonged drumming and dancing.) In eastern Siberia, A. muscaria was used by both shamans and laypeople alike, and was used recreationally as well as religiously.^[75] Hallucinogenic drugs or hallucinogens are drugs that can alter sensory perceptions, elicit alternate states of consciousness, or cause hallucinations. ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota... This article is based solely on territory; the peoples listed here do not belong to a single language family or ethnicity: they are Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Eskimo-Aleut, and other groups. ... Geographical distribution of Finnic, Ugric, Samoyed and Yukaghir languages The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... Paleosiberian (Palaeosiberian, Paleo-Siberian) languages or Paleoasian languages (from Greek palaios, ancient) is a term of convenience used in linguistics to classify a disparate group of languages spoken in remote regions of Siberia. ... The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe a peoples speaking a Tungusic languages. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Specifically, Shaman (saman) is a term in Evenk, Manchu and other Manchu-Tungus languages for an intellectual and spiritual figure; who usually possess power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, one of which is analogous to the function of a healer in other cultures. ...

The Koryak of eastern Siberia have a story about the fly agaric (wapaq) which enabled Big Raven to carry a whale to its home. In the story, the deity Vahiyinin ("Existence") spat onto earth, and his spittle became the wapaq, and his saliva becomes the warts. After experiencing the power of the wapaq, Raven was so exhilarated that he told it to grow forever on earth so his children, the people, can learn from it.^[8] See also: Koryakia Autonomous District Koryaks, a Mongoloid people of northeastern Siberia, inhabiting the coastlands of the Bering Sea to the south of the Anadyr basin and the country to the immediate north of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. ...

Beyond Siberia, there are only isolated and unconfirmed reports of the hallucinogenic use of A. muscaria. One source mentions that it was once used among the Sami people, but no firsthand accounts of this exist.^[73] Hartmut Geerken claims to have discovered a tradition of recreational use of this mushroom among a Parachi-speaking group in Afghanistan.^[76] There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of A. muscaria among two Subarctic Native American tribes, the Ojibway^{[77] [78]} and the Dogrib.^[79] The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps, sometimes also Laplanders) are the indigenous people of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... The Tli Cho (Tłįchǫ) First Nation, formerly known as the Dogrib, are an Aboriginal Canadian people living in the Northwest Territories (NWT). ...

Authors of Sacred Soma Shamans Hawk and Venus have used A. muscaria as a sacrament and daily medicinal tonic since 1979.^[80]

Soma

There are also claims that A. muscaria played in important role in a number of ancient religious rites, though these claims tend to be speculative and highly controversial. The best known of these claims is R. Gordon Wasson's proposition that A. muscaria was the Soma talked about in Rig Veda of India,^[73] and is less often also thought to be the amrita talked about in Buddhist scriptures.^[81] (For more details on this topic, see Botanical identity of Soma-Haoma.) R. Gordon Wasson (September 22, 1898 – December 23, 1986) was an author, amateur researcher and banker. ... This article is about the Vedic plant and ritual. ... The Rig Veda ऋग्वेद (Sanskrit ṛc praise + veda knowledge) is the earliest of the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas. ... Look up Amrita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Since the late 1700s, when Anquetil-Duperron and others made portions of the Avesta available to western scholarship, several scholars have sought a representative botanical equivalent of the haoma as described in the texts and as used in living Zoroastrian practice. ...

Berserker rages

The notion that Nordic Vikings used A. muscaria to produce their berserker rages was first suggested by the Swedish professor Samuel Ödman in 1784.^[82] Ödman based his theories on reports about the use of fly agaric among Siberian shamans. The notion has become widespread since the 19th century, but no contemporary sources mention this use or anything similar in their description of berserkers. Today, it is generally considered an urban legend or at best speculation that cannot be proven. On the whole, muscimol, the psychoactive ingredient, is a mild relaxant, but it is widely known, as with all drugs that it can create a range of reactions within a range of people ^[83] and it is possible that it could make a person incredibly angry, as well as make them "very jolly or sad, [jump] about, [dance], [sing] or [give] way to great fright". ^[84] For other uses, see Viking (disambiguation). ... Berserkers in the kings hall, illustration by Louis Moe, 1898 Berserkers (or Berserks) were Norse warriors who were commonly understood to have fought in an uncontrollable rage or trance of fury; the berserkergang. ... Muscimol (Agarin, Pantherine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ...

Christianity

John Marco Allegro argues in The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross that the Christian religion is derived from a sex and psychedelic mushroom cult,^[85], although his theory has found little support by scholars outside the field of ethnomycology. In Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy (formerly called Strange Fruit) Clark Heinrich interprets A. muscaria usage by Adam and Eve, Moses, Elijah and Elisha, Isiah, Ezekiel, Jonah, Jesus and his disciples, and John of Patmos.^[86] In the book Apples of Apollo the mushroom is identified in a wide range of mythological tales such as those involving Perseus, Prometheus, Heracles, Jason and the Argonauts, Jesus and the Holy Grail.^[87] John Marco Allegro (17 February 1923 - 17 February 1988) was a controversial archaeologist and Dead Sea Scrolls scholar. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi, most specifically psychoactive mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria and those containing psilocybin, and can be considered a branch of both mycology and anthropology. ... Michelangelos Creation of Adam, from the Sistine Chapel. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... Elijah, 1638, by José de Ribera This article is about the prophet in the Hebrew Bible. ... Not to be confused with Elishah. ... Isaiah the Prophet in Hebrew Scriptures was depicted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo. ... Ezekiel, , IPA: , God will strengthen, from , chazaq, [ xazaq ], literally to fasten upon, figuratively strong, and , el, [ el ], literally strength, figuratively Almighty. He is a prophet and priest in the Bible who prophesied for 22 years sometime in the 500s BCE while in the form of visions exiled in... For other uses, see Jonah (disambiguation). ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Disciple (from the Latin discipulus, a pupil) is one who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in doctrine. ... Saint John on Patmos by Hans Baldung Grien, 1511 Saint John of Patmos, by Jean Fouquet John of Patmos is the name given to the author of the Book of Revelation (or Book of the Apocalypse) in the New Testament. ... Perseus with the head of Medusa, by Antonio Canova, completed 1801 (Vatican Museums) Perseus, Perseos, or Perseas (Greek: Περσεύς, Περσέως, Περσέας), the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty there, was the first of the mythic heroes of Greek mythology whose exploits in defeating various archaic monsters provided the founding myths... In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Ancient Greek: , forethought)[1] is a Titan known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals for their use. ... Alcides redirects here. ... Jason and the Argonauts may refer to: the Greek myth of Jason and the Argonauts Jason and the Argonauts (film), a 1963 film with animation by Ray Harryhausen Jason and the Argonauts (TV movie), a TV movie made in 2000 This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... For other uses, see Holy Grail (disambiguation). ...

Cultural depictions

The classic shape, well known in popular culture.

A Super Mushroom as seen in Mario Kart: Double Dash!!

The red-and-white spotted toadstool is a common image in many aspects of popular culture,^[88] especially in children's books, film and more recently computer games; a partly grown A. muscaria, as shown right, is clearly the fungus upon which this icon is based. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 653 KB) Yug talk 16:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Amanita muscaria Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 653 KB) Yug talk 16:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Amanita muscaria Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File links A Super Mushroom in artwork for Mario Kart: Double Dash!!. Copyrighted by Nintendo. ... Image File history File links A Super Mushroom in artwork for Mario Kart: Double Dash!!. Copyrighted by Nintendo. ... Mario Kart: Double Dash!! is a video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube video game console. ...

Art

Images dating back to 3500 BC painted in caves at Tassili, Algeria, depict mushrooms, more than likely including A. muscaria mushrooms according to scholars [1], although a Psilocybe species has also been suggested. Landsat image of the Tassili nAjjer The Tassili nAjjer (It is a name from the Berber language, and it is known as التاسيلي (Tassili) in Arabic and its English name is: Tassili Plateau) is a mountain range in the Sahara desert in southeast Algeria, North Africa. ...

Fly agarics have been featured in paintings since the Renaissance [2], albeit in a subtle manner. In the Victorian era they became more visible, even becoming the main topic of some fairy paintings [3], usually inspired by Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The waning of Romanticism and the advent of World War I reduced interest in fairies along with fly agarics, reducing them to the realm of childish fantasies. This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... A genre of painting began with Victorian fairy painters such as Richard Dadd, and John Anster Fitzgerald and fairy tale illustrators like Arthur Rackham who illustrated scenes from A Midsummer Nights Dream and The Tempest by Shakespeare, as well as their own fantasies of the miniature faery world. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... For other uses, see A Midsummer Nights Dream (disambiguation). ... Romantics redirects here. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Literature and Entertainment

Garden ornaments, and children's picture books depicting gnomes and fairies, such as the Smurfs, very often show fly agarics used as seats, or homes.^[89][88] Two of the most famous uses of the mushroom are in the video game series Super Mario Bros. and the dancing mushroom sequence in the 1940 Disney film Fantasia.^[8] They also have appearances in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, and The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion. A picture of this type of fungi is shown on the cover of the alternative rock band Incubus's first public release, Fungus Amongus. This article is about the mythical creature. ... by Sophie Anderson A fairy, or faery, is a creature from stories and mythology, often portrayed in art and literature as a minuscule humanoid with wings. ... This article is about the Cartoon characters. ... A Mushroom as seen in Mario Kart 64 A Mushroom is a common power-up (or, in some cases, power-down) in the Mario universe. ... Fantasia is a 1940 motion picture, produced by Walt Disney and first released on November 13, 1940 in the United States. ... Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (commonly abbreviated MGS3) is a stealth-based game directed by Hideo Kojima, developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation 2. ... The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is a game currently under development by Bethesda Softworks for the PC, Xbox 2, and Playstation 3. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... Alternative music redirects here. ... Incubus can refer to: Incubus (demon), a demon said to rape women while they slept Incubus (band), an American alternative rock band. ... Fungus Amongus is the first publicly released album produced by the rock band Incubus, released November 1, 1995 on Stopuglynailfungus Music On Chillum, Incubus own independent label. ...

Christmas decorations and Santa Claus

Christmas card from 1903-1904

Fly agarics appear on Christmas cards and New Year cards from around the world as a symbol of good luck.^[90] They also function as Christmas tree decorations [4], derived from their ectomycorrhizal relationship with coniferous trees. The ethnobotanist Jonathan Ott has suggested that the idea of Santa Claus and tradition of hanging stockings over the fireplace is based centrally upon the fly agaric mushroom itself.^[69] With its generally red and white color scheme, he argues that Santa Claus's suit is related to the mushroom. He also draws parallels with flying reindeer: reindeer had been reported to consume the mushroom and prance around in an intoxicated manner afterwards.^[91] Until the 20th century the red-and-white Santa suit familiar today was not firmly established, although Saint Nicholas, on which Santa Claus is partly based, was always depicted in red (see also: Origins of Santa Claus). One scholar researching possible links between religious myths and the red mushroom notes, "If Santa Claus had but one eye [like Odin], or if magic urine had been a part of his legend, his connection to the Amanita muscaria would be much easier to believe."^[81] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Alternate meaning: Christmas Card, an album from The Partridge Family. ... For other uses, see New Year (disambiguation). ... This article is about fortune. ... For other uses, see Christmas tree (disambiguation). ... A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A typical depiction of Santa Claus. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... This is what professional Santa Clauses call their clothing. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Santa Claus. ... For other meanings of Odin,Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (L.:Fr. ...

Ott also speculates about Santa's bag of toys. According to historians, ancient Siberia was one of the first civilizations to use fly agaric in practice.^{[citation needed]} The Siberian hut, or yurt, is equipped with a smokehole at the top. Ott suggests that a shaman entered the yurt through the smokehole with a sack of mushrooms in his hand, to be placed in stockings over the fireplace where they could be dried for celebratory use. This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... A Yurt is a portable felt dwelling structure used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. ... The shaman is an intellectual and spiritual figure who is regarded as possessing power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, primarily that of a healer ( medicine man). The shaman provides medical care, and serves other community needs during crisis times, via supernatural means (means...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Albertus Magnus (b. ... Charles de lÉcluse Charles de lÉcluse, LEscluse, or Carolus Clusius (Arras, February 19, 1526–Leiden April 4, 1609), seigneur de Watènes, was the Flemish doctor and pioneering botanist, perhaps the most influential of all 16th century scientific horticulturists. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Giorgio Samorini Giorgio Samorini (born in 1957, in Bologna, Italy) is an ethnobotanist and psychedelics researcher. ... Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 - January 18, 1994) was a German-born mycologist and one of the most important taxonomists of gilled mushrooms (agarics) in the 20th century. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... David Arora (born 1957) is an American mycologist. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Carl A. P. Ruck is a professor in the Classical Studies department at Boston University. ... (Blaise) Daniel Danny Staples (13 July 1948 — December 2005[1]) was a Classical mythologist; a native of Somerset, Massachusetts, he received a B.A. in Comparative Religion and a Ph. ... David Arora (born 1957) is an American mycologist. ...

Further reading

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Richard Evans Schultes (January 12, 1915 – April 10, 2001) may be considered the father of modern ethnobotany, not only in his devotion to the study of native uses of entheogenic or hallucinogenic plants, especially in the Amazon, in his lifelong collaborations with chemists, but also in his charismatic influence as... Dr. Dr. Albert Hofmann (born January 11, 1906) is a prominent Swiss scientist best known as the father of LSD. He was born in Baden, Switzerland, and studied chemistry at the University of Zürich. ... Hakim Bey redirects here. ... This article is about the Vedic plant and ritual. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Amanita muscaria

Wikispecies has information related to:

Amanita muscaria

• AmericanMushrooms.com: Fly Agaric
• "Fungus of the Month: Amanita muscaria, the fly agaric" by Tom Volk, December 1999.
• "Amanita muscaria" by Michael Wood and Fred Stevens, Mykoweb.com, 2004.
• Amanita muscaria, Lycaeum.org, November 30, 2000.
• "Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others", IPCS INTOX Databank.
• "The psychedelic secrets of Santa Claus" by Dana Larsen, Cannabis Culture Magazine, December 18, 2003. – An article which suggests modern Christmas traditions are based on ancient Amanita muscaria-eating shamans of the northern steppes.
• "Fly Agaric, Father Christmas and Lunch with a Toxicologist" by Ross Heaven, Voudoushamen.com.
• "Sacred Weeds - Amanita muscaria" documentary on Google Video
• "Some Place Different" Fly Agaric in the Media
• "Zen Entheogens: Amanita muscaria" Overview, dosage and charts on Amanita muscaria
• Christmas and Greeting Cards with fly agarics