NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Anatomy

Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open) is the branch of biology that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that can include human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,^[1] through common roots in evolution. Image File history File links Heart-and-lungs. ... Image File history File links Heart-and-lungs. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ... Zootomy is a contraction of zoological and anatomy and refers to the dissection of animals as opposed to that of plants (phytotomy) See also: Androtomy, zootomical terms for location, Cat anatomy La AnatomÃa comparada estudia diversas especies. ... Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the structure of plants. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. ... Phylogenetic groups, or taxa, can be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ...

Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and microscopic anatomy.^[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.^[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organisation of tissues),^[1] and cytology (the study of cells). Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Cytology (also known as Cell biology) is the scientific study of cells. ...

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century. The history of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. ... In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...

Anatomy should not be confused with histopathology (also called anatomical pathology or morbid anatomy), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs. Histopathology is a field of pathology which specialises in the histologic study of diseased tissue. ... Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty (a branch of pathology) that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of cells and tissues. ... The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ... In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ...

Superficial anatomy

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.^[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or veterinary surgeons gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Superficial anatomy is a descriptive science dealing with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting an organism. ... The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Veterinarian. ...

Human anatomy

Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.^[1] List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 736 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (927 Ã— 755 pixel, file size: 414 KB, MIME type: image/png) An X-ray photo of my chest. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 736 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (927 Ã— 755 pixel, file size: 414 KB, MIME type: image/png) An X-ray photo of my chest. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, physiotherapists, nurses and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A Paramedic is a specialized health care professional who responds to medical and trauma emergencies in the pre-hospital (out-of-hospital) environment for the purpose of stabilizing and transporting the patient to an appropriate medical facility, usually by ambulance. ... Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ... // A nurse is a health care professional who is engaged in the practice of nursing. ... Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas, USA. A medical school or faculty of medicine is a tertiary educational institution or part of such an institution that teaches medicine. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ... Dissected rat showing major organs. ...

Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;^[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has been recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,^[2]^[3] in line with modern teaching methods. A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and radiology. List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... An illustration from the 1918 edition Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body (or Grays Anatomy as it has more commonly become known) is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ... The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ... â€œSurgeonâ€ redirects here. ... Histopathology is a field of pathology which specialises in the histologic study of diseased tissue. ... Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ...

Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells. Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ...

Other branches

Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.^[1] Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. ...

Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans. For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ...

See also

Human anatomy: This page aims to list articles related to anatomy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The history of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. ... Superficial anatomy is a descriptive science dealing with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting an organism. ... In sciences dealing with the anatomy of animals, precise anatomical terms of location are necessary for a variety of reasons. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

The major systems of the human body are: Cardiovascular system: the blood circulation with heart, arteries and veins Digestive system: processing food with mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines. ... This is a list of human anatomical parts named after people. ...

References

External links

Categories: Anatomy | Subjects taught in medical school Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ... Wikiversity logo Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation beta project[1], devoted to learning materials and activities, located at www. ... Diagram of the human circulatory system. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Kidneys Nephron Urine Large Intestine Lung Carbon dioxide Skin Sweat Bile Malphigian tubule system (Arthropod excretory system) Menses The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... In zootomy, the integumentary system is the external covering of the body, comprised of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The muscular system is the biological system of an organism that allows it to move. ... The Human Nervous System A human being coordinates its nervous system, the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... The reproductive system is the ensembles and interactions of organs and/or substances within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction. ... The Respiratory System Among four-legged animals, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ... Skeleton is also a winter sport: see skeleton (sport). ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines... Female Human Anatomy Male Human Anatomy This article is about the bodily orifice. ... In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ... In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behaviour. ... A pregnant womans breasts. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... In the anatomy of mammals, the diaphragm is a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. ... The ear is the sense organ that detects sounds. ... A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... The larynx (plural larynges), colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the neck of mammals involved in protection of the trachea and sound production. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... For the article about nose in humans, see human nose. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates[2]. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ... Male Anatomy The prostate is a gland that is part of male mammalian sex organs. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ... Categories: Stub | Andrology | Exocrine system | Reproductive system ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ... The external genital organs of the female are collectively known as the vulva (plural vulvae, vulvas)[1] or genitalia feminina externa[2]. In common speech, the term vagina is often used improperly to refer to the vulva or female genitals generally, even though, strictly speaking, the vagina is a specific... In anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is a bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. ... Anterior view of the femur The femur or thigh bone is the longest (length), largest (volume) and strongest (mechanical ability to resist deformity) bone of the human body. ... The humerus is a long bone in the arm or fore-legs (animals) that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. ... The mandible (from Latin mandibÅla, jawbone) or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face. ... The patella or kneecap is a thick, triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the front of the knee joint. ... The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the outside of your limb to your phlangx (lateral) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. ... It has been suggested that temporal fenestra be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the vertebrate bone. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ... The human rib cage. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... The pelvis (pl. ... The sternum (from Greek ÏƒÏ„ÎÏÎ½Î¿Î½, sternon, chest) or breastbone is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). ... Ductless glands are glands that secrete their product directly onto a surface rather than through a duct. ... Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young. ... The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ... The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ... The four human parathyroid glands are adjacent to the thyroid. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines... The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (sellar diaphragm) at the base of the brain. ... The pineal gland (also called the pineal body or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the brain. ... Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ... In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ... In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ... The human abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... Look up ARM in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Illustration of a human back from Grays Anatomy. ... Bith buttocks. ... Male Chest The chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals. ... The ear is the sense organ that detects sounds. ... A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ... The face is the front part of the head, in humans from the forehead to chin including the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, teeth, skin, and chin. ... A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in an complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans penis... For other uses of the word head, see head (disambiguation). ... This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ... In common usage, a human leg is the lower limb of the body, extending from the hip to the ankle, and including the thigh, the knee, and the cnemis. ... Human mouth The mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the orifice through which an organism takes in food and water. ... A human neck. ... The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... A humans visible teeth. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Section of an artery For other uses, see Artery (disambiguation). ... By the broadest definition, a body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism. ... In the anatomy of mammals, the diaphragm is a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. ... Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ... For the film, see Hair (film). ... An exoskeleton is an external anatomical feature that supports and protects an animals body, in contrast to the internal endoskeleton of, for example, a human. ... For other uses, see Lip (disambiguation). ... Nerves (yellow) Nerves redirects here. ... In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... A serous membrane is a very thin layer of cells (usually one row) covering internal body cavity. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that temporal fenestra be merged into this article or section. ... The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ... In the circulatory system, a vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The DNA structure might not be the only nucleic acid in the universe capable of supporting life[1] Astrobiology (from Greek: á¼€ÏƒÏ„ÏÎ¿, astro, constellation; Î²Î¯Î¿Ï‚, bios, life; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is the study of life in space, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... Pinguicula grandiflora Example of a Cross Section of a Stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Views of a Foetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... DNA, the molecular basis for inheritance. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms entire genome; Rathore et al, . Investigation of single genes, their functions and roles is something very common in todays medical and biological research, and cannot be said to be genomics but rather the most typical feature of molecular biology. ... Various species of reef fish in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ... Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Paleontology, palaeontology or palÃ¦ontology (from Greek: paleo, ancient; ontos, being; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. ... Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ... Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Taxonomy, sometimes alpha taxonomy, is the science of finding, describing and naming organisms, thus giving rise to taxa. ... Zoology (from Greek: Î¶á¿´Î¿Î½, zoion, animal; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...

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