Argentine independence War
Part of South American Wars of Independence
Date 1810 - 1818 Location Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia Result Argentine victory and emancipation from Spanish colonial rule, slavery abolished
Belligerents
Argentina  Chile	Spanish Monarchy
Commanders
Manuel Belgrano José de San Martín Bernardo O'Higgins William Brown	Antonio Pareja Gabino Gaínza Mariano Osorio Joaquín de la Pezuela Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, Latin America was, in these years, ruled by independent juntas. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Manuel Belgrano (June 3, 1770 – June 20, 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, politician, and military leader, born in Buenos Aires. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Bernardo OHiggins Riquelme (August 20, 1778 – October 24, 1842), South American independence leader, was one of the commanders – together with José de San Martín – of the military forces that freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Admiral William Brown, also known as Guillermo Brown, was born in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland, on June 22, 1777, and died in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1857. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Brigadier Antonio Pareja (b. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Gabino Gaínza y Fernández Gabino or Gavino Gaínza y Fernández de Medrano (b. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mariano Osorio Mariano Osorio (Sevilla, Spain; 1777 - † Havana, Cuba; 1819) was a Spanish general and Governor of Chile from 1814-1815. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Joaquín de la Pezuela, Spanish Viceroy of Peru (1816-21) Joaquín de la Pezuela y Sánchez Muñoz de Velasco, marqués de Viluma (1761, Naval, Huesca, Spain—1830, Madrid) was a Spanish military officer and viceroy of Peru (from July 7, 1816 to January 29, 1821...

The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martín against realista forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared full independence with provisions for a national constitution. Manuel Belgrano (June 3, 1770 – June 20, 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, politician, and military leader, born in Buenos Aires. ... José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... Motto (Latin) Further Beyond Anthem  1(Spanish) Royal March Spain() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() Capital (and largest city) Madrid Official languages Spanish2 Demonym Spanish, Spaniard Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Head of State King Juan Carlos I  -  President of the Government Formation 15th century   -  Dynastic union 1516   -  Unification... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... San Miguel de Tucumán (usually referred to as simply Tucumán) is the largest city in northwestern Argentina. ... The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Constitution of Argentina The Constitution of Argentina is one of the primary sources of law in Argentina. ...

Background

The territory known today as Argentina was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and its capital city was the Intendency of Buenos Aires. It was ruled by a viceroy appointed by the Spanish Crown and guarded by the Spanish royal army. The beginning of the conflict was the full prohibition of trading with all countries except for Spain. English, French, and Portuguese ships were banned from the port at Buenos Aires. Despite this legislation, the citizens of Buenos Aires were well known as trafficants and they would often trade illegally with many foreign merchants. The resistance, organized by the local criollos during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata while viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte escaped to hide himself along with the state's treasure, helped to create up a national identity. On May 13, 1810, the arrival of a British frigate in Montevideo brought news that Napoleon Bonaparte had invaded Spain, capturing and overthrowing King Ferdinand VII, and triggered a brief period of political turmoil. This series of events is known as the May Revolution as citizens gathered in the Cabildo (City Hall) and decided to suspend Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from office and to create the First Junta (Primera Junta) of government. Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of La Plata (in Spanish, Virreinato del Río de la Plata) was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... Criollo is a Spanish term (feminine criolla, plural criollos/criollas) which may refer to: The Criollos, a caste in the Spanish colonial caste system. ... The British invasions of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: Invasiones Inglesas al Río de la Plata) were a series of unsuccessful British attempts at military control of the Spanish colonies located around the Río de la Plata basin in South America, between 1806 and 1807, as... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... For other uses, see Montevideo (disambiguation). ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... An overthrow or coup is a term referring to a change in government, whereby a leader or party is removed from power, often through the use of force. ... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ... Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... La Revolución de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ... Cabildos in Spain are administrative entities. ... Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros de la Torre (1758–1829) was a Spanish naval officer born in Cartagena. ... The First Junta or Primera Junta was the first goverment that appeared in Argentina after the May Revolution. ...

First Junta and Big Junta

Portrait of Manuel Belgrano.

With the power of the Crown transferred to the Regency Council in Cádiz, and besieged by French troops, a power vacuum existed and, on May 25, 1810, the First Junta was created in Buenos Aires, removing Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from authority the same day. The junta, presided by Cornelio Saavedra (1760-1828), included Mariano Moreno (1778-1811) and Manuel Belgrano (1780-1820) and was later expanded to include deputies from the other provinces (Junta Grande or Big Junta). It was supposed that the revolutionary leaders remained nominally loyal to the Spanish King, but claimed the right to elect their own authorities (juntas), instead of having a viceroy appointed from Spain. Officially, the Junta was meant to keep the sovereignty of the King, but acted in the exact opposite. They attempted to gain support from the territories of the Upper Peru (Alto Peru) located in the border next to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Location Location of Cádiz Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Cádiz (Spanish) Spanish name Cádiz Postal code – Website http://www. ... For the TV show, see F Troop. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The First Junta or Primera Junta was the first goverment that appeared in Argentina after the May Revolution. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros de la Torre (1758–1829) was a Spanish naval officer born in Cartagena. ... Cornelio Saavedra was a military man, born to a noble family in 1761 in Potosí (then part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, now Bolivia), died in Buenos Aires in 1829. ... Mariano Moreno was an Argentine lawyer, journalist and politician, born in Buenos Aires on 23 September 1778, died on 4 March 1811. ... Manuel Belgrano (June 3, 1770 – June 20, 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, politician, and military leader, born in Buenos Aires. ... The Junta Grande was the executive government in Argentina, created by the First Junta. ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río...

History of Argentina
Pre-Columbian times
Indigenous peoples
Spanish rule
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
British invasions
An independent nation
May Revolution
Argentine War of Independence
Congress of Tucumán
Building a nation
Argentine Constitution of 1853
Conquest of the Desert
Generation of '80
Immigration in Argentina
The Age of the Peróns
Juan and Eva Perón
Eva Perón Foundation
Partido Feminista
Evita Perón European Rainbow Tour
General Confederation of Labour
Military government
Dirty War
Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas)
Democracy and crisis
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Trial of the Juntas
Carapintadas
The Argentinazo
Present day Argentina
Modern Argentina
Topical
Military history of Argentina
History of Argentine nationality
Timeline of Argentine history

This article is about the history of Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag-map_of_Argentina. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of La Plata (in Spanish, Virreinato del Río de la Plata) was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ... The British invasions of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: Invasiones Inglesas al Río de la Plata) were a series of unsuccessful British attempts at military control of the Spanish colonies located around the Río de la Plata basin in South America, between 1806 and 1807, as... La Revolución de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ... The Congress of Tucumán was the representative assembly of the United Provinces of the River Plate formed in 1816, initially meeting in Tucumán. ... Cover of the original manuscript of the 1853 Constitution The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was the first constitution of Argentina, approved with the support of the governments of the provinces —though without that of the Buenos Aires Province, who remained separated of the Argentine Confederation until 1859, after the modification... The Conquest of the Desert (Spanish: Conquista del desierto) was a military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, which was inhabited by indigenous peoples. ... The Generation of 80 (Spanish: Generación del 80) was the governing elite in Argentina from 1880 to 1916. ... Non-native population in Argentina, 1869–1991 There is a theory that the original inhabitants of Argentina were descendants of Asian peoples that crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America and then, over thousands of years, reached the southern end of South America. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... María Eva Duarte de Perón (May 7, 1919 – July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974) and the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. ... Evita working in the Foundation The Eva Peron Foundation was a charitable foundation begun by Eva Perón, at the time the First Lady of Argentina, from 1948 to 1955. ... The Female Peronist Party was the womens branch of the Peronist Justicialist Party of Argentina. ... María Eva Duarte de Perón (May 7, 1919 – July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974) and the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. ... The General Confederation of Labour (Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina, CGT) is a national trade union center of Argentina founded on September 27, 1930 as the result of the merge of the USA (Unión Sindical Argentina) and the COA (Confederación Obrera Argentina) trade... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ... Belligerents Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario Menéndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties and losses 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner... The white shawl of the Mothers, painted on the floor in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires. ... The Juicio a las Juntas (Spanish, Trial of the Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, which lasted from 1976 to 1983. ... The Carapintadas (Spanish: Painted Faces) were a group of mutineers in the Argentine Army, who took part in uprisings during the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín in Argentina. ... The December 2001 riots were a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina, which took place during December 2001, with the most violent incidents taking place on December 19 and December 20 in the capital, Buenos Aires. ... Argentine redirects here. ... This article is in need of attention. ... This is a timeline of Argentine history. ...

Armed Conflict

Two campaigns were ordered by the Junta Grande in order to gain support for the revolutionary ideas of Buenos Aires.

• Alto Perú campaign (1810-1811): The improvised militia was commanded by Antonio González de Balcarce and tried to penetrate the intendencies of the Upper Peru (today Bolivia). The militia first engaged in combat with the Spanish army in the Battle of Suipacha and it was a victory for the patriots (November 7 1810). But the campaign would end unsuccessfully next June after the Battle of Huaqui. There, the militia was outnumbered by royalist forces from Peru and suffered heavy losses.

• Paraguay campaign (1810-1811): Another militia, commanded by Manuel Belgrano, made its way up to the Intendency of Paraguay. The first battle was fought in Campichuelo and the Argentines claimed victory. However, they were completely overwhelmed in the subsequent battles of Paraguarí and Tacuarí. This campaign also ended in failure from the military point of view; but some months later, Paraguay broke its links with the Spanish crown and became an independent nation.

Violent internal disagreements and the undesired outcomes of the campaigns, led to the replacement of the Junta by a triumvirate in September 1811; see First Triumvirate (Argentina). The new government decided to promote another campaign to the Upper Peru with the reorganized Northern Army. Antonio González Balcarce Antonio González de Balcarce (June 24, 1774 - August 15, 1819) was an Argentine military commander in the early 19th century. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Manuel Belgrano (June 3, 1770 – June 20, 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, politician, and military leader, born in Buenos Aires. ... Paraguarí is a city in Paraguay. ... The First Triumvirate (spanish: Primer Triunvirato) was the executive organ of government that replaced the Junta Grande, and governed Argentina from 1811 and 1812. ...

• Second Alto Perú campaign (1812-1813): Facing the overwhelming invasion of a loyalist army led by General Pío Tristán, Manuel Belgrano, then commander of the Northern Army, turned to scorched-earth tactics. He ordered the evacuation of the people and the burning of anything else left behind, to prevent enemy forces from getting supplies or taking prisoners in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy. This is known as the Jujuy Exodus.

General Belgrano led the Northern Army to victory in the Battles of Tucuman and Salta in the northwest of present-day Argentina, forcing the bulk of the royalist army to surrender their weapons. Tristán (a former Belgrano's coed at Salamanca University) and his men were granted amnesty and released. These cities have remained under the Argentine government ever since. But again, the patriot army was defeated in Upper Perú in the battles of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma. Patio of the Main Cathedral San Salvador de Jujuy, city in northwestern Argentina, capital of the Jujuy Province. ... The Jujuy Exodus (in Spanish, Éxodo Jujeño) was an episode of the Argentine War of Independence. ... San Miguel de Tucumán (usually referred to as simply Tucumán) is the largest city in northwestern Argentina. ... The inside of Saltas main cathedral Salta is a city in northwestern Argentina and the capital city of the eponymous province. ... The University of Salamanca (Spanish Universidad de Salamanca), located in the town of Salamanca, west-northwest of Madrid, is the oldest university in Spain, and one of the oldest in Europe. ... The Battle of Vilcapugio (Quechua: ) was fought on October 1, 1813 during the Campaign of Alto Peru in the Argentine War of Independence, where the pro-independence forces led by General Manuel Belgrano were defeated by the pro-Spanish Realists, led by Joaquin de la Pazuela. ... Leader of the victorious Royalist forces, Joaquín de la Pezuela. ...

San Martín wrapped in the flag.

During the campaign, the Triumvirate established recently arrived from Spain José de San Martín as Lieutenant Colonel and ordered him to create the professional and disciplined cavalry unit called Granaderos. The same division helped the revolution that collapsed the government and elected a Second Triumvirate (Argentina) by late 1812. Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Argentine War of Independence ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Argentine War of Independence ... José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... The Second Triumvirate (Spanish Segundo Triunvirato) was the governing body of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present Argentina) that followed the First Triumvirate in 1812, short after the May Revolution, and lasted 2 years. ...

In January 31, 1813, a Spanish army company coming from Montevideo landed near the town of San Lorenzo, in the Santa Fe province. The Second Triumvirate urged San Martín to stop further raids on the west bank of the Parana river. The Granaderos division met the Spanish in the town's convent and made an easy victory on February 3 in the Battle of San Lorenzo. After this battle, the Second Triumvirate awarded San Martín the rank of General. is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Montevideo (disambiguation). ... This article needs cleanup. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Monument commemorating the battle at the Campo de la Gloria. ...

Fearing a major Spanish attack, a general assembly was called (asamblea del año XIII) in Buenos Aires on February 27, to discuss future military campaigns. It was finally decided to dissolve the Triumvirate status and to create a new regime of a one-person government. The same assembly elected the first Supreme Director in January 31, 1814: Gervasio Antonio de Posadas. Posadas decided to create a naval fleet with the help of Juan Larrea and appointed William Brown as Lieutenant Colonel and Chief Commander on March 1, 1814. This tiny fleet engaged in combat with the Spanish ships on the coasts of Montevideo in the Action of 14 May 1814 and defeated them three days later. This action secured the coast of Buenos Aires and William Brown was awarded the rank of Admiral. Seal of the Assembly The Assembly of Year XIII (Spanish: Asamblea del Año XIII) was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (todays Argentina) on October 1812. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Gervasio Antonio de Posadas y Dávila, (Buenos Aires, 18 June 1757 - 2 July 1833) was a member of Argentinas Second triumvirate from 19 August 1813 until 31 January 1814, after which he continued as Supreme Director until 9 January 1815. ... Admiral William Brown, also known as Guillermo Brown, was born in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland, on June 22, 1777, and died in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1857. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... For other uses, see Montevideo (disambiguation). ... This battle took place on 14, 16 and 17 May 1823, during the Argentinian War of Independence between an Argentine fleet under William Brown and a Spanish fleet under Admiral Sienna. ...

Supreme Director Posadas was replaced by Carlos María de Alvear the next year, on January 11, 1815, and was quickly followed by Ignacio Álvarez Thomas on April 21. Álvarez Thomas appointed Alvear as the new General of the Northern Army to replace José Rondeau, but officials would not recognize this act and remained loyal to Rondeau. Carlos María de Alvear Carlos María de Alvear (born on October 25, 1789 in Santo Ángel, Misiones – died on November 3, 1852 in New York, United States) was an Argentine soldier and statesman, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the River Plate (present-day Argentina) in 1815. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Ignacio Álvarez Thomas José Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (February 15, 1787 - July 19, 1857) was a South American military commander and politician of the early 19th century. ... José Casimiro Rondeau Pereyra (March 4, 1773 - November 18, 1844) was a general and politician in Argentina and Uruguay in the early 19th century. ...

• Third Alto Perú campaign (1815): The Northern Army, unofficially commanded by José Rondeau , started another campaign, but this time without the authorization of Supreme Director Álvarez Thomas. With the lack of official support, the army faced anarchy and later would lose the aid of the Provincial Army of Salta, commanded by Martín Miguel de Güemes. After being defeated in the battles of Venta y Media (October 21) and Sipe-Sipe (November 28), the northern territories were lost. They were reannexed by the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, and later became present-day Bolivia. This unsuccessful outcome to the campaign would spread rumors in Europe that the May Revolution was over.

Despite this final defeat in the north, the Spanish Army was eventually stopped and could not advance further. With King Ferdinand back in power, an urgent decision was needed regarding independence. On July 9, 1816, an assembly of representatives from all of the provinces (except Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes, and along with the Banda Oriental, present-day Uruguay) met in San Miguel de Tucumán declaring the full independence of Argentina from the Spanish Crown and provisions for a national constitution. Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes later joined. José Casimiro Rondeau Pereyra (March 4, 1773 - November 18, 1844) was a general and politician in Argentina and Uruguay in the early 19th century. ... Martín Miguel de Güemes (8 February 1785 – 17 June 1821) was a military leader and popular caudillo who defended northwestern Argentina from the Spanish during the Argentine War of Independence. ... The Battle of Sipe-Sipe was an important battle in the South American wars of independence in which the United Provinces of Río de la Plata (the insurgents in the old Spanish viceroyalty of the same name) were decisively defeated by Spanish royalist forces in Alto Perú (now Bolivia). ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Santa Fe is a province of Argentina, located in the north of the country. ... Map of Argentina highlighting the province Entre Ríos is a province of Argentina, it lays and borders north of Buenos Aires Province, south of Corrientes Province, east of Santa Fe Province, and west of Uruguay. ... The city of Corrientes and the Paraná River, photographed from the International Space Station. ... San Miguel de Tucumán (usually referred to as simply Tucumán) is the largest city in northwestern Argentina. ... Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of South America, in Spanish and Quechua The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán. ...

The following year, San Martín took command of the Northern Army preparing a new invasion of Upper Perú (now Bolivia), but quickly resigned, foreseeing another defeat. Instead, he became governor of the province of Cuyo (now the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis). He developed a new strategy to attack the Viceroyalty of Perú through the Captaincy of Chile. San Martín largely based this plan on the writings of Sir Thomas Maitland who was quoted to say that the only way to defeat the Spanish at Quito and Lima was by attacking Chile first. At this point, the Argentine War of Independence gets mixed with the Chilean independence War as both armies joined forces. Cuyo is the name given to the wine-producing, mountainous area of north-west Argentina, comprising the provinces of San Juan, San Luis and Mendoza. ... Mendoza is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina, located in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. ... Categories: Argentina geography stubs | Argentine provinces ... San Luis is a province of Argentina located near the geographical center of the country (on the 32º South parallel). ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and River Plate... Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Maitland, GCB, GCH (1759 – 1824) was a British soldier and colonial governor. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation). ... Combatants Chile Spain Commanders José Miguel Carrera Bernardo OHiggins Antonio Pareja Gabino Gaínza Mariano Osorio Casualties Unknown 1,000 Killed or Wounded, 2,000 Prisoners The independence of Chile from Spain was officially achieved on February 12, 1818. ...

• Chile campaign (1817): Installed in the city of Mendoza, San Martín reorganized the Granderos cavalry unit along with the Army of Cuyo and crossed the Andes Mountains to attack the Royalists in Chile at the beginning of 1817 in the Battle of Chacabuco. With the aid of Chilean patriot Bernardo O'Higgins he made a triumphant entry in the liberated city of Santiago de Chile. Argentine and Chilean armies merged in the unofficial South American Patriot Army and continued the campaign together against the Spanish division commanded by Osorio. However, their forces were surprised and very badly beaten at the Battle of Cancha Rayada on March 18, 1818. In the confusion, a false rumor spread that O'Higgins had died, and a panic seized the patriot troops, many of whom agitated for a full retreat back across the Andes to Mendoza. Crippled after his defeat at Cancha Rayada, O'Higgins delegated the command of the troops entirely to San Martín in a meeting on the plains of Maipú. Then, on April 5, 1818, San Martín inflicted a decisive defeat on Osorio in the Battle of Maipú, after which the depleted royalists retreated to Concepcion, never again to launch a major offensive against Santiago.

This is considered to be the conclusion of the Argentine War of Independence, but battles continued by land and sea in Perú until 1824 when the last Spanish garrison surrendered in the Battle of Ayacucho and Peru proclaimed its independence. These events were part of San Martín's own campaigning with O'Higgins and Simon Bolivar and Buenos Aires no longer recognized his authority. Monument dedicated to the Army of the Andes, on the summit of the Cerro de la Gloria. ... This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Combatants South American patriots Spain Commanders Jose de San Martin Bernardo OHiggins Rafael Maroto Strength 600 Cavalry 4,000 Infantry (Approximate) 22 Guns 1,500 Infantry Casualties 100 killed/wounded 500 killed/wounded 600 prisoners The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February... Bernardo OHiggins Riquelme (August 20, 1778 – October 24, 1842), South American independence leader, was one of the commanders – together with José de San Martín – of the military forces that freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. ... Satellite image of Santiago Santiago (full form Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants South American patriots Spain Commanders Benardo OHiggins Mariano Osorio Strength c5,000 c5,000 Casualties 1,000 2,000 dead 3,000 captured The Battle of Maipú was a battle fought near Santiago, Chile on April 5, 1818 between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the South... - Peru (Spanish: República del Perú) is a country in western South America, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the east, south-east and south, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ... The Battle of Ayacucho took place during the final phase of Perus War of Independence. ... Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) was a South American revolutionary leader. ...

The meeting of Guayaquil

On 26 July 1822, San Martín met with Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil to plan the future of Latin America. Most of the details of this meeting are secret, and this has made the event a matter of much debate among historians. Some believe that Bolívar's refusal to share command of the combined forces made San Martín withdraw from Perú and resettle as a farmer in Mendoza, Argentina. Another theory claims that San Martín yielded to Bolívar's charisma and avoided a confrontation. It is widely believed that both men were members of Masonic societies, and the outcome of the meeting might have been arranged by hidden players, however this has been denied by the Great Masonic Lodges ^[1] . See Lautaro Lodge. is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Monument dedicated to the Army of the Andes, on the summit of the Cerro de la Gloria. ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ... The Lautaro Lodge (Logia Lautaro in Spanish)) was founded by Francisco de Miranda. ...

Annual commemoration

Today, the Día de la Revolución de Mayo (May Revolution Day) on May 25 is an annual holiday in Argentina to commemorate these significant events in the history of Argentina. These and other events of the week leading to this day are referred to as the Semana de Mayo (May Week). Argentine Independence Day is celebrated on July 9, to commemorate the Argentine Declaration of Independence declared in 1816. La Revolución de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a table of national public holidays of Argentina. ... This article is about the history of Argentina. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán. ...

See also

• South American Wars of Independence
• History of Argentina
• Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata

Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, Latin America was, in these years, ruled by independent juntas. ... This article is about the history of Argentina. ... Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ...

References

1. ^ · ·.Cruce de los Andes.com.· ·