Bacteria
Fossil range: Archean or earlier - Recent |
| | Scientific classification | | | | Phyla | | Actinobacteria
Aquificae
Chlamydiae
Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus
Dictyoglomi
Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria
Firmicutes
Fusobacteria
Gemmatimonadetes
Lentisphaerae
Nitrospirae
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermomicrobia
Thermotogae
Verrucomicrobia The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x861, 165 KB)Escherichia coli: Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, grown in culture and adhered to a cover slip. ...
E. coli redirects here. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. ...
Familia Aquificaceae Hydrogenothermaceae The Aquificae phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. ...
Genera Chlamydia Chlamydophila Parachlamydia Simkania Waddlia The Chlamydiae are a group of bacteria, all of which are intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. ...
Classes Class Bacteroidetes Class Flavobacteria Class Sphingobacteria The phylum Bacteroidetes is composed of three large classes of bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, in sediments, sea water and in the guts of animals. ...
Genera Chlorobium Ancalochloris Chloroherpeton Clathrochloris Pelodictyon Prostheochloris The green sulfur bacteria are a family (Chlorobiaceae) of phototrophic bacteria. ...
Orders / Families / Genera Order Chloroflexales Family Chloroflexaceae Chloroflexus Chloronema Heliothrix Roseiflexus Family Oscillochloridaceae Oscillochloris Order Herpetosiphonales Herpetosiphon The Chloroflexi are a group of bacteria that produce energy through photosynthesis. ...
Binomial name Chrysiogenes arsenatis Chrysiogenes arsenatis is a species of bacterium given its own phylum or division, called the Chrysiogenetes. ...
Orders The taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria is currently under revision. ...
Genera Deferribacter Denitrovibrio Flexistipes Geovibrio The Deferribacteraceae are a family of bacteria, given their own phylum (Deferribacteres). ...
Orders & Genera Deinococcales Deinococcus Thermales Thermus Meiothermus Marinithermus Oceanithermus Vulcanithermus The Deinococcus-Thermus are a small group of bacteria comprised of cocci highly resistant to environmental hazards. ...
Binomial name Dictyoglomus thermophilum Dictyoglomus thermophilum is a species of bacterium, given its own phylum, called the Dictyoglomi. ...
Fibrobacteres is a phylum of bacteria. ...
Genera Acidobacterium Geothrix Holophaga Acidobacteria form a newly devised division of Bacteria. ...
Classes Bacilli Clostridia Mollicutes The Firmicutes are a division of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. ...
Fusobacteria contribute to several diseases, including periodontal diseases, Lemierres syndrome, and tropical skin ulcers. ...
This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Genera Verrucomicrobium Prosthecobacter Akkermansia Verrucomicrobia is a recently described phylum of bacteria. ...
The Nitrospira are a family of bacteria, given their own phylum (Nitrospirae). ...
Genera Gemmata Isosphera Pirellula Planctomyces Planctomycetes are an order of obligately aerobic aquatic bacteria and are found in field samples of brackish, and marine and fresh water samples. ...
Orders Alpha Proteobacteria Caulobacterales - e. ...
Families Spirochaetaceae Brachyspiraceae Brachyspira Serpulina Leptospiraceae Leptospira Leptonema Spirochaetes is a phylum of distinctive Gram-negative bacteria, which have long, helically coiled cells. ...
Genera Desulfotalea Desulfovirga Thermodesulfobacterium The Thermodesulfobacteria are a small group of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. ...
Classes Thermomicrobia phylum is a phenotype of the green non-sulfur bacteria. ...
Species Thermotoga elfii Thermotoga hypogea Thermotoga lettingae Thermotoga maritima Thermotoga naphthophila Thermotoga neapolitana Thermotoga petrophila Thermotoga subterranea Thermotoga thermarum Thermotoga are thermophile or hyperthermophile bacteria whose cell is wrapped in an outer toga membrane. ...
Genera Verrucomicrobium Prosthecobacter Akkermansia Verrucomicrobia is a recently described phylum of bacteria. ...
| Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. They are typically a few micrometres long and have many shapes including curved rods, spheres, rods, and spirals. The study of bacteria is bacteriology, a branch of microbiology. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,[1] seawater, and deep in the earth's crust. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5×1030) bacteria in the world.[2] Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, and many important steps in nutrient cycles depend on bacteria, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. However, most of these bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be cultured in the laboratory.[3] A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ...
A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ...
Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including unicellular (single-celled) eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fungi, and viruses. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ...
Adjectives: Terrestrial, Terran, Telluric, Tellurian, Earthly Atmosphere Surface pressure: 101. ...
Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57°F or...
Political Punk band from Victorville, Ca WWW.MYSPACE.COM/NUCLEARWASTEX ...
Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hook from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. POOP Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...
// Throughout this article, exponential or scientific notation is used. ...
A cycle by which chemical substance are constantly being recycled through the biosphere from the soil, as plant nutrients, to producers (plants), to consumers (animals), to decomposers in the soil, and then back to the producers. ...
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds (such as, notably, ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide)[1] useful for other chemical processes. ...
Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA)[3] Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ...
For the linguistic term, see Phylum (linguistics). ...
A microbiological culture is a way to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply (reproduce) in predetermined media. ...
For other uses of lab, see Lab. ...
There are approximately 10 times as many bacterial cells as human cells in the human body, with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and in the digestive tract.[4] Although the vast majority of these bacteria are rendered harmless or beneficial by the protective effects of the immune system, a few pathogenic bacteria cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.[5] In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and in various agricultural processes, so antibiotic resistance is becoming common. In industry, bacteria are important in processes such as wastewater treatment, the production of cheese and yoghurt, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.[6] Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...
In zootomy and dermatology, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs. ...
Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ...
This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ...
Cholera (frequently called Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
For the malady found in the Hebrew Bible, see the article Tzaraath. ...
The bubonic plague (more properly Bubonic Fever; a plague is an epidemic) is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis. ...
Upper respiratory tract infection, also popularly known as either the acronym URTI or URI, is the disease characterised by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. ...
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for Tubercle Bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease that is caused by mycobacteria, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
A political map showing national divisions in relation to deonte Shepard Club Of America Free burgers for new members the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to...
World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ...
Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ...
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ...
Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. ...
Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ...
Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt or yogourt (see spelling below), is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ...
Bacteria are prokaryotes. Unlike animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific nomenclature changed after the discovery that prokaryotic life consists of two very different groups of organisms that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.[7] Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-oht) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. ...
Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista Alternative Phylogeny Unikonta Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Cabozoa Rhizaria Excavata Corticata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms with a complex cell or cells, where the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. ...
HeLa cells stained for DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye. ...
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a semipermeable lipid bilayer common to all living cells. ...
Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ...
This article is about evolution in biology. ...
In biology, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is the top-level grouping of organisms in scientific classification, higher than a kingdom. ...
Phyla Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Archaea are a major division of microorganisms. ...
History of bacteriology - Further information: Microbiology
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He called them "animalcules" and published his observations in a long series of letters to the Royal Society.[8][9] The name bacterium was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1828, and is derived from the Greek word βακτήριον -α , bacterion -a , meaning "small staff".[10] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Image File history File links Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek. ...
Image File history File links Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek. ...
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced Layewenhook) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. ...
Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced Layewenhook) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. ...
Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ...
Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ...
The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ...
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. ...
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ...
Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that the fermentation process is caused by the growth of microorganisms, and that this growth is not due to spontaneous generation. (Yeasts and molds, commonly associated with fermentation, are not bacteria, but rather fungi.) Along with his contemporary, Robert Koch, Pasteur was an early advocate of the germ theory of disease.[11] Robert Koch was a pioneer in medical microbiology and worked on cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. In his research into tuberculosis, Koch finally proved the germ theory, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905.[12] In Koch's postulates, he set out criteria to test if an organism is the cause of a disease; these postulates are still used today.[13] Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in microbiology. ...
Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Fermentation (biochemistry). ...
Abiogenesis, in its most general sense, is the hypothetical generation of life from non-living matter. ...
Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. ...
It has been suggested that Toxic mold be merged into this article or section. ...
For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ...
For the American lobbyist, see Bobby Koch. ...
The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. ...
Cholera (frequently called Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ...
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for Tubercle Bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease that is caused by mycobacteria, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ...
Kochs postulates (or Henle-Koch postulates) are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. ...
The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ...
Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available.[14] In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum—the spirochete that causes syphilis—into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen.[15] Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.[16] An antiseptic solution of iodine applied to a cut Antiseptics (Greek αντί, against, and σηπτικός, putrefactive) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. ...
Paul Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich in his workroom Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 – August 20, 1915) was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ...
Binomial name Treponema pallidum Schaudinn & Hoffmann, 1905 Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. ...
Families Brachyspiraceae Leptospiraceae Spirochaetaceae The spirochaetes are a phylum of distinctive bacteria, which have long, helically coiled cells. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
Gram staining is a method for staining samples of bacteria that differentiates between the two main types of bacterial cell wall. ...
The Ziehl-Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, was first described by two german doctors; Franz Ziehl (1859 to 1926), a bacteriologist and Friedrich Neelsen (1854 to 1894), a pathologist. ...
A major step forward in the study of bacteria was the recognition in 1977 by Carl Woese that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria.[17] This new phylogenetic taxonomy was based on the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA, and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains as part of the three-domain system.[18] Carl Richard Woese (born July 15, 1928, Syracuse, New York) is an American microbiologist famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice. ...
Phyla Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Archaea are a major division of microorganisms. ...
A phylogeny (or phylogenesis) is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms, usually of a species. ...
Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ...
A Svedberg (symbol S, sometimes Sv) is a non-SI physical unit used in ultracentrifugation. ...
Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. ...
The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese in 1990 that emphasizes his separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. ...
Origin and early evolution - Further information: Timeline of evolution
The ancestors of modern bacteria were single-celled microorganisms that were the first forms of life to develop on earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, all organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life.[19][20] Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the past history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage.[21] The most recent common ancestor of bacteria and archaea was probably a hyperthermophile that lived about 2.5 billion–3.2 billion years ago.[22][23] This timeline of the evolution of life outlines the major events in the development of life on the planet Earth. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 1017 seconds and 1018 seconds (3. ...
FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under DOS. FOSSIL is an acronym for Fido Opus Seadog Standard Interface Layer. ...
Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
Phylogenetic groups, or taxa, can be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic. ...
The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended. ...
This article is about an organism. ...
Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from ancient bacteria entering into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea.[24][25] This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alpha-proteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still being found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e. g. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). Later on, an independent second engulfment by some mitochondria-containing eukaryotes of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are even some algal groups known that clearly originated from subsequent events of endosymbiosis by heterotrophic eukaryotic hosts engulfing a eukaryotic algae that developed into "second-generation" plastids.[26][27] An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i. ...
Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek μιτος or mitos, thread + χονδÏιον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. ...
A hydrogenosome is an organelle of ciliates, trichomonads and fungi. ...
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. ...
Morphology
 Bacteria display a large diversity of cell morphologies and arrangements. Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species–for example Thiomargarita namibiensis and Epulopiscium fishelsoni–are up to half a millimetre long and are visible to the unaided eye.[28] Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses.[29] Image File history File links Bacterial_morphology_diagram. ...
Image File history File links Bacterial_morphology_diagram. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ...
Binomial name Thiomargarita namibiensis Schulz , 1999 Thiomargarita namibiensis (Sulfur pearl of Namibia) is the largest bacterium ever discovered, with a width up to 750 μm (0. ...
Binomial name Epulopiscium fischelsoni Schulz , 1999 Epulopiscium fishelsoni (guest at a fishs banquet) is a gram-positive bacterium that has a symbiotic relationship with the surgeonfish. ...
A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...
Species M. genitalium M. hominis M. pneumoniae etc. ...
Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the...
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed) or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Some rod-shaped bacteria, called vibrio, are slightly curved or comma-shaped; others, can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes.[30] This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.[31][32] Staphylococcus Cocci (singular - coccus, from the latin word kokkus meaning a berry) are any spherical or near spherical bacteria. ...
Species Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Bacillus coagulans Bacillus natto Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis etc. ...
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...
Vibrio is a genus of bacteria, included in the gamma subgroup of the Proteobacteria. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
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A cell wall is a fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the cell membrane, that provides the cell with structural support, protection, and a filtering mechanism. ...
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton. ...
A juvenile Red-tailed Hawk eating a California Vole In ecology, predation describes a biological interaction where a predator species kills and eats other organisms, known as prey. ...
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells; certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.[33] Neisseria is a genus of bacteria, included among the proteobacteria, a large group of gram-negative forms. ...
Streptococcus is a genus of spherical shaped Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes[1] and the lactic acid bacteria group. ...
Species S. aureus S. caprae S. epidermidis S. haemolyticus S. hominis S. lugdunensis S. saprophyticus S. warneri S. xylosus Staphylococcus (in Greek staphyle means bunch of grapes and coccos means granule) is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. ...
Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. ...
Nocardia is a genus of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria; some species are pathogenic (nocardiosis). ...
Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae that exists below the ground or within another substrate. ...
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or microbial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a metre in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients.[34][35] In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms.[36] Biofilms are also important for chronic bacterial infections and infections of implanted medical devices, as bacteria protected within these structures are much harder to kill than individual bacteria.[37] Image File history File links Relative_scale. ...
Image File history File links Relative_scale. ...
Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-oht) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. ...
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Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on an indwelling catheter. ...
Typical phyla Chromista Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolata Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavata Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Archaeplastida (in part) Rhodophyta (red algae) Glaucophyta (basal archaeplastids) Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies Protists (IPA: ) are a diverse group of organisms, comprising those eukaryotes that are not animals...
Phyla Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Archaea are a major division of microorganisms. ...
An implant is an artificial device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure. ...
Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate towards each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells.[38] In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation. For example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to desiccation and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.[39] Families & Genera Archangiaceae Archangium Cystobacteraceae Cystobacter Melittangium Stigmatella Myxoccaceae Myxococcus Angiococcus Polyangiaceae Chondromyces Nannocystis Polyangium The myxobacteria are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil. ...
Quorum sensing is the ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior via signaling molecules. ...
Wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells Multicellular organisms are organisms consisting of more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions. ...
Embryonic stem cells differentiate into cells in various body organs. ...
Cellular structure - Further information: Bacterial cell structure
 Diagram of the cellular structure of a typical bacterial cell Bacteria, despite their apparent simplicity contain a well developed cell structure which is responsible for many of their unique biological properties. ...
Image File history File links Prokaryote_cell_diagram. ...
Image File history File links Prokaryote_cell_diagram. ...
Intracellular structures The bacterial cell is surrounded by a lipid membrane, or cell membrane, which encompasses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell. As they are prokaryotes, bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm and thus contain few intracellular structures. They consequently lack a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells, such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.[40] A polyunsaturated triglyceride. ...
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a semipermeable lipid bilayer common to all living cells. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
It has been suggested that Cytoplast be merged into this article or section. ...
Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-oht) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. ...
Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ...
HeLa cells stained for DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye. ...
Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek μιτος or mitos, thread + χονδÏιον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. ...
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. ...
Diagram of the endomembrane system in a typical eukaryote cell Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a stack of semicircular black rings near the bottom. ...
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane (e. ...
Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, occur due to concentration gradients across membranes, creating a potential difference analogous to a battery. The absence of internal membranes in bacteria means these reactions, such as electron transport, occur across the cell membrane, between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space.[41] Additionally, while some transporter proteins consume chemical energy, others harness concentration gradients to import nutrients across the cell membrane or to expel undesired molecules from the cytoplasm. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
A Pair of AA Eveready Alkaline Cells Symbols representing a single Cell (top) and Battery (bottom), used in circuit diagrams. ...
The Electron Transport Chain. ...
The periplasmic space is the space seen between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane in the gram-negative bacteria. ...
Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid.[42] The nucleoid contains the chromosome with associated proteins and RNA. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from those of eukaryotes and Archaea.[43] The order Planctomycetes are an exception to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria, because they have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures.[44] For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to Genetics. ...
Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ...
In prokaryotes, the nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like and also known as the nuclear region, nuclear body or chromatin body) is an irregularly shaped region within the cell where the genetic material is localised. ...
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. ...
Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...
Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista Alternative Phylogeny Unikonta Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Cabozoa Rhizaria Excavata Corticata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms with a complex cell or cells, where the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. ...
Phyla Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Archaea are a major division of microorganisms. ...
Genera Gemmata Isosphera Pirellula Planctomyces Planctomycetes are an order of obligately aerobic aquatic bacteria and are found in field samples of brackish, and marine and fresh water samples. ...
Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules, such as glycogen,[45] polyphosphate,[46] sulfur[47] or polyhydroxyalkanoates.[48] These granules enable bacteria to store compounds for later use. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy to achieve optimal light intensity and/or nutrient levels.[49] Electron micrograph of a section of a liver cell showing glycogen deposits as accumulations of electron dense particles (arrows). ...
Polyphosphates are phosphate polymers linked between hydroxyl groups and hydrogen atoms. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ...
Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. ...
The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
Orders The taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria is currently under revision. ...
Extracellular structures - Further information: Cell envelope
Around the outside of the cell membrane is the bacterial cell wall. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (called murein in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids.[50] Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively.[51] The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.[51] The cell envelope is the cell membrane and cell wall plus an outer membrane, if one is present. ...
A cell wall is a fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the cell membrane, that provides the cell with structural support, protection, and a filtering mechanism. ...
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a homogeneous layer outside the plasma membrane of eubacteria. ...
Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ...
Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestible), are the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various α-amino acids. ...
Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants...
For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ...
Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ...
Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. ...
Penicillin nucleus Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) refers to a group of β-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ...
There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, called Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The names originate from the reaction of cells to the Gram stain, a test long-employed for the classification of bacterial species.[52] Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ...
Bacteria that are Gram-negative are not stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining, in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria. ...
Gram staining is a method for staining samples of bacteria that differentiates between the two main types of bacterial cell wall. ...
Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Most bacteria have the Gram-negative cell wall, and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) have the alternative Gram-positive arrangement.[53] These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only Gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[54] Teichoic acids are polymers of glycerol or ribitol linked via phosphodiester bonds. ...
Lipopolysaccharide (captions are in French) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a large molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) joined by a covalent bond. ...
A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids. ...
Classes Bacilli Clostridia Mollicutes The Firmicutes are a division of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. ...
Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. ...
Crystal structure of a short peptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (bacterial cell wall precursor, in green) bound to vancomycin (blue) through hydrogen bonds. ...
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ...
Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...
Binomial name Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900 Synonyms Bacterium aeruginosum Schroeter 1872 Bacterium aeruginosum Cohn 1872 Micrococcus pyocyaneus Zopf 1884 Bacillus aeruginosus (Schroeter 1872) Trevisan 1885 Bacillus pyocyaneus (Zopf 1884) Flügge 1886 Pseudomonas pyocyanea (Zopf 1884) Migula 1895 Bacterium pyocyaneum (Zopf 1884) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 Pseudomonas polycolor...
In many bacteria an S-layer of rigidly arrayed protein molecules covers the outside of the cell.[55] This layer provides chemical and physical protection for the cell surface and can act as a macromolecular diffusion barrier. S-layers have diverse but mostly poorly understood functions, but are known to act as virulence factors in Campylobacter and contain surface enzymes in Bacillus stearothermophilus.[56] An S-layer is a part of cell envelope commonly found in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as among Archaea. ...
A macromolecule is a large molecule with a large molecular mass bonded covalently, but generally the use of the term is restricted to polymers and molecules which structurally include polymers. ...
Species C. fetus C. jejuni Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
Bacillus stearothermophilus is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. ...
Flagella are rigid protein structures, about 20 nanometres in diameter and up to 20 micrometres in length, that are used for motility. Flagella are driven by the energy released by the transfer of ions down an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.[57] Image File history File linksMetadata EMpylori. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata EMpylori. ...
Binomial name Helicobacter pylori ((Marshall 1985) Goodwin 1989) Helicobacter pylori is a helical shaped Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the mucus layer of gastric epithelium in the stomach, and also the duodenum when it has undergone gastric metaplasia. ...
// A Flagellum (plural: flagella) is a long, slender projection from the cell body, composed of microtubules and surrounded by the plasma membrane. ...
The metre or meter is a measure of length. ...
An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO3−). Areas coloured red are lower in energy than areas colored yellow An ion is an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons, making them negatively or positively charged. ...
In cellular biology, an electrochemical gradient refers to the electrical and chemical properties across a membrane. ...
Fimbriae are fine filaments of protein, just 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens.[58] Pili (sing. pilus) are cellular appendages, slightly larger than fimbriae, that can transfer genetic material between bacterial cells in a process called conjugation (see bacterial genetics, below).[59] A fimbria (plural fimbriae) is a Latin word that literally means fringe. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Image of bacteriological pili or fimbriae A pilus (Latin; plural : pili) is a hairlike structure on the surface of a cell, especially Gram-negative bacteria, a protein appendage required for bacterial conjugation. ...
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact. ...
Capsules or slime layers are produced by many bacteria to surround their cells, and vary in structural complexity: ranging from a disorganised slime layer of extra-cellular polymer, to a highly structured capsule or glycocalyx. These structures can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages.[60] They can also act as antigens and be involved in cell recognition, as well as aiding attachment to surfaces and the formation of biofilms.[61] A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ...
The term capsule in microbiology refers to a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Glycocalix. ...
A macrophage of a mouse stretching its arms to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, makros = long, phagein = eat) are white blood cells, more specifically phagocytes, acting in the nonspecific defense as well as the specific defense system of vertebrate animals. ...
The assembly of these extracellular structures is dependent on bacterial secretion systems. These transfer proteins from the cytoplasm into the periplasm or into the environment around the cell. Many types of secretion systems are known and these structures are often essential for the virulence of pathogens, so are intensively studied.[62] Secretion is the process of segregating, elaborating, and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted chemical substance or amount of substance. ...
Virulence is either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ...
Endospores - Further information: Endospores
Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores.[63] In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can make up to seven endospores in a single cell.[64] Endospores have a central core of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by an impermeable and rigid coat. An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family. ...
Image File history File links Gram stained cerebrospinal fluid showing gram-positive anthrax baccilli (purple rods). ...
Image File history File links Gram stained cerebrospinal fluid showing gram-positive anthrax baccilli (purple rods). ...
Binomial name Bacillus anthracis Cohn 1872 Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Bacillus. ...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain (the space between the skull and the cerebral cortex—more specifically, between the arachnoid and pia layers of the meninges). ...
Species Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Bacillus coagulans Bacillus natto Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis etc. ...
Species Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formicaceticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sordelli Clostridium tetani Clostridium piliforme Clostridium tyrobutyricum etc. ...
Sporohalobacter are a genus of anerobic bacteria belon |
