Aniline
General
Other names	Phenylamine Aminobenzene
Molecular formula	C6H7N
SMILES	NC1=CC=CC=C1
Molar mass	93.13 g/mol
Appearance	colorless liquid
CAS number	[62-53-3]
Properties
Density and phase	1.0217 g/ml, liquid
Solubility in water	3.6 g/100 mL at 20°C
Solubility in ethanol, acetone	Miscible
Melting point	−6.3 °C
Boiling point	184.13 °C
Basicity (pKb)	9.40
Viscosity	3.71 cP at 25 °C
Thermodynamic data
Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfHoliquid	? kJ/mol
Standard enthalpy of combustion ΔcHoliquid	-3394 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Soliquid	? J.K−1.mol−1
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Toxic (T) Carc. Cat. 3 Muta. Cat. 3 Dangerous for the environment (N)
NFPA 704	2 3 0
R-phrases	R23/24/25, R40, R41, R43, R48/23/24/25, R68, R50
S-phrases	(S1/2), S26, S27, S36/37/39, S45, S46, S61, S63
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Regulatory data	Flash point, RTECS number, etc.
Related compounds
Related aromatic amines	1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine
Related compounds	Phenylhydrazine Nitrosobenzene Nitrobenzene
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C₆H₅NH₂. It is an organic chemical compound, specifically an aryl amine, consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group. The chemical structure of aniline is shown at the right. It is now used mainly in the manufacture of polyurethane, although it previously was mainly used more for dyes and drugs. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 352 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (820 × 1397 pixel, file size: 12 KB, MIME type: image/png) Afterwards please add the following code to : (Please review the discussion here. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 537 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1066 × 1191 pixel, file size: 131 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. ... The poise (P; IPA: ) is the unit of dynamic viscosity in the centimetre gram second system of units. ... The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 atmosphere... Standard enthalpy of Combustion is the Enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is totally combusted in oxygen, and is measured at 298K and 1 atmospheric pressure. ... In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. ... An example MSDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. ... Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (as amended) is the main European Union law concerning chemical safety. ... The hazard symbol for carcinogenic chemicals in the Globally Harmonized System. ... In biology, a mutagen (Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) of an organism and thus increases the number of mutations above the natural background level. ... NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ... Image File history File links NFPA_704. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Infrared spectroscopy (IR Spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the IR region of the EM spectrum. ... It has been suggested that NMR Data Processing be merged into this article or section. ... Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. ... The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture with air. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... An aromatic amine is an amine with an aromatic substituent - that is -NH2, -NH- or nitrogen group(s) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon, whose structure usually contains one or more benzene rings. ... 1-Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine. ... 2-Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine. ... Phenylhydrazine is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5NHNH2. ... Nitrosobenzene is the organic compound C6H5NO. The compound can be viewed as hybrid of singlet O2 and azobenzene. ... Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is a poisonous organic compound with an almond odor and chemical formula C6H5NO2. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic (see below for more on the definition controversy... In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ... Benzene, C6H6, PhH, or benzol is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ... In chemistry, especially in organic chemistry and biochemistry, an amino group is an ammonia-like functional group. ... A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... A polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links. ...

Production

Aniline is produced industrially in two steps from benzene: Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. ...

First, benzene is heated with a concentrated mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid at 50 - 60 °C, where one hydrogen atom is displaced to give nitrobenzene. In this nitration reaction, nitric acid first reacts with sulphuric acid giving the electrophile ⁺NO₂ which is attracted towards the π-electron cloud of benzene. The ⁺NO₂ electrophile attacks the carbon atom, displacing a proton H⁺ from that particular carbon atom. Nitration is thus called an electrophilic substitution reaction. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... Sulfuric (or sulphuric) acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... Depiction of a hydrogen atom showing the diameter as about twice the Bohr model radius. ... Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is a poisonous organic compound with an almond odor and chemical formula C6H5NO2. ... Nitration is a general chemical process for the introduction of a nitro group in a chemical compound by means of a chemical reaction. ... In chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a reagent attracted to electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile. ... In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... An electrophilic aromatic substitution is a chemical reaction in which a hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced by an electrophile. ...

Now a mixture of hydrogen gas and nitrobenzene vapors are heated at 600 °C in presence of a nickel catalyst. This gives aniline by reduction. Aniline obtained here is in the pure state. General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Standard atomic weight 58. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...

Many derivatives of aniline can be prepared similarly. In commerce three brands of aniline are distinguished—aniline oil for blue, which is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidines; and aniline oil for safranine, which contains aniline and ortho-toluidine, and is obtained from the distillate (échappés) of the fuchsine fusion ^{[disambiguation needed]}. Monomethyl and dimethyl aniline are colourless liquids prepared by heating aniline, aniline hydro-chloride and methyl alcohol in an autoclave at 220 °C. They are of great importance in the colour industry. Monomethyl aniline boils at 193-195 °C, dimethyl aniline at 192 °C. There are three isomers of toluidine, which are organic compounds. ... Safranine is the azonium compounds of symmetrical diamino-phenazine. ... It has been suggested that Para-Toluidine be merged into this article or section. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Fuchsine Fuchsine, fuchsin, rosanilin, or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C19H17N3·HCl. ... Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid that is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. ... Front loading autoclaves are common Stovetop autoclaves need to be monitored carefully and are the simplest of all autoclaves Multiple large autoclaves are used for processing substantial quantities of laboratory equipment prior to reuse, and infectious material prior to disposal. ...

Properties

Aniline is oily and, although colourless, it slowly oxidizes and resinifies in air, giving the sample a red-brown tint. The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...

Like most volatile amines, it possesses a somewhat unpleasant odour of rotten fish, and also has a burning aromatic taste; it is a highly acrid poison. It ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame. Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ...

Chemically, aniline is a weak base. Aromatic amines such as aniline are generally much weaker bases than aliphatic amines. Aniline reacts with strong acids to form anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion (C₆H₅-NH₃⁺), and reacts with acyl halides such as acetyl chloride to form amides. The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH₃-CO-NH-C₆H₅ is acetanilide. Acids and bases: Acid-base reaction pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Acid-base extraction Acidity function Proton affinity Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Superacids Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases Superbases Lewis bases Organic bases edit In chemistry, a base is... An aromatic amine is an amine with an aromatic substituent - that is -NH2, -NH- or nitrogen group(s) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon, whose structure usually contains one or more benzene rings. ... In chemistry, non-aromatic and non-cyclic (acyclic) organic compounds are called aliphatic. ... An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is an organic compound containing a carbon atom which is double_bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a chlorine atom. ... Acetyl chloride, also known as ethanoyl chloride, is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid. ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... Acetanilide is an odourless solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance. ...

The sulfate forms beautiful white plates. Although aniline is weakly basic, it precipitates zinc, aluminium and ferric salts, and on warming expels ammonia from its salts. Aniline combines directly with alkyl iodides to form secondary and tertiary amines. Boiled with carbon disulfide, it gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenyl thiourea), CS(NHC₆H₅)₂, which may be decomposed into phenyl isothiocyanate, C₆H₅CNS, and triphenyl guanidine, C₆H₅N=C(NHC₆H₅)₂. Reaction with sulfuric acid at 180° C produces sulfanilic acid, NH₂C₆H₄SO₃H. Anilides, compounds in which the amino group is substituted by an acid radical, are prepared by heating aniline with certain acids; antifebrin or acetanilide is thus obtained from acetic acid and aniline. The oxidation of aniline has been carefully investigated. In alkaline solution azobenzene results, while arsenic acid produces the violet-colouring matter violaniline. Chromic acid converts it into quinone, while chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black. Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil. Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes it to nitrobenzene, in alkaline solution to azobenzene, ammonia and oxalic acid, in acid solution to aniline black. Hypochlorous acid gives 4-aminophenol and para-amino diphenylamine. In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ... Ferric is a term used for the iron with the oxidation number +3. ... Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ... The haloalkanes are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, such as chlorine or fluorine, making them a type of organic halide. ... Carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with the formula CS2. ... Thiourea is related to urea, where an oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom. ... Isothiocyanate is the chemical group -N=C=S, formed by substituting sulfur for oxygen in the isocyanate group. ... Guanidine is a crystalline compound of strong alkalinity formed by the oxidation of guanine. ... Sulfuric (or sulphuric) acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... In chemistry, especially in organic chemistry and biochemistry, an amino group is an ammonia-like functional group. ... Acetanilide is an odourless solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance. ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... Azobenzene is a chemical compound composed of two phenyl rings and one N-N double bond, the former of which are bridged by the latter. ... Physical state = Liquid Colour = clear to slightly turbid,white to pale green Odour = odourless Density = 2. ... In chemistry, chromic acid is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, with the formula H2CrO4. ... A quinone (or benzoquinone) is either one of the two isomers of cyclohexadienedione or a derivative thereof. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... General Name, Symbol, Number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Atomic mass 50. ... Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO4. ... Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is a poisonous organic compound with an almond odor and chemical formula C6H5NO2. ... Azobenzene is a chemical compound composed of two phenyl rings and one N-N double bond, the former of which are bridged by the latter. ... Oxalic acid (IUPAC name: ethanedioic acid, formula C2H2O4) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH). ... Hypochlorous acid is a weak, unstable acid with chemical formula HOCl. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Diphenyl amine has been used for scald control on apples in the US, it is a fungicide. ...

Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions. For example, sulfonation of aniline produces sulfanilic acid, which can be converted to sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide is one of the sulfa drugs which were widely used as antibacterials in the early 20th century. In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. ... Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces another group, typically but not always hydrogen. ... Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ... There are several sulphonamide-based groups of drugs. ... An antiseptic is a substance that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria on the external surfaces of the body. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Aniline and its ring-substituted derivatives react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts. Through these, the -NH₂ group of aniline can be conveniently converted to -OH, -CN, or a halide via Sandmeyer reactions. Nitrous acid (molecular formula HNO2) is a weak monobasic acid known only in solution and in the form of nitrite salts. ... In chemistry, azo compounds generally have a molecular formula of the form R-N=N-R, in which R and R can be either aromatic or aliphatic. ... The halogens or halogen elements are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 (old-style: VII or VIIA; Group 7 IUPAC Style) of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, F, chlorine, Cl, bromine, Br, iodine, I, and astatine, At. ... The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. ...

It reacts with nitrobenzene to produce phenazine in the Wohl-Aue reaction. Phenazine Phenazine (C12H8N2 or C6H4N2C6H4), also called azophenylene, dibenzo-p-diazine, dibenzopyrazine, and acridizine, is the parent substance of many dyestuffs, such as the eurhodines, toluylene red, indulines and safranines. ... The Wohl-Aue reaction is an organic reaction between an aromatic nitro compound and an aniline to form a phenazine in presence of an alkali base. ...

Uses

Originally the great commercial value of aniline was due to the readiness with which it yields, directly or indirectly, valuable dyestuffs. The discovery of mauve in 1856 by William Perkin was the first of a series of dyestuffs which are now to be numbered by hundreds. Reference should be made to the articles dyeing, fuchsine, safranine, indulines, for more details on this subject. In addition to its use as a precursor to dyestuffs, it is a starting-product for the manufacture of many drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol). Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is an article about the color mauve. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sir William Henry Perkin (March 12, 1838 – July 14, 1907) was an English chemist best known for his discovery, at the age of 18, of the first aniline dye, mauveine. ... Dyeing is the process of changing the colour of a yarn or cloth by treatment with a dye. ... Fuchsine Fuchsine, fuchsin, rosanilin, or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C19H17N3·HCl. ... Safranine is the azonium compounds of symmetrical diamino-phenazine. ... Indulines are a series of dyestuffs of blue, bluish-red or black shades, formed by the interaction of para-amino azo compounds with primary monamines in the presence of a small quantity of a mineral acid. ... Paracetamol (INN) (IPA: ) or acetaminophen (USAN), is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. ... Each caplet in this bottle of Extra Strength Tylenol contains a 500 mg dose of acetaminophen (paracetamol). ...

It is used to stain neural RNA blue in the Nissl stain. Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers that plays several important roles in the processes that translate genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into protein products; RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomes, forms vital portions... Portrait of Franz Nissl. ...

Currently the largest market for aniline is preparation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), some 85% of aniline serving this market. Other uses include rubber processing chemicals (9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%). ^[1] Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, most often abbreviated as MDI, is an aromatic diisocyanate. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ... A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. ...

History

Aniline was first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben (Pogg. Ann., 1826, 8, p. 397), who named it crystalline. In 1834, Friedrich Runge (Pogg. Ann., 1834, 31, p. 65; 32, p. 331) isolated from coal tar a substance which produced a beautiful blue colour on treatment with chloride of lime; this he named kyanol or cyanol. In 1841, C. J. Fritzsche showed that by treating indigo with caustic potash it yielded an oil, which he named aniline, from the specific name of one of the indigo-yielding plants, Indigofera anil, anil being derived from the Sanskrit nīla, dark-blue, and nīlā, the indigo plant. About the same time N. N. Zinin found that on reducing nitrobenzene, a base was formed which he named benzidam. August Wilhelm von Hofmann investigated these variously prepared substances, and proved them to be identical (1855), and thenceforth they took their place as one body, under the name aniline or phenylamine. Indigo dye indigo molecule Indigo dye is an important dyestuff with a distinctive blue color (see indigo). ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Otto Unverdorben (October 13, 1806 - November 28, 1873) was a German chemist and merchant who was born in Dahme/Marke. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Friedrich (or Friedlieb/Friedlob) Ferdinand Runge (born near Hamburg on 8 February 1795, died in Oranienburg on 25 March 1867) was an analytical chemist. ... Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin (Russian: Николай Николаевич Зинин) (25 August 1812, Shusha – 18 February 1880, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian organic chemist. ... August Wilhelm von Hofmann (April 8, 1818 _ May 5, 1892) was a German chemist. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Its first industrial-scale use was in the manufacture of mauveine, a purple dye discovered in 1856 by William Henry Perkin. Mauveine, also known as aniline purple, was the first synthetic organic dye. ... Not to be confused with Violet (color). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sir William Henry Perkin (March 12, 1838 – July 14, 1907) was an English chemist best known for his discovery, at the age of 18, of the first aniline dye, mauveine. ...

p-Toluidine, an aniline derivative, can be used in qualitative analysis to prepare carboxylic acid derivatives. There are three isomers of toluidine, which are organic chemical compounds. ...

Toxicology

Aniline is toxic by inhalation of the vapour, absorption through the skin or swallowing. It causes headache, drowsiness, cyanosis, mental confusion and in severe cases can cause convulsions. Prolonged exposure to the vapour or slight skin exposure over a period of time affects the nervous system and the blood, causing tiredness, loss of appetite, headache and dizziness.^[2] Cyanosis refers to the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface. ... This article is about the medical term, epileptic seizure, as distinct from a non-epileptic seizure. ...

Oil mixtures containing rapeseed oil denatured with aniline have been clearly linked by epidemiological and analytic chemical studies to the toxic oil syndrome that hit Spain in the spring and summer of 1981, in which 20,000 became acutely ill, 12,000 were hospitalized, and more than 350 died in the first year of the epidemic. The precise etiology though remains unknown. Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member (related to mustard) of the family Brassicaceae. ... Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ... Toxic Oil Syndrome was the name given to an unusual disease outbreak in Spain in 1981. ... Etiology (alternately aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. ...

Some authorities class aniline as a carcinogen, although the IARC lists it in Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans) due to the limited and contradictory data available. The hazard symbol for carcinogenic chemicals in the Globally Harmonized System. ... The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, or CIRC in its French acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations. ... Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the IARC as Group 3: The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. ...

References

1. ^ Aniline producers price capacity market demand consumption production growth uses outlook n.d., The Chemical Market Reporter, Schnell Publishing Company. Retrieved January 12, 2002 from http://www.the-innovation-group.com/ChemProfiles/Aniline.htm
2. ^ Muir, GD (ed.) 1971, Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, The Royal Institute of Chemistry, London.

External links

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Aniline

• International Chemical Safety Card 0011
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• Aniline electropolymerisation

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