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Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London) is an English physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on synapses. Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize the existence of ion channels, which were isolated only decades later. Together with the Swiss physiologist Robert Stämpfli he evidenced the existence of saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibres. Image File history File links Andrew_huxley_trinity. ... Download high resolution version (1332x532, 59 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1332x532, 59 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... , Hampstead is a suburb of north London in the London Borough of Camden, located four miles (6. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics, to questions of biology. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Alan Lloyd Hodgkin photo: taken 1963 Nobel prize photo Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, OM, KBE, FRS (February 5, 1914 – December 20, 1998) was a British physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Andrew Fielding Huxley on the basis of nerve... A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Sir John Carew Eccles (January 27, 1903 – May 2, 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. ... Illustration of the major elements in a prototypical synapse. ... Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient that exists across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see cell potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. ... Saltatory conduction is a means by which action potentials are transmitted along myelinated nerve fibers. ... Myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. ...

Family

Huxley is a son of the writer and editor Leonard Huxley by his second wife Rosalind Bruce, and hence half-brother of the writer Aldous Huxley and fellow biologist Julian Huxley and grandson of the biologist T. H. Huxley. In 1947 he married Jocelyn Richenda Gammell Pease (1925-2003), the daughter of the geneticist Michael Pease and his wife Helen Bowen Wedgwood, the daughter of Josiah Wedgwood. They had one son and five daughters: A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Editing may also refer to audio editing or film editing. ... Leonard Huxley (December 11, 1860 - 1933) was a British writer and editor. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Aldous Leonard Huxley (July 26, 1894 – November 22, 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... Sir Julian Sorell Huxley, FRS (June 22, 1887 – February 14, 1975) was a English biologist, author, Humanist and internationalist, known for his popularisations of science in books and lectures. ... Thomas Henry Huxley FRS (4 May 1825 Ealing – 29 June 1895 Eastbourne, Sussex) was an English biologist, known as Darwins Bulldog for his advocacy of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section is missing needed references or citation of sources. ... George Josiah Clement Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood also known as Josiah Wedgwood IV (16 March 1872 - 26 July 1943) was a British Liberal and Labour politician who served in government under Ramsay MacDonald. ...

• Janet Rachel Huxley (born 20 April 1948)
• Stewart Leonard Huxley (born 19 December 1949)
• Camilla Rosalind Huxley (born 12 March 1952)
• Eleanor Bruce Huxley (born 21 February 1959)
• Henrietta Catherine Huxley (born 25 December 1960)
• Clare Marjory Pease Huxley (born 4 November 1962)

Huxley was elected a member of the Royal Society of London on 17 March 1955. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 November 1974. Sir Andrew was then appointed to the Order of Merit on 11 November 1983. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ...

Nobel Prize

The experimental measurements on which the pair based their action potential theory represent one of the earliest applications of a technique of electrophysiology known as the voltage clamp. The second critical element of their research was the so-called giant axon of the Atlantic squid (Loligo pealei), which enabled them to record ionic currents as they would not have been able to do in almost any other neuron, such cells being too small to study by the techniques of the time. The experiments took place at the University of Cambridge beginning in 1935 with frog sciatic nerve and continuing into the 1940s, after interruption by World War II. The pair published their theory in 1952. In the paper, they describe one of the earliest computational models in biochemistry, that is the basis of most of the models used in Neurobiology during the following four decades. He continued to hold college and university posts in Cambridge until 1960, when he became head of the Department of Physiology at University College London. In 1969 he was appointed to a Royal Society Research Professorship which he holds in the Department of Physiology at University College London. He currently maintains his position as a fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge, teaching in physiology, natural sciences and medicine. Current Clamp is a common technique in electrophysiology. ... Electrophysiology is the science and branch of physiology that pertains to the flow of ions in biological tissues and, in particular, to the electrical recording techniques that enable the measurement of this flow. ... The squid giant axon is the very large (up to 1 mm in diameter; typically around 0. ... Genera Loligo Loliolus Lolliguncula Pickfordiateuthis Sepioteuthis Uroteuthis Species Genus Loligo Veined Squid, Loligo forbesii Siboga Squid, Loligo pickfordi Loligo vietnamensis Spear Squid, Loligo (Undetermined) bleekeri Patagonian Squid, Loligo (Undetermined) gahi Bigeye Inshore Squid, Loligo (Undetermined) ocula Opalescent Inshore Squid, Loligo (Undetermined) opalescens Longfin Inshore Squid, Loligo (Undetermined) pealeii Slender Inshore... Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ... The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve that runs down the lower limb. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Affiliations University of London Russell Group LERU EUA ACU Golden Triangle G5 Website http://www. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... Affiliations University of London Russell Group LERU EUA ACU Golden Triangle G5 Website http://www. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Full name The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Motto Virtus vera nobilitas Virtue is true Nobility Named after The Holy Trinity Previous names King’s Hall and Michaelhouse (until merged in 1546) Established 1546 Sister College(s) Christ Church Master The Lord Rees of Ludlow Location Trinity Street... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... -1... Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ...

Sir Andrew is arguably the greatest mathematical biologist of the 20th Century. From his experimental work with Hodgkin, he developed a set of differential equations that provided a mathematical explanation for nerve impulses -- the "action potential". This work provided the foundation for the all of the current work on voltage-sensitive membrane channels, which are responsible for the functioning of animal nervous systems. Quite separately, he developed the mathematical equations for the operation of myosin "cross-bridges" that generate the sliding forces between actin and myosin filaments, which cause the contraction of skeletal muscles. These equations presented an entirely new paradigm for understanding muscle contraction, which has been extended to provide our understanding of almost all of the movements produced by cells above the level of bacteria.

See also

• Hodgkin-Huxley model

The Hodgkin-Huxley Model is a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations, named after Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, that approximates the electrical characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons and cardiac myocytes. ...

References

• The Master of Trinity at Trinity College, Cambridge
• Biography of Andrew Huxley