The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of February 24, 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521. A Habsburg army^[2] under the nominal command of Charles de Lannoy (and working in conjunction with the garrison of Pavia, commanded by Antonio de Leyva) attacked the French army under the personal command of Francis I of France in the great park of Mirabello outside the city walls. In the four-hour battle, the French army was split and defeated in detail. The French suffered massive casualties, including many of the chief nobles of France; Francis himself, captured by the Spanish troops, was imprisoned by Charles V and forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Madrid, surrendering significant territory to his captor. Battle of Pavia may refer to the following battles: Battle of Pavia (271) - Alamanni Invasion of the Roman Empire Battle of Pavia (476) - Fall of the Western Roman Empire Battle of Pavia (569) - Lombard Invasion of Italy Battle of Pavia (773) - Conquests of Charlemagne Battle of Pavia (1431) - Wars in... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Spain, Holy Roman Empire, England, Papal States Commanders Francis I of France, Vicomte de Lautrec, Seigneur de Bonnivet â€ , Seigneur de Bayard â€ , Anne de Montmorency Charles V, Charles de Lannoy, Marchese di Pescara, Charles de Bourbon, Prosper Colonna The Italian War of 1521 (1521–26), sometimes... Download high resolution version (1138x775, 275 KB)The Battle of Pavia. ... Joris van Zelle (1519) Oil on oak, 39 x 32 cm Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels Bernard van Orley (1491 - 1542) was a significant Flemish artist. ... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1395 to 1797. ... Francis I (François Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Balian of Ibelin surrendering the city of Jerusalem to Saladin, from Les Passages faits Outremer par les Français contre les Turcs et autres Sarrasins et Maures outremarins, ca. ... Charles de Lannoy (c. ... Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova (1480–1536) was a Spanish general during the Italian Wars. ... Georg von Frundsberg (1473–1528) was a German Knight and landowner. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Spain, Holy Roman Empire, England, Papal States Commanders Francis I of France #, Vicomte de Lautrec, Seigneur de Bonnivet â€ , Seigneur de Bayard â€  Charles V, Charles de Lannoy, Fernando dAvalos, Charles de Bourbon, Prospero Colonna The Italian War of 1521–26, sometimes known as the Four... The Battle of Pampeluna (also spelled Pamplona) occurred during the war between Spain and France, in which France took possession of Pampeluna (1521), but was later defeated and expelled (1522) from Milan. ... The Battle of Esquiroz was fought near Pamplona on June 30, 1521, during the Italian War of 1521. ... The Siege of Mézières (1521) took place during the Italian War of 1521. ... The Siege of Tournai (1521) took place during the Italian War of 1521. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Papal States, Duchy of Milan Commanders Vicomte de Lautrec Prospero Colonna Strength 19,000–31,000+[1] 7,000+[2] Casualties 3,000+ killed Light The Battle of Bicocca, sometimes known as the Battle of La Bicocca, was fought on April... The Siege of Genoa (May 20, 1522–May 30, 1522) was conducted by a Imperial army under the command of Fernando de Avalos and Prosper Colonna against the French forces defending the city. ... The Battle of the Sesia (April 30, 1524) was a battle in the Italian War of 1521 that saw the Habsburg forces under Charles de Lannoy inflict a decisive defeat on the French under Admiral Bonnivet and the comte de St. ... The Siege of Marseille (August–September 1524) was conducted by an Imperial army under Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed Francis I) and Fernando de Avalos against the French defenders of Marseille. ... Combatants France, the Holy Roman Empire, the states of Italy (notably the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Papal States, Florence, and the Duchy of Ferrara), England, Scotland, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, the Swiss, Saxony, and others The Italian Wars, often referred to as... Combatants France Papal States, Republic of Venice, Naples, Duchy of Milan, Holy Roman Empire Commanders Charles VIII Francesco II The First Italian War (1494–95), sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIIIs Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice, Spain (until 1501) Duchy of Milan, Kingdom of Naples, Spain (after 1501) Commanders Duke of Nemours† Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Bartolomeo dAlviano The Second Italian War (1499–1504), sometimes known as Louis XIIs Italian War or the War over Naples, was... The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names,[1] was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. ... The War of Urbino (1517) was a secondary episode of the Italian Wars. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Spain, Holy Roman Empire, England, Papal States Commanders Francis I of France #, Vicomte de Lautrec, Seigneur de Bonnivet â€ , Seigneur de Bayard â€  Charles V, Charles de Lannoy, Fernando dAvalos, Charles de Bourbon, Prospero Colonna The Italian War of 1521–26, sometimes known as the Four... Combatants Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Genoa France, Papal States, Republic of Venice, Florence, England, Duchy of Milan Commanders Charles de Bourbon â€ , Georg Frundsberg, Philibert of Châlon â€  Vicomte de Lautrec *, Francesco Ferruccio â€ , Giovanni de Medici â€ , Comte de St. ... The Italian War of 1535 between Charles V and Francis I of France began with the death of Francesco Maria Sforza, the duke of Milan. ... Combatants France, Ottoman Empire England, Holy Roman Empire, Spain The Italian War of 1542, a late episode in the Italian Wars, took place from 1542 to 1546. ... The Italian War of 1551 (1551–1559), sometimes known as the Habsburg‐Valois War, began when Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis to the throne, declared war against Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. ... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Spain, Holy Roman Empire, England, Papal States Commanders Francis I of France, Vicomte de Lautrec, Seigneur de Bonnivet â€ , Seigneur de Bayard â€ , Anne de Montmorency Charles V, Charles de Lannoy, Marchese di Pescara, Charles de Bourbon, Prosper Colonna The Italian War of 1521 (1521–26), sometimes... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Charles de Lannoy (c. ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ... Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova (1480–1536) was a Spanish general during the Italian Wars. ... Francis I (François Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Mirabello may refer to one of the following. ... For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. ... The Treaty of Madrid was a truce signed between Francis I of France and Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and the Monarchia. ...

Prelude

For more details on this topic, see Italian campaign of 1524-1525.

The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521, had been forced to abandon it after their defeat at the Battle of Bicocca in 1522. Determined to regain it, Francis ordered an invasion of the region in late 1523, under the command of Guillaume Gouffier, Seigneur de Bonnivet; but Bonnivet was defeated by Imperial troops at the Battle of the Sesia and forced to withdraw to France. Combatants France Holy Roman Empire, Spain Commanders Francis I of France #, Seigneur de Bonnivet â€ , Anne de Montmorency # Charles de Lannoy, Fernando dAvalos, Charles de Bourbon, Antonio de Leyva The Italian campaign of 1524–25 was the final significant action of the Italian War of 1521–26. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Spain, Holy Roman Empire, England, Papal States Commanders Francis I of France, Vicomte de Lautrec, Seigneur de Bonnivet â€ , Seigneur de Bayard â€ , Anne de Montmorency Charles V, Charles de Lannoy, Marchese di Pescara, Charles de Bourbon, Prosper Colonna The Italian War of 1521 (1521–26), sometimes... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Papal States, Duchy of Milan Commanders Vicomte de Lautrec Prospero Colonna Strength 19,000–31,000+[1] 7,000+[2] Casualties 3,000+ killed Light The Battle of Bicocca, sometimes known as the Battle of La Bicocca, was fought on April... Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. ... The Battle of the Sesia (April 30, 1524) was a battle in the Italian War of 1521 that saw the Habsburg forces under Charles de Lannoy inflict a decisive defeat on the French under Admiral Bonnivet and the comte de St. ...

Charles de Lannoy now launched an invasion of Provence under the command of Fernando d'Avalos, Marquess of Pescara, and Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (who had recently betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor). While initially successful, the Imperial offensive lost valuable time during the Siege of Marseille and was forced to withdraw back to Italy by the arrival of Francis and the main French army at Avignon. Coat of arms of Provence Provence (Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... Fernando Francesco DÁvalos. ... Charles III de Bourbon, engraved portrait by Thomas de Leu Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier, Eighth Duke of Bourbon (February 17, 1490 – May 6, 1527 in Rome) was Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne. ... The Siege of Marseille (August–September 1524) was conducted by an Imperial army under Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed Francis I) and Fernando de Avalos against the French defenders of Marseille. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig...

In mid-October 1524, Francis himself crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army numbering more than 40,000. Bourbon and d'Avalos, their troops not yet recovered from the campaign in Provence, were in no position to offer serious resistance.^[3] The French army moved in several columns, brushing aside Imperial attempts to hold its advance, but failed to bring the main body of Imperial troops to battle. Nevertheless, Charles de Lannoy, who had concentrated some 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops closing on Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on October 26.^[4] Having entered Milan and installed Louis II de la Trémoille as the governor, Francis (at the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders, who favored a more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy) advanced on Pavia, where Antonio de Leyva remained with a sizable Imperial garrison.^[5] Charles de Lannoy (c. ... For other places called Lodi, see Lodi. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis II de La Trémoille. ... For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ... Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova (1480–1536) was a Spanish general during the Italian Wars. ...

The French advance into Lombardy and the Pavia campaign of 1524–25. French movements are indicated in blue and Imperial movements in red.

The main mass of French troops arrived at Pavia in the last days of October. By November 2, Montmorency had crossed the Ticino River and invested the city from the south, completing its encirclement. Inside were about 9,000 men, mainly mercenaries whom Antonio de Leyva was able to pay only by melting the church plate.^[6] A period of skirmishing and artillery bombardments followed, and several breaches had been made in the walls by mid-November. On November 21, Francis attempted an assault on the city through two of the breaches, but was beaten back with heavy casualties; hampered by rainy weather and a lack of gunpowder, the French decided to wait for the defenders to starve.^[7] Image File history File links Pavia_campaign_(1524-25). ... Image File history File links Pavia_campaign_(1524-25). ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ticino River is a tributary of the Po. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In early December, a Spanish force commanded by Hugo de Moncada landed near Genoa, intending to interfere in a conflict between pro-Valois and pro-Habsburg factions in the city. Francis dispatched a larger force under the Marquis of Saluzzo to intercept them. Confronted by the more numerous French and left without naval support by the arrival of a pro-Valois fleet commanded by Andrea Doria, the Spanish troops surrendered.^[8] Francis then signed a secret agreement with Pope Clement VII, who pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis's assistance with the conquest of Naples. Against the advice of his senior commanders, Francis detached a portion of his forces under the Duke of Albany and sent them south to aid the Pope.^[9] Lannoy attempted to intercept the expedition near Fiorenzuola, but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by the intervention of the infamous Black Bands of Giovanni de' Medici, Italian mercenaries which had just entered French service. Medici then returned to Pavia with a supply train of gunpowder and shot gathered by the Duke of Ferrara; but the French position was simultaneously weakened by the departure of nearly 5,000 Grisons Swiss mercenaries, who returned to their cantons in order to defend them against marauding landsknechts.^[10] For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Andrea Doria (disambiguation). ... For the antipope (1378-1394) see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII Clement VII, né Giulio di Giuliano de Medici (1478 – September 25, 1534) was pope from 1523 to 1534. ... John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1481 or 1484–2 July 1536 in Mirfleur, France) was Regent of the Kingdom of Scotland, Duke of Albany in peerage of Scotland and count-consort of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France. ... Fiorenzuola dArda is a city in Italy in the province of Piacenza, region of Emilia-Romagna. ... This article is about the Italian mercenary company; for the German mercenary company, see Black Band (landsknechts). ... Portrait of Giovanni by Gian Paolo Pace, now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of Dukes of Modena. ... Grisons or Graubünden (German: Graubünden; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... Swiss mercenaries crossing the Alps (Luzerner Schilling) Swiss mercenaries were soldiers notable for their service in foreign armies, especially the armies of the Kings of France, throughout the Early Modern period of European history, from the Later Middle Ages into the Age of the European Enlightenment. ... A canton is a territorial subdivision of a country, e. ... Landsknechts (German, Land land, country + Knecht servant: i. ...

In January 1525, Lannoy was reinforced by the arrival of Georg Frundsberg with 15,000 fresh landsknechts and renewed the offensive. D'Avalos captured the French outpost at Sant'Angelo, cutting the lines of communication between Pavia and Milan, while a separate column of landsknechts advanced on Belgiojoso and, despite being briefly pushed back by a raid led by Medici and Bonnivet, occupied the town.^[11] By February 2, Lannoy was only a few miles from Pavia. Francis had encamped the majority of his forces in the great walled park of Mirabello outside the city walls, placing them between Leyva's garrison and the approaching relief army.^[12] Skirmishing and sallies by the garrison continued through the month of February. Medici was seriously wounded and withdrew to Piacenza to recuperate, forcing Francis to recall much of the Milan garrison to offset the departure of the Black Band; but the fighting had little overall effect. On February 21, the Imperial commanders, running low on supplies and mistakenly believing that the French forces were more numerous than their own, decided to launch an attack on Mirabello Castle in order to save face and demoralize the French sufficiently to ensure a safe withdrawal.^[13] Georg von Frundsberg (1473–1528) was a German Knight and landowner. ... Landsknecht. ... You might be referring to any of these: Castel SantAngelo in Rome Città SantAngelo, a town on Italys east coast Borgo SantAngelo, a road in the Roman rione of Borgo SantAngelo, the eleventh historic district (rione) of Rome Santangelo Category: ... Belgioioso or Belgiojoso is a town in the Province of Pavia, Lombardy, in northern Italy. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mirabello may refer to one of the following. ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Battle

The Battle of Pavia by an unknown Flemish artist (oil on panel, 16th century).

The times given here are taken from Konstam's reconstruction of the battle.

Image File history File links Battle_of_Pavia,_oil_on_panel. ... Image File history File links Battle_of_Pavia,_oil_on_panel. ... The term Flemings (Dutch: ) denotes the majority population in Flanders (the northern half of Belgium). ...

Movements in the dark

On the evening of February 23, Lannoy's imperial troops, which had been encamped outside the east wall of the park, began their march north along the walls. At the same time, the Imperial artillery began a bombardment of the French siege lines—which had become routine during the extended siege—in order to conceal Lannoy's movement.^[14] Meanwhile, Imperial engineers quickly worked to create a breach in the park walls, at the Porta Pescarina near the village of San Genesio, through which the Imperial army could enter.^[15] By 5:00 in the morning, some 3,000 arquebusiers under the command of Alfonso d'Avalos had entered the park and were rapidly advancing on Mirabello Castle, where they believed the French headquarters to be; simultaneously, Imperial light cavalry spread out from the breach into the park, intending to intercept any French movements.^[16] is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Japanese arquebus of the Edo era (teppo) The arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus[1] or hackbut; possibly related to German Hakenbuechse or Dutch Haakbus) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ... Portrait of Alfonso dAvalos and a page by Titian, c. ... An army unit consisting of mounted soldiers are commonly known as cavalry. ...

Meanwhile, a detachment of French cavalry under Charles Tiercelin encountered the Imperial cavalry and began a series of skirmishes with them. A mass of Swiss pikemen under Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de la Flourance moved up to assist them, overrunning a battery of Spanish artillery that had been dragged into the park.^[17] They missed De Vasto's arquebusiers—who had, by 6:30, emerged from the woods near the castle and swiftly overrun it—and blundered into 6,000 of Georg Frundsberg's landsknechts. By 7:00, a full-scale infantry battle had developed not far from the original breach.^[18] Robert van der Marck, Seigneur de la Flourance (1491–1537) was a major French commander during the Italian Wars, taking part in the Battle of Ravenna and the Battle of Novara. ... Georg von Frundsberg (1473–1528) was a German Knight and landowner. ...

Francis attacks

A third mass of troops—the Spanish and Imperial heavy cavalry under Lannoy himself, as well as d'Avalos's Spanish infantry—had meanwhile been moving through the woods to the west, closer to where Francis was encamped. The French did not realize the magnitude of the Imperial attack for some time; but, by about 7:20, d'Avalos's advance had been spotted by a battery of French artillery, which commenced firing at the Spanish lines. This alerted Francis, who launched a charge against Lannoy's outnumbered cavalry with the entire force of French gendarmes, scattering the Spanish by 7:40.^[19] A gendarme was a cavalryman of noble birth, primarily serving in the French army from the Late Medieval to the Early Modern periods of European History. ...

Francis's precipitious advance, however, had not only masked the fire of the French artillery, but also pulled him away from the mass of French infantry, commanded by Richard de la Pole, and by Francois de Lorraine, who led the Black Band of renegade Landsknecht pikemen (not to be confused with the Italian mercenary company of arquebusiers by the same name), which was 4,000 to 5,000 men strong. D'Avalos, left in command of the Spanish forces after Lannoy had followed the retreating cavalry, formed his men up at the edge of the woods and sent messengers to Bourbon, Frundsberg, and De Vasto requesting assistance.^[20] Richard de la Pole (died February 24, 1525 in Pavia, Duchy of Milan) was a pretender to the English crown. ... Francois de Lorraine (1506-1525) was the Lord of Lambesc, and a commander in the French army under Francis I of France. ... The Black Band was a formation of 16th century mercenaries, largely pikemen, probably serving as Landsknechts. ...

Frundsberg had meanwhile mauled the heavily outnumbered Swiss infantry opposing him; Tiercelin and Flourance were unable to hold their troops together, and the French foot began to flee the field.

Endgame

Battle of Pavia by Juan de Orea.

By 8:00, a mass of Imperial pikemen and arquebusiers descended on the French cavalry from all sides. Lacking room to maneuver by the surrounding woods, the French gendarmes were surrounded and systematically killed. Suffolk and Lorraine, advancing to assist Francis, were met by Frundsberg's arriving landsknechts; the French infantry was broken and routed, Richard de la Pole and Lorraine both having been killed. In a particularly bitter contest between Imperial and renegade Landsknechts, the Black Band was surrounded by Frundsberg's pikemen and exterminated where it stood. The French king fought on as his horse was killed from under him by Cesare Hercolani, an Italian Condottiere.^{[21] [22]}; surrounded by arquebusiers, he was taken prisoner and escorted from the field.^[23] The exact nature of Francis's surrender—in particular, who exactly had taken him prisoner—is uncertain, with a variety of candidates ranging from Alonso Pita da Veiga to Lannoy himself being put forward by various historians. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 539 pixelsFull resolution (2714 × 1828 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 539 pixelsFull resolution (2714 × 1828 pixel, file size: 1. ... A gendarme was a cavalryman of noble birth, primarily serving in the French army from the Late Medieval to the Early Modern periods of European History. ... Cesare Hercolani was born in Forlì, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy in 1499. ... Condottieri were mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states from the late Middle Ages until the mid-fifteenth century. ... Alonso Pita da Veiga, born in Ferrol in 15th century Galicia, was the most remarkable young officer of the Spanish Tercios fighting under the orders of Count Fernando de Andrade in the Battle of Pavia (Italy), between the years 1513-1525, becoming a lord with the right to wear a...

Meanwhile, Antonio de Leyva had sortied with the garrison, overrunning the 3,000 Swiss under Montmorency that had been manning the siege lines. The remnants of the Swiss–both Montmorency's and Flourance's—tried to flee across the river, suffering massive casualties as they did.^[24] The French rearguard, under the Duke of Alençon, had taken no part in the battle; when the Duke realized what had occurred in the park, he quickly began to retreat towards Milan. By 9:00 in the morning, the battle was over.

Aftermath

The French defeat was decisive. Aside from Francis, a number of leading French nobles—including Montmorency and Flourance—had been captured; an even greater number—among them Bonnivet, Le Tremoille, La Palice, Suffolk, and Lorraine—had been killed in the fighting. Francis was taken to the fortress of Pizzighettone, where he penned his famous letter to Louise of Savoy, his mother: Louise of Savoy Louise of Savoy (September 11, 1476 – September 22, 1531) was the mother of Francis I of France. ...

Soon afterwards, he finally learned that the Duke of Albany had lost the larger part of his army to attrition and desertion, and had returned to France without ever having reached Naples.^[26] The broken remnants of the French forces, aside from a small garrison left to hold the Castel Sforzesco in Milan, retreated across the Alps under the nominal command of Charles IV of Alençon, reaching Lyon by March.^[27] Front view of Castello Sforzesco Castello Sforzesco (English: Sforza Castle) is a castle in Milan, Italy that now houses an art gallery. ... Charles IV of Alençon (1489, Alençon –1525, Lyon) was the son of René of Alençon and Margaret of Vaudémont. ... This article is about the French city. ...

Notes

For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. ... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ...

References

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Italian Wars

Italian Wars Portal

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