? Dogbane family
Alyxia oliviformis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae
Genera
See Taxonomy and Genera. Alyxia oliviformis1. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Families Gentianaceae (gentian family) Apocynaceae (dogbane family) Gelsemiaceae Loganiaceae (logania family) Rubiaceae (coffee family) The Gentianales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. ... Genera See Taxonomy and Genera. ... Genera See Taxonomy and Genera. ...
Synonyms
Asclepiadaceae Borkh. (nom. cons.) Periplocaceae Schltr. (nom. cons.) Plumeriaceae Horan. Stapeliaceae Horan. Vincaceae Vest Willughbeiaceae J. Agardh Look up Synonym on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Synonyms (in ancient Greek syn συν = plus and onoma όνομα = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangable. ... Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (1872-1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. ... A vest is a type of mens garment. ...

The Family Apocynaceae or dogbane family of flowering plants includes trees, shrubs, herbs, or lianas. Many species are tall trees found in the tropical rainforest, and most are from the tropics and subtropics--but some come from Tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also some perennial herbs from temperate zones. Many of these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. As to some genera of Apocynaceae, some as Adenium however, have both clear and milky, latex sap; whereas Pachypodium always have clear sap. Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... A herb (pronounced hurb in Commonwealth English and urb in American English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ... A liana is woody climber. ... The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia. ... A tropic is either of two circles of latitude: Tropic of Cancer, at 23½°N Tropic of Capricorn, at 23½°S Tropic is also the name of a town in Utah, United States. ... A Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ...

Taxonomy

The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera. The family Asclepiadaceae is now, according to AGP II included in the Apocynaceae (Endress & Bruyn, 2000). Genera See under Apocynaceae The Asclepiadaceae is a former plant family, now included in the dogbane family Apocynaceae, according to the AGP II. The name Asclepiadaceae however still retains the epithet nom. ... The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group is an international group of systematic botanists who have come together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants in the light of the rapid rise of molecular systematics. ...

There are five subfamilies:

• Rauvolfioideae
• Apocynoideae
• Periplocoideae
• Secamonoideae
• Asclepiadoideae

The last three subfamilies used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae.

Distribution

Wrightia antidysenterica

Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions: Wrightia antidysenterica taken by user:KayEss This picture was taken at a hotel in Chiang Mai. ... Wrightia antidysenterica taken by user:KayEss This picture was taken at a hotel in Chiang Mai. ...

• In the rainforests and swamps of India and Malaya: small to very tall evergreen trees, often with buttress roots, such as Alstonia and Dyer.
• In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as Cerbera and Ochrosia.
• In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as Carissa, Wrightia and Holarrhena.
• In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as Rauwolfia, Tabernaemontana and Acokanthera.
• In Central America: Plumeria, or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
• In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many lianas such as Landolphia.
• In the Mediterranean region: Nerium, with the well-known oleander or Be-still tree (Nerium oleander).
• The only genera found in temperate Europe away from the Mediterranean are Vinca (Apocynoideae) and Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadoideae).
• In North America: Apocynum, dog bane or Indian hemp, including Apocynum cannabinum, a traditional source of fiber.
• In Continent Southern Africa--Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe--AND Madgascar, except for the humid Evergreen Forest of the Eastern side of Island and Never above 2000 m for the entire Island: Pachypodium.

Species See text Alstonia is a widespread genus of evergreen trees and shrubs from the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). ... Dyer may refer to: Dyer, Tennessee Dyer, Indiana Dyer, Arkansas Dye Dyer County, Tennessee Buddy Dyer, politician, mayor of Orlando This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Species See text Cerbera is a genus of 3-5 species of evergreen small trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, the Seychelles, and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Species 23 species, including: Wrightia antidysenterica Wrightia arborea Wrightia coccinea Wrightia laevis Wrightia pubescens Wrightia religiosa Wrightia sikkimensis Wrightia tinctoria Wrightia is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants in the Apocynaceae (dogbane) family, native to tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. ... Species About 85 species known. ... Species About 100-110 species; see text Tabernaemontana is a genus of 100-110 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, with a pan-tropical distribution. ... Species Acokanthera oblongifolia Acokanthera venenata et al. ... Species 7-8 species including: Plumeria (common name: Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species native to tropical and subtropical America. ... Species 7-8 species including: Plumeria (common name: Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species, native to tropical and subtropical America. ... A liana is woody climber. ... It has been suggested that Nerium oleander and its toxins be merged into this article or section. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Species Vinca difformis Vinca herbacea Vinca major Vinca minor Periwinkle () is a genus of four species of evergreen subshrubs in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. ... Species Apocynum androsaemifolium Bitter dogbane Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp Apocynum is a North American genus with about 7 species. ... This plant is a perennial, growing up to 2 meters tall. ... Species Pachypodium ambongense Pachypodium baronii Pachypodium bicolor Pachypodium bispinosum Pachypodium brevicaule Pachypodium cactipes Pachypodium decaryi Pachypodium densiflorum Pachypodium eburneum Pachypodium geayi Pachypodium gracilius Pachypodium horombense Pachypodium inopinatum Pachypodium lamerei Pachypodium lealii Pachypodium makayense Pachypodium meridionale Pachypodium menabeum Pachypodium namaquanum Pachypodium rosulatum Pachypodium rutenbergianum Pachypodium saundersii Pachypodium sofiense Pachypodium succulentum Pachypodium...

Characteristics

The leaves are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking stipules. Flowers are usually showy, radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), aggregated in cymose or racemose inflorescences (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are perfect (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. The stamens are inserted on the inside of the corolla tube. The ovary is usually superior. In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... Clivia miniata bears bright orange flowers. ... An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting pollen, accidentally transfer it from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ...

The fruit is a drupe, a berry, a capsule or a follicle. The peach is a typical drupe (stone fruit) Raspberries and Yellowjacket In botany, a drupe is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp or skin and mesocarp or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. ... Several types of berries from the market, but none of these are true berries. ... Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata. ... In botany, a follicle is a type of simple dry fruit produced by certain flowering plants. ...

Genera

Apocynoideae

The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae : Acokanthera venenata is a shrub used as the source of an arrow poison and to coat caltrops. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... |- style=text-align:center; background:lightgreen; !Species |- | style=padding: 0 . ... Species See text Alstonia is a widespread genus of evergreen trees and shrubs from the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). ... Species See text Alyxia is a Australasian genus with 106 species from the Dogbane family (Apocynaceae) This genus occurs in China, the Himalayas, SE Asia, Malaysia, Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific Islands. ... Species Apocynum androsaemifolium Bitter dogbane Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp Apocynum is a North American genus with about 7 species. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Species Catharanthus coriaceus Catharanthus lanceus Catharanthus longifolius Catharanthus ovalis Catharanthus pusillus Catharanthus roseus Catharanthus scitulus Catharanthus trichophyllus Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus) is a genus of eight species of herbaceous perennial plants, seven endemic to the island of Sri Lanka. ... Species See text Cerbera is a genus of 3-5 species of evergreen small trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, the Seychelles, and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. ... Mandevilla is a genus of plants. ... For the band, see Oleander (band). ... Species Pachypodium ambongense Pachypodium baronii Pachypodium bicolor Pachypodium bispinosum Pachypodium brevicaule Pachypodium cactipes Pachypodium decaryi Pachypodium densiflorum Pachypodium eburneum Pachypodium geayi Pachypodium gracilius Pachypodium horombense Pachypodium inopinatum Pachypodium lamerei Pachypodium lealii Pachypodium makayense Pachypodium meridionale Pachypodium menabeum Pachypodium namaquanum Pachypodium rosulatum Pachypodium rutenbergianum Pachypodium saundersii Pachypodium sofiense Pachypodium succulentum Pachypodium... Species 7-8 species including: Plumeria (common name: Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species native to tropical and subtropical America. ... Species About 85 species known. ... Binomial name Salpinctes obsoletus (Say, 1823) The Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus) is a small songbird of the wren family. ... Species See text Strophanthus is a genus of plants of the family Apocynaceae, deriving its, name from the long twisted threadlike segments of the corolla, which in one species attain a length of 12 or 14 inches. ... Species About 100-110 species; see text Tabernaemontana is a genus of 100-110 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, with a pan-tropical distribution. ... Binomial name Tabernanthe iboga Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga) is the species of plant from which ibogaine is derived. ... Species See text Trachelospermum is a genus of about 15 species of evergreen woody vines in the family Apocynaceae, native to southern and eastern Asia (14 species) and southeastern North America (one species, ). They have long stems climbing to 12 m or more high in trees. ... Vallaris is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae family. ... Species Vinca difformis Vinca herbacea Vinca major Vinca minor Periwinkle () is a genus of four species of evergreen subshrubs in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. ... Species 23 species, including: Wrightia antidysenterica Wrightia arborea Wrightia coccinea Wrightia laevis Wrightia pubescens Wrightia religiosa Wrightia sikkimensis Wrightia tinctoria Wrightia is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants in the Apocynaceae (dogbane) family, native to tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. ...

• Araujia
• Asclepias (subfamily Asclepiadoideae)
• Caralluma
• Ceropegia
• Cionura
• Cynanchum
• Periploca (Subfamily Periplocoideae)
• Vincetoxicum

Species See text Milkweed L. (1753), the milkweeds, is a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants that contains over 140 known species. ... General Genus of succulent creepers. ... Species Cynanchum acuminatifolium Cynanchum acutum Cynanchum amplexicaule Cynanchum andringitrense Cynanchum angustifolium Cynanchum anthonyanum Cynanchum aphyllum Cynanchum atratum Cynanchum auriculatum Cynanchum arizonicum Cynanchum barbigerum - bearded swallowwort Cynanchum batangense Cynanchum bicampanulatum Cynanchum biondioides Cynanchum boudieri Cynanchum brevicoronatum Cynanchum bungei Cynanchum callialatum Cynanchum canescens Cynanchum carnosum Cynanchum chekiangense Cynanchum chinense Cynanchum christineae Cynanchum...

Uses

Large Periwinkle Vinca major, a popular garden plant

Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past. Image File history File links Name Vinca major Family Image no. ... Image File history File links Name Vinca major Family Image no. ... Species Vinca difformis Vinca herbacea Vinca major Vinca minor Periwinkle () is a genus of four species of evergreen subshrubs in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. ...

The genera Carpodinus, Landolphia, Hancornia, Funtumia and Mascarenhasia were an inferior commercial source of rubber.

The juice of Acokanthera species such as A. venenata and the milky juice of the Namibian Pachypodium has been used as venom for arrow tips by the Bushmen. Some sources (Rapananrivo et al. on p. 5) state that Pachypodium do not have a milky sap--i.e. a milky juice of a Nambian Pachypodium. (This statement needs clarification accordingly) Species Acokanthera oblongifolia Acokanthera venenata et al. ... Acokanthera venenata is a shrub used as the source of an arrow poison and to coat caltrops. ... Species Pachypodium ambongense Pachypodium baronii Pachypodium bicolor Pachypodium bispinosum Pachypodium brevicaule Pachypodium cactipes Pachypodium decaryi Pachypodium densiflorum Pachypodium eburneum Pachypodium geayi Pachypodium gracilius Pachypodium horombense Pachypodium inopinatum Pachypodium lamerei Pachypodium lealii Pachypodium makayense Pachypodium meridionale Pachypodium menabeum Pachypodium namaquanum Pachypodium rosulatum Pachypodium rutenbergianum Pachypodium saundersii Pachypodium sofiense Pachypodium succulentum Pachypodium... The Bushmen (also known as Khwe Khoe, Basarwa, or San) peoples of South Africa and neighbouring Botswana and Namibia, who live in the Kalahari, are part of the Khoisan group and are related to the Khoikhoi. ...

The following genera are ornamental plants: Amsonia (bluestar), Nerium (oleander), Vinca (periwinkle), Carissa (Natal plum, an edible fruit), Allamanda (golden trumpet), Plumeria (frangipani), Thevetia (lucky nut), Mandevilla (Savannah flower). For the band, see Oleander (band). ... Vinca is Vinca, a botanical genus; see Periwinkle (plant). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... |- style=text-align:center; background:lightgreen; !Species |- | style=padding: 0 . ... Species 7-8 species including: Plumeria (common name: Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species native to tropical and subtropical America. ... Mandevilla is a genus of plants. ...

Rauvolfia cafra is the Quinine tree. Rauvolfia serpentina or Indian Snakeroot yields the alkaloids reserpine and rescinnamine. An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals. ... Reserpine is an indole alkaloid antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug known to irreversibly bind to storage vesicles of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. ...

Some are sources of drugs, such as cardiac glycosides, affecting the heart function: Acokanthera, Apocynum, Cerbera, Nerium, Thevetia and Strophantus. Cardiac glycosides are drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. ... Species Acokanthera oblongifolia Acokanthera venenata et al. ... Species Apocynum androsaemifolium Bitter dogbane Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp Apocynum is a North American genus with about 7 species. ... Species See text Cerbera is a genus of 3-5 species of evergreen small trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, the Seychelles, and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. ... For the band, see Oleander (band). ...

The genus Apocynum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. Species Apocynum androsaemifolium Bitter dogbane Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp Apocynum is a North American genus with about 7 species. ... A Hupa man, 1923 The scope of this indigenous peoples of the Americas article encompasses the definitions of indigenous peoples and the Americas as established in their respective articles. ...

Reference

• Endress and Bruyn. 2000. A revised classification of the Apocynaceae. The Botanical Review, 66: 1-56

• Rapanarivo, S.H.J.V; Lavranos, J.J; Leeuwenberg, A.J.M.; AND Röösli, W. ["Taxonomic revision of the genus Pachypodium." by S.H.J.V Rapanarivo and A.J.M Leeuwenberg]; ["The habitats of Pachyopdium species." by S.H.J.V Rapanarivo]; AND ["Cultivation" by W. Röösli] (A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Brookfeild, 1999 p. 5) ". . . Adenium species have either clear sap or white latex. Pachypodium has . . . always clear sap."

External link

• Apocynaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
• UVSC Herbarium - Apocynaceae