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Autogas is the common name for liquified petroleum gas when it is used as a fuel in internal combustion engines in vehicles. The same equipment is also used for similar engines in stationary applications such as generators. 45 kg LPG cylinders Spherical Gas Container typically found in Refineries. ...
For other uses, see Fuel (disambiguation). ...
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ...
Vehicles are non-living means of transport. ...
A stationary engine is an engine that does not move. ...
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Autogas is widely used as a "green" fuel as it decreases exhaust emissions. In particular, it reduces CO2 emissions by around 20% compared to petrol. It has an octane rating (MON/RON) that is between 90 and 110 and an energy content (higher heating value—HHV) that is between 25.5 megajoules per litre (for pure propane) and 28.7 megajoules per litre (for pure butane) depending upon the actual fuel composition. Vehicle emissions inspection station Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the air pollution-causing emissions produced by automobiles. ...
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
Petrol redirects here. ...
A gas station pump offering five different octane ratings. ...
The Higher Heating Value (HHV) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) once it is combusted and the reactants have returned to a temperature of 25°C. The Higher Heating Value takes into account the latent heat of...
A megajoule (abbreviation: MJ) is a unit of energy equal to 1000000 joules. ...
The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ...
Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. ...
Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ...
In countries where petrol is called petrol rather than gasoline, it is common for autogas to be simply referred to as gas. This can be confusing for people from countries where petrol is called gasoline, as they often use the abbreviation gas to refer to petrol. In the United States, autogas is more commonly known under the name of its primary constituent, propane.
Vehicle manufacturers
 2001 Ford Falcon E-Gas engine bay Toyota made a number of LPG-only engines in their 1970s M, R, and Y engine families. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1448 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
Toyota Motor Corporations M family of engines were a longitudinally mounted straight-6 engine design. ...
The Toyota R family was a series of straight-4 engines produced from 1953 through 1995. ...
Currently, a number of automobile manufacturers—Citroën, Fiat, Ford, Hyundai, General Motors (including Daewoo, Holden, Opel/Vauxhall, Saab), Peugeot, Renault, Toyota and Volvo—have OEM bi-fuel (dual fuel) models that will run equally well on both LPG and petrol. “Car†and “Cars†redirect here. ...
Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. ...
Fiat S.p. ...
“Ford†redirects here. ...
The Hyundai Motor Company, a division of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group, is South Koreas largest and the worlds Sixth Largest Automaker. ...
General Motors Corporation, also known as GM or The General, an American multinational conglomerate corporation, is the worlds largest auto company by annual production volume for 2006, and the second largest by sales volume as of the first half of 2007, behind Toyota Motor Corporation. ...
This article is about the chaebol Daewoo Group. ...
Holdens rule This article is about the Australian car manufacturer. ...
This article is about the European car manufacturer. ...
For information about the football team see Vauxhall Motors F.C. Vauxhall Motors is a UK car company. ...
Saab Automobile AB is automobile manufacturing company in Sweden, and is currently a wholly-owned subsidiary of the General Motors Corporation. ...
Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ...
For the author, see Mary Renault. ...
This article is about the automaker. ...
Volvo Cars, or Volvo Personvagnar, is a well-known Swedish automobile maker founded in 1927 in the city of Gothenburg in Sweden. ...
Original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, is a term that refers to containment-based re-branding, namely where one company uses a component of another company within its product, or sells the product of another company under its own brand. ...
Vialli manufacture OEM LPG powered scooters and LPG powered mopeds that run equally well on LPG. Ford Australia have offered an LPG-only variant of their Falcon model since 2000. An LPG powered scooter is a motorised two wheeled vehicle powered by liquid petroleum gas(LPG). ...
Countries Autogas enjoys great popularity in numerous countries including Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Korea, The Netherlands, Poland, Serbia and Turkey. It is also available at larger petrol stations in Czech Republic, France and United Kingdom in the larger urban areas. The former Soviet republic of Armenia may, however, be the world leader in autogas use. The Armenian transport ministry estimates as much as 20 to 30% of vehicles use autogas compared with traditional gasoline, once again due to the fact that it offers a very cheap alternative to both diesel and petrol, being less than half the price of petrol and some 40% cheaper than diesel. The recent rises in oil-derived fuels has sharply raised the difference. This article is about the Korean civilization. ...
Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy - Queen Beatrix - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War - Declared July 26, 1581 - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain...
Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ...
Soviet redirects here. ...
Australia LPG is popular in Australia, in part due to it being less than half the price of petrol in urban areas. The four major local manufacturers (Ford, Holden, Mitsubishi and Toyota) offer factory fitted autogas in some models of their locally made large cars. All factory autogas vehicles are dual fuel vehicles, with the exception of the E-Gas Ford Falcon model, which runs on autogas only. “Ford†redirects here. ...
Holdens rule This article is about the Australian car manufacturer. ...
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ) is the fifth largest automaker in Japan and the thirteenth largest in the world by unit sales. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
This article is about the Australian car model. ...
Autogas is especially popular with taxis, except in remote areas where transportation costs make autogas prices uncompetitive.
Whilst autogas is currently excise-free, excise is to be imposed on all vehicle fuels that are not currently subject to excise, being added incrementally from 2011 to 2015. The excise on autogas will start at 2.5 cents per litre in 2011 and reach 12.5 cents per litre by 2015. By comparison, the excise on petrol will remain at its existing 38 cents per litre. The additional excise on autogas is being offset somewhat by a subsidy that was implemented in 2006 for private motorists, paying either AU$2000 to convert their existing vehicle to autogas, or AU$1000 for purchasing a new vehicle that was manufactured to operate on autogas.[1] The subsidy does not apply to business vehicles or vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Mass of over 3500 kilograms. In addition to the subsidy provided by the Australian federal government, the Western Australian government also provides a AU$1000 subsidy under the long-running LPG subsidy scheme. A Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) is the maximum allowable total mass of a fully loaded motor vehicle, consisting of the tare mass (mass of the vehicle) plus the load (including passengers). ...
System types The different autogas systems generally use the same type of filler, tanks, lines and fittings but use different components in the engine bay. Some injection systems use special tanks with circulation pumps and return lines similar to petrol fuel injection systems. // Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ...
There are three basic types of autogas system. The oldest of these is the conventional converter-and-mixer system, which has existed since the 1940s and is still widely used today. The other two types are known as injection systems, but there are significant differences between the two.
A converter-mixer system uses a converter to change liquid fuel from the tank into vapour, then feeds that vapour to the mixer where it is mixed with the intake air.
Vapour phase injection systems use a converter in much the same way as with a mixer, but have a series of electrical shutoff solenoids and nozzles (collectively referred to as injectors) that are controlled by a computer. The computer works in much the same way as a petrol fuel injection computer. This allows much more accurate metering of fuel to the engine than is possible with mixers, improving economy and/or power while reducing emissions.
Liquid phase injection systems do not use a converter, but instead deliver the liquid fuel into a fuel rail in much the same manner as a petrol injection system. These systems are still very much in their infancy. Because the fuel vapourises in the intake, the air around it is cooled significantly. This increases the density of the intake air and can potentially lead to substantial increases in engine power output, to the extent that such systems are usually de-tuned to avoid damaging other parts of the engine. Liquid phase injection has the potential to achieve much better economy and power plus lower emission levels than are possible using mixers or vapour phase injectors.
System components
 Fuel filler in E-Gas Ford Falcon
 Filler with mounting and cover removed Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 909 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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Filler The fuel is transferred into a vehicle tank as liquid by connecting the bowser at the filling station to the filler fitting on the vehicle. A gas pump is a machine at a gas station that is used to put gasoline in vehicles. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The type of filler used varies from country to country and in some cases different types are used within the same country.[2]
The three types are:
- ACME thread. This type has a threaded fitting onto which the bowser nozzle is screwed before the trigger is pulled to establish a seal before fuel transfer. This type is used in Australia, USA, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Éire.
- 'Dutch' Bayonet. This type establishes a gas proof seal by a push and twist action. This type is used in the United Kingdom, Holland and Switzerland.
- 'Italian' Dish. This type is used in Italy, France, Scandinavia and Portugal.
Adaptors that allow a vehicle fitted with a particular system to refuel at a station equipped with another system are available.
The fill valve contains a check valve so that the liquid in the line between the filler and the tank(s) does not escape when the bowser nozzle is disconnected.
In installations where more than one tank is fitted, T-fittings may be used to connect the tanks to one filler so that the tanks are filled simultaneously. In some applications, more than one filler may be fitted, such as on opposite sides of the vehicle. These may be connected to separate tanks, or may be connected to the same tanks using T-fittings in the same manner as for connecting multiple tanks to one filler.
Hoses, pipes and fittings
 Gas lines and fittings. Containment hose, liquid hose, copper pipe with flared end plus brass elbows and T fitting The hose between the filler and tank(s) is called the fill hose or fill line. The hose or pipe between the tank(s) and the converter is called the service line. These both carry liquid under pressure. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1851x1413, 579 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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The flexible hose between the converter and mixer is called the vapour hose or vapour line. This line carries vapour at low pressure and has a much larger diameter to suit.
Where the tank valves are located inside an enclosed space such as the boot of a sedan, a plastic containment hose is used to provide a gas-tight seal between the gas components and the inside of the vehicle.
Liquid hoses for LPG are specifically designed and rated for the pressures that exist in LPG systems, and are made from materials designed to be compatible with the fuel. Some hoses are made with crimped fittings, while others are made using re-usable fittings that are pressed or screwed onto the end of the hose. Crimping is joining two pieces of metal or other malleable material by deforming one or both of them to hold the other. ...
Rigid sections of liquid line are usually made using copper tubing, although in some applications, steel pipes are used instead. The ends of the pipes are always double-flared and fitted with flare nuts to secure them to the fittings.
Liquid line fittings are mostly made from brass. The fittings typically adapt from a thread in a component, such as a BSP or NPT threaded hole on a tank, to an SAE flare fitting to suit the ends of pipes or hoses. The British standard pipe thread (BSP thread) is a family of standard screw thread types that has been adopted internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. ...
Threaded pipe and elbow National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard for tapered (NPT) or straight (NPS) threads used to join pipes and fittings. ...
Tank
 Autogas tank in boot of Volvo sedan
 Tank valves. From left, relief valve (with red cap), service valve, gauge and fill valve - See also: Gas cylinder
Vehicles are often fitted with only one tank, but multiple tanks are used in a some applications. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2322x1050, 370 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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Industrial compressed gas cylinders used for oxy-fuel welding and cutting of steel. ...
The tanks have fittings for filling, liquid outlet, emergency relief of excess pressure, fuel level gauge and sometimes a vapour outlet. These may be separate valves mounted into a series of 3 to 5 holes in a plate welded into the tank shell, or may be assembled onto a multi-valve unit which is bolted into one large hole on a boss welded into the tank shell.
Modern fill valves are usually fitted with an automatic fill limiter (AFL) to prevent overfilling. The AFL has a float arm which restricts the flow significantly but does not shut it off entirely. This is intended to cause the pressure in the line to rise enough to tell the bowser to stop pumping but not cause dangerously high pressures. Before AFLs were introduced, it was common for the filler (with integral check valve) to be screwed directly into the tank, as the operator had to open an ullage valve at the tank while filling, allowing vapour out of the top of the tank and stopping filling when liquid started coming out of the ullage valve to indicate that the tank was full. Modern tanks are not fitted with ullage valves. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1822x910, 79 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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The liquid outlet is usually used to supply fuel to the engine, and is usually referred to as the service valve. Modern service valves incorporate an electric shutoff solenoid. In applications using very small engines such as small generators, vapour may be withdrawn from the top of the tank instead of liquid from the bottom of the tank.
The emergency pressure relief valve in the tank is called a hydrostatic pressure relief valve. It is designed to open if the pressure in the tank is dangerously high, thus releasing some vapour to the atmosphere to reduce the pressure in the tank. The release of a small quantity of vapour reduces the pressure in the tank, which causes some of the liquid in the tank to vapourise to re-establish equilibrium between liquid and vapour. The latent heat of vapourisation causes the tank to cool, which reduces pressure even further. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid due to its weight. ...
The gauge sender is usually a magnetically coupled arrangement, with a float arm inside the tank rotating a magnet, which rotates an external gauge. The external gauge is usually readable directly, and most also incorporate an electronic sender to operate a fuel gauge on the dashboard.
Valves There are a number of types of valve used in autogas systems. The most common ones are shutoff or filterlock valves, which are used to stop flow in the service line. These may be operated by vacuum or electricity. On dual-fuel systems with a petrol carburettor, a similar shutoff valve is usually fitted in the petrol line between the pump and carburettor.
Check valves are fitted in the filler and on the fill input to the fuel tank to prevent fuel flowing back the wrong way. this siamese clappered inlet allows one or two inputs into a deluge gun A check valve is a mechanical device, a valve, that normally allows fluid or gas to flow through it in only one direction. ...
Service valves are fitted to the outlet from the tank to the service line. These have a tap to turn the fuel on and off. The tap is usually only closed when the tank is being worked on. In some countries, an electrical shutoff valve is built into the service valve.
 Two Sherwood valves. 1995 on left, 1989 on right Where multiple tanks are fitted, a combination of check valves and a hydrostatic relief valve are usually installed to prevent fuel from flowing from one tank to another. In Australia, there is a common assembly designed for this purpose. It is a combined twin check valve and hydrostatic relief valve assembly built in the form of a T-fitting, such that the lines from the tanks come into the sides of the valve and the outlet to the converter comes out the end. Because there is only one common brand of these valves, they are known colloquially as a Sherwood valve. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1920x1281, 548 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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Converter The converter (also known as vaporiser) is a device designed to change the fuel from a pressurised liquid to a vapour at around atmospheric pressure for delivery to the mixer or vapour phase injectors. Because of the refrigerant characteristic of the fuel, heat must be put into the fuel by the converter. This is usually achieved by having engine coolant circulated through a heat exchanger that transfers heat from that coolant to the LPG.
There are two distinctly different basic types of converter for use with mixer type systems. The European style of converter is a more complex device that incorporates an idle circuit and is designed to be used with a simple fixed venturi mixer. The American style of converter is a simpler design which is intended to be used with a variable venturi mixer that incorporates an idle circuit.
Engines with a low power output such as; scooters, quad bikes and generators can use a simpler type of converter (also known as governor or regulator). These converters are fed with fuel in vapour form. Evaporation takes place in the tank where refrigeration occurs as the liquid fuel boils. The tanks large surface area exposed to the ambient air temperature combined with the low power output (fuel requirement) of the engine make this type of system viable. The refrigeration of the fuel tank is proportional to fuel demand hence this setup is only used on smaller engines. This type of converter can either fed with vapour at tank pressure (called a 2 stage regulator) or be fed via a tank mounted regulator at a fixed reduced pressure (called a single stage regulator).
 OHG X-450 mixer showing air valve open to full load position Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1237 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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Mixer The mixer is the device that mixes the fuel into the air flowing to the engine. The mixer incorporates a venturi designed to draw the fuel into the airflow due to the movement of the air. A copper aspirator. ...
Mixer type systems have existed since the 1940s and some designs have changed little over that time. Mixers are now being increasingly superseded by injectors.
Vapour phase injectors Most vapour phase injection systems mount the solenoids in a manifold block or injector rail, then run hoses to the nozzles, which are screwed into holes drilled and tapped into the runners of the intake manifold. There is usually one nozzle for each cylinder. Some vapour injection systems resemble petrol injection, having separate injectors that fit into the manifold or head in the same manner as petrol injectors, and are fed fuel through a fuel rail. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
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Liquid phase injectors Liquid phase injectors are mounted onto the engine in a manner similar to petrol injectors, being mounted directly at the inlet manifold and fed liquid fuel from a fuel rail.
Electrical and electronic controls The are four distinct electrical systems that may be used in autogas systems - fuel gauge sender, fuel shutoff, closed loop feedback mixture control and injection control. A fuel gauge (or gas gauge) is an instrument used to indicate the level of fuel contained in a tank. ...
For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology). ...
In some installations, the fuel gauge sender fitted to the autogas tank is matched to the original fuel gauge in the vehicle. In others, an additional gauge is added to display the level of fuel in the autogas tank separately from the existing petrol gauge.
In most modern installations, an electronic device called a tachometric relay or safety switch is used to operate electrical shutoff solenoids. These work by sensing that the engine is running by detecting ignition pulses. Some systems use an engine oil pressure sensor instead. In all installations, there is a filterlock (consisting of a filter assembly and a vacuum or electric solenoid operated shutoff valve) located at the input to the converter. In European converters, there is also a solenoid in the converter to shut off the idle circuit. These valves are usually both connected to the output of the tachometric relay or oil pressure switch. Where solenoids are fitted to the outputs of fuel tanks, these are also connected to the output of the tachometric relay or oil pressure switch. In installations with multiple tanks, a switch or changeover relay may be fitted to allow the driver to select which tank to use fuel from. On dual-fuel systems, the switch used to change between fuels is used to turn off the tachometric relay. Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. ...
Closed loop feedback systems use an electronic controller that operates in much the same way as in a petrol fuel injection systems, using an oxygen sensor to effectively measure the air/fuel mixture by measuring the oxygen content of the exhaust and control valve on the converter or in the vapour line to adjust the mixture. Mixer type systems that do not have a closed loop feedback fitted are sometimes referred to as open loop systems. // Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ...
// An oxygen sensor is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. ...
Injection systems use a computerised control system which is very similar to that used in petrol injection systems. In virtually all systems, the injection control system integrates the tachometric relay and closed loop feedback functions.
Converter-and-mixer system operation The designs of converters and mixers are matched to each other by matching sizes and shapes of components within the two.
In European style systems, the size and shape of the venturi is designed to match the converter. In American style systems, the air valve and metering pins in the mixer are sized to match the diaphragm sizes and spring stiffnesses in the converter. In both cases, the components are matched by the manufacturers and only basic adjustments are needed during installation and tuning.
 Autogas carburettor consisting of OHG X-450 mixer, adapter and Rochester throttlebody An autogas carburettor simply consists of a throttlebody and a mixer, sometimes fitted together using an adapter. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1470 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Autogas Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...
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The carburetor (or carburettor, carb for short) is a device which mixes air and fuel for an internal_combustion engine. ...
Cold start enrichment is achieved by the fact that the engine coolant is cold when the engine is cold. This causes denser vapour to be delivered to the mixer. As the engine warms up, the coolant temperature rises until the engine is at operating temperature and the mixture has leaned off to the normal running mixture. Depending on the system, the throttle may need to be held open further when the engine is cold in the same manner as with a petrol carburetor. On others, the normal mixture is intended to be somewhat lean and no cold-start throttle increase is needed. Because of the way enrichment is achieved, no additional choke butterfly is required for cold starting with LPG.
The temperature of the engine is critical to the tuning of an autogas system. The engine thermostat effectively controls the temperature of the converter, thus directly affecting the mixture. A faulty thermostat, or a thermostat of the wrong temperature range for the design of the system may not operate correctly.
The power output capacity of a system is limited by the ability of the converter to deliver a stable flow of vapour. A coolant temperature lower than intended will reduce the maximum power output possible, as will an air bubble trapped in the cooling circuit or complete loss of coolant. All converters have a limit, beyond which mixtures become unstable. Unstable mixtures typically contain tiny droplets of liquid fuel that were not heated enough in the converter and will vapourise in the mixer or intake to form an excessively rich mixture. When this occurs, the mixture will become so rich that the engine will flood and stall. Because the outside of the converter will be at or below zero degrees Celsius when this happens, water vapour from the air will freeze onto the outside of the converter, forming an icy white layer. Some converters are very suceptible to cracking when this happens.
LPG injection for diesel vehicles The performance, economy and emission profile of diesel engines can be improved by injecting a small quantity of LPG into the inlet manifold. It is claimed that the LPG increases the burning efficiency of the diesel fuel from typically 75-85%, to 95-98%.[3]
The systems typically operate by metering a small quantity of LPG, at a pressure slightly above atmospheric, into the intake manifold, where it enters the combustion chamber and is ignited with the diesel. LPG flow is regulated to ensure smooth operation, and will typically only deliver LPG under power.
Some companies claim a 10% to 20% increase in power and torque,[4][3] and a reduction in overall fuel costs. Any actual savings are dependent on the relative cost of diesel versus LPG. In Australia, where diesel costs substantially more than LPG, savings of 10 to 20% are claimed. [5]
See also For other types of Hybrid Transportation, see Hybrid (disambiguation)#Transportation. ...
Bendix-Technico (Stromberg) 1-barrel downdraft carburetor model BXUV-3, with nomenclature A carburetor (North American spelling) / carburettor (international spelling), colloquially called a carb (in North America and the United Kingdom) or carby (chiefly in Australia), is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. ...
// Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ...
References Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...
is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
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