Arthur Goldberg

Arthur Joseph Goldberg (August 8, 1908 – January 19, 1990) was an American statesman and jurist who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor, Supreme Court Justice, and Ambassador to the United Nations. Arthur Goldberg, US Supreme Court Justice and UN Ambassador LBJ Library Photo by Yoichi Okamoto This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Arthur Goldberg, US Supreme Court Justice and UN Ambassador LBJ Library Photo by Yoichi Okamoto This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the United States Department of Labor. ... Associate Justices of the United States Supreme Court are the members of that court other than the Chief Justice. ... United States Ambasadors to the United Nations, full title, Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations (also known as the...

Early life

Goldberg was born and raised on the West Side of Chicago, the youngest of eight children of Russian immigrants. Goldberg's father, a produce peddler, died in 1916, forcing Goldberg's siblings to quit school and go to work to support the family. As the youngest child, Goldberg was allowed to continue school, graduating from high school at age 16. Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... High school, or Secondary school, is the last segment of compulsory education in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan (Republic of China) (only junior high school), the United Kingdom and the United States. ...

Goldberg's interest in the law was sparked by the famous 1923 murder trial of Leopold and Loeb, wealthy young Chicagoans who were spared the death penalty with the help of their high-powered defense attorney, Clarence Darrow. Goldberg would later point to this case as inspiration for his opposition to the death penalty on the bench, as he saw how inequality of social status could lead to unfair application of the death penalty. 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nathan Leopold (left) and Richard Loeb (center) under arrest Nathan Leopold, Jr. ... In most litigation under the common law adversarial system the defendant, perhaps with the assistance of counsel, may allege or present defenses (or defences) in order to avoid liability, civil or criminal. ... Clarence Darrow ca. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ...

Goldberg earned a distinguished reputation as a student at Northwestern Law School, where he edited the law review, graduating in 1930. Northwestern University is a private university which has its main campus in Evanston, Illinois, on a 240-acre (970,000 m²) campus along the shore of Lake Michigan. ... Law School is the term used in the United States to indicate an institution where future lawyers obtain legal degrees, mainly teaching using the Socratic method. ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

In 1931, Goldberg married art student Dorothy Kurgans. They had one daughter Barbara (Cramer) and a son, Robert. 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Labor lawyer and Kennedy Administration

Goldberg became a prominent labor lawyer, representing striking Chicago newspaper workers on behalf of the CIO in 1938. He served in the Office of Strategic Services as a contact with the European underground labor movement during World War II. Appointed general counsel to the CIO in 1948, Goldberg served as a negotiator and chief legal advisor in the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955. CIO may mean: Chief Information Officer, a corporate title Congress of Industrial Organizations, a US trade union confederation the Central Imagery Office, a predecessor organization of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency cry it out, usually in the context of babies and their (lack of) sleeping habits. ... The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime (but not direct) precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that engulfed much of the globe... CIO may mean: Chief Information Officer, a corporate title Congress of Industrial Organizations, a US trade union confederation the Central Imagery Office, a predecessor organization of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency cry it out, usually in the context of babies and their (lack of) sleeping habits. ... AFL is a three-letter acronym that stands for: Academic Free License Alberta Football League American Federation of Labor, see also AFL-CIO American Football League Arena Football League Australian Football League Austrian Football League Assessment for Learning (AfL) This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a... CIO may mean: Chief Information Officer, a corporate title Congress of Industrial Organizations, a US trade union confederation the Central Imagery Office, a predecessor organization of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency cry it out, usually in the context of babies and their (lack of) sleeping habits. ...

Goldberg was by this time a prominent figure in the Democratic Party and in labor union politics. President Kennedy appointed Goldberg to two positions – first as Secretary of Labor, where he served from 1961-1962, and then as an associate justice of the Supreme Court, replacing Felix Frankfurter, who had resigned because of poor health. JFK redirects here. ... The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the United States Department of Labor. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Justice Frankfurter Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882–February 22, 1965) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. ...

Supreme Court

Despite his short time on the bench, Goldberg played a significant role in the Court's jurisprudence, as his liberal views on constitutional questions shifted the Court's balance toward a broader construction of constitutional rights. For example, he wrote an influential concurring opinion in the case of Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), arguing that the Ninth Amendment supported the existence of an unenumerated "right of privacy." Estelle Griswold, in front of the New Haven, Connecticut Planned Parenthood Holding A Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. ... Amendment IX (the Ninth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, states: In his introduction before the House of Representatives of the original twelve Amendments proposed to the states, ten of which would be ratified and become known as the Bill of Rights...

Perhaps Goldberg's most influential move on the Court involved the death penalty. Goldberg argued in a 1963 internal Supreme Court memorandum that imposition of the death penalty was condemned by the international community and should be regarded as "cruel and unusual punishment," in contravention of the Eighth Amendment. Goldberg was the first to argue this position: prior to Goldberg's memo, no Supreme Court case had addressed the question of whether the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment. Finding support in this position from only one other justice William J. Brennan, Goldberg published an opinion dissenting from the Court's denial of certiorari in a case, Rudolph v. Alabama, involving the imposition of the death penalty for rape, in which Goldberg cited the fact that only 5 nations responded indicated on a United Nations survey that they allowed imposition of the death penalty for rape, including the U.S., and that 33 states in the U.S. have outlawed the practice. Amendment VIII (the Eighth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the U.S. Bill of Rights, prohibits excessive bail or fines, as well as cruel and unusual punishment. ... William J. Brennan, Jr. ... Certiorari is a legal term in Roman, English and American law referring to a type of writ seeking judicial review. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 member states, which includes virtually all internationally recognized independent countries. ...

Goldberg's dissent sent a signal to lawyers across the nation to challenge the constitutionality of capital punishment in appeals. As a result of the influx of appeals, the death penalty effectively ceased to exist in the United States for the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s, and the Supreme Court was forced to consider the issue in the 1972 case of Furman v. Georgia, where the Justices, in a 5-4 decision, struck down the death penalty laws of states across the country (the decision would be revisited in 1976's Gregg v. Georgia, where the justices voted to allow the death penalty under some circumstances). The death penalty for rape, however, would be struck down in 1977's Coker v. Georgia. Goldberg's mode of analysis, comparing the practices of other nations and states of the U.S., became a standard test used by the Court in evaluating Eighth Amendment claims. Holding The arbitrary and inconsistant imposition of the death penalty violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment, and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. ... Holding The imposition of the death penalty does not, automatically, violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment, lower courts judgement is affirmed. ...

During his tenure on the Supreme Court, one of his law clerks was future Associate Justice Stephen Breyer. Another was prominent criminal law professor Alan Dershowitz. In the United States a law clerk is a person who assists a judge in researching issues before the court and in writing opinions. ... Justice Stephen Breyer Justice Stephen Gerald Breyer (born August 15, 1938) has been an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court since 1994. ... Alan Dershowitz on Democracy Now! Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is a well known political figure and criminal law professor at Harvard Law School, known for his extensive published works, support for Zionism and Israel and work as an attorney in several high-profile law cases. ...

Subsequent career

In 1965, Goldberg was persuaded by President Johnson to resign his seat on the court to replace the late Adlai Stevenson as the US Ambassador to the United Nations. Goldberg accepted only after much prodding by Johnson, in the hope of negotiating a settlement to the escalating conflict in Vietnam. In that post, Goldberg clashed with Johnson over the course of the Vietnam War. Goldberg, frustrated with the war in Vietnam and longing to return to the bench, resigned from the ambassadorship in 1968. Goldberg was mentioned as a potential nominee for Chief Justice when Earl Warren announced his retirement in 1968, but was passed over in favor of Abe Fortas (whose nomination was eventually successfully filibustered). 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... Portrait of Adlai Stevenson Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and statesman, noted for his skill in debate and oratory. ... An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 member states, which includes virtually all internationally recognized independent countries. ... The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN, or North Vietnam), allied with the National Liberation Front (NLF, or Viet Cong) against the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, or South Vietnam), and their allies—notably the United States military in support of... Earl Warren Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was a California district attorney, the 30th Governor of California and the 14th Chief Justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969. ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Abe Fortas Abraham Fortas (June 19, 1910 - April 5, 1982) was a U.S. Supreme Court associate justice. ... In a legislature or other decision making body, a filibuster is an attempt to obstruct a particular decision from being taken by using up the time available, typically through an extremely long speech. ...

In 1970, Goldberg ran for Governor of New York, but proved an underwhelming campaigner and was defeated decisively by incumbent Nelson Rockefeller. Subsequently, Goldberg returned to law practice in Washington, D.C., and served as President of the American Jewish Committee. Under President Jimmy Carter, Goldberg served as United States Ambassador to the Belgrade Conference on Human Rights in 1977, and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1978. 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was a Governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States of America from December 19, 1974 to January 20, 1977. ... The stated Mission of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) is to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews in the United States, in Israel, and throughout the world; to strengthen the basic principles of pluralism around the world, as the best defense against anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar). ... The Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, considered the equivalent of the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor. ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ...

Goldberg died in 1990. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia, is an American military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Robert E. Lees home. ...

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the United States Department of Labor. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Willard A. Wirtz (Willard A. Wirtz) (born 1912) was a U.S. administrator. ... Justice Frankfurter Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882–February 22, 1965) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. ... In order to become a Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, an individual must be nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the U.S. Senate, with at least half of that body approving in the affirmative. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in Leap years). ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... Abe Fortas Abraham Fortas (June 19, 1910 - April 5, 1982) was a U.S. Supreme Court associate justice. ... Portrait of Adlai Stevenson Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and statesman, noted for his skill in debate and oratory. ... United States Ambasadors to the United Nations, full title, Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations (also known as the... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... George Wildman Ball (1909 - 1994) was U.S. Undersecretary of State in the administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. ...

United States Secretaries of Labor
Secretaries of Commerce & Labor (1903–1913): Cortelyou | Metcalf | Straus | Nagel  Secretaries of Labor (1913—): Wilson | Davis | Doak | Perkins | Schwellenbach | Tobin | Durkin | Mitchell | Goldberg | Wirtz | Shultz| | Hodgson | Brennan | Dunlop | Usery | Marshall | Donovan | Brock | McLaughlin | Dole | Martin | Reich | Herman | Chao

The Warren Court
1962–1965:	H. Black | Wm. O. Douglas | T.C. Clark | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan | P. Stewart | B. White | A.J. Goldberg

The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the United States Department of Labor. ... Image File history File links Seal of the United States Department of Labor. ... The United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor was the head of the short-lived United States Department of Commerce and Labor, which was concerned with business, industry, and labor. ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... Link title1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... G.B. Cortelyou George Bruce Cortelyou (July 26, 1862–October 23, 1940) was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early 20th century. ... Victor Howard Metcalf (October 10, 1853–February 20, 1936) was an American politician. ... Categories: Stub | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce and Labor ... The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the United States Department of Labor. ... Link title1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... William Bauchop Wilson (1862 - 1934) was a U.S. (Scottish-born) labor leader and political figure. ... James J. Puddler Jim Davis (October 27, 1873-November 22, 1947), was a U.S. Republican Party politician, He was born in Tredegar, South Wales in the United Kingdom, and emigrated to the United States in 1881 at the age of eight and was apprenticed as a puddlers assistant... Frances Perkins wearing a veil after the death of president Roosevelt Frances Coralie Perkins (April 10, 1882--May 14, 1965) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. ... Lewis Baxter Schwellenbach was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. ... Maurice Joseph Tobin (May 22, 1901–July 19, 1953) was a Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, governor of the U.S. state of Massachusetts, and U.S. Secretary of Labor. ... Martin Patrick Durkin (1894 - 1955) was a U.S. administrator. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Arthur Joseph Goldberg (August 8, 1908 _ January 19, 1990) was an American statesman. ... Willard A. Wirtz (Willard A. Wirtz) (born 1912) was a U.S. administrator. ... Shultz in his official D.O.L. portrait. ... James D. Hodgson served as Ambassador to Japan from 1974-1977. ... Peter Joseph Brennan (May 24, 1918 - October 2, 1996) was United States Secretary of Labor under President Nixon and President Ford. ... John Thomas Dunlop (born 1914) was a U.S. administrator. ... William Julian Usery Jr. ... Freddie Ray Marshall is the Professor Emeritus of the Audre and Bernard Rapoport Centennial Chair in Economicis and Public Affairs at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas. ... Raymond J. Donovan (August 31, 1930-) is an American politician and former federal office-holder. ... Bill Brock William Emerson Bill Brock III (born November 23, 1930) was a Republican United States Senator from Tennessee from 1971 to 1977. ... Categories: People stubs ... Elizabeth Hanford Liddy Dole (born July 29, 1936) was elected to the United States Senate in 2002 to represent North Carolina for a term ending in 2009. ... Categories: People stubs ... Robert Bernard Reich (born June 24, 1946) was the 22nd United States Secretary of Labor, serving under President Bill Clinton from 1993 - 1997. ... DOL portrait Alexis Margaret Herman (born July 16, 1947) served as the 23rd U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton. ... Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao Elaine Lan Chao (Chinese: 趙小蘭, pinyin: Zhào XiÇŽolán, Wade-Giles Chao Hsiao-lan; b. ... Earl Warren Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was a California district attorney, the 30th Governor of California and the 14th Chief Justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... Hugo LaFayette Black (February 27, 1886 – September 25, 1971) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1937 - 1971). ... Douglas William Orville Douglas (October 16, 1898 - January 19, 1980) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. ... Tom Campbell Clark (September 23, 1899 in Dallas, Texas –June 13, 1977) was United States Attorney General from 1945-1949 and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1949-1967). ... John Marshall Harlan II (May 20, 1899- December 29, 1971) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ... William J. Brennan, Jr. ... Justice Potter Stewart Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915 - December 7, 1985) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ... Byron White Byron Raymond White (June 8, 1917 – April 15, 2002) won fame both as a speedy running back and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ...

U.S. Ambassadors to the United Nations
Stettinius | Johnson | Austin | Lodge | Wadsworth | Stevenson | Goldberg | Ball | Wiggins | Yost | Bush | Scali | Moynihan | Scranton | Young | McHenry | Kirkpatrick | Walters | Pickering | Perkins | Albright | Richardson | Burleigh | Holbrooke | Cunningham | Negroponte | Danforth | Patterson | Bolton