The Bible has been translated into many languages. The Jewish Tanakh (similar to the Protestant Old Testament) was originally written in Hebrew, with the exception of some passages of Daniel, Ezra, and Jeremiah which are in Aramaic. The New Testament is widely agreed to have originally been written in Greek, although some scholars hypothesize that certain books (whether completely or partially) may have been written in Aramaic before being translated for widespread dissemination. One very famous example of this is the the opening to the Gospel of John, which some scholars argue to be a Greek translation of an Aramaic hymn. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... Look up translate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Tanakh (Hebrew: ‎) (also Tanach, IPA: or , or Tenak, is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Daniel (Hebrew: דָּנִיֵּאל; transliterated as Daniyyel in Standard Hebrew and Dāniyyêl in Tiberian Hebrew, Arabic: Danyel, دانيال) is the name of at least three people from the Hebrew Bible: A Jewish exile in Babylon, the subject of the Book of Daniel and the most well-known of the three Daniels. ... Ezra is a personal name derived from Hebrew, written variously as עֶזְרָא ( Standard Hebrew ), ʿEzra, ( Tiberian Hebrew ), ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל My help/court is God, Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl, Arabic: عزير. // Once there once an ezra who ate two pies the kill barney with jake burton Unless otherwise... Bold text The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirmiyahu in Hebrew), is a book that is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaisms Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianitys Old Testament. ... Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Look up logos, λόγος in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ...

Approaches

A variety of approaches to translation have been used, including:

• Dynamic equivalence translation
• Formal equivalence translation (similar to literal translation)
• Meaning-Based translation
• Mother tongue translator
• Idiomatic, or Paraphrastic translation, as used by late Kenneth Livingston
• Paraphrase

A great deal of debate occurs over which approach most accurately communicates the message of the biblical languages source texts into target languages. Despite these debates, however, many who study the Bible intellectually or devotionally find that selecting more than one translation approach is useful in interpreting and applying what they read. For example, a very literal translation may be useful for individual word or topical study, while a paraphrase may be employed for grasping initial meaning of a passage. Dynamic equivalence is an approach to translation in which the original language is translated thought for thought rather than word for word as in formal equivalence. ... Formal equivalence is a translation approach which attempts to retain the language forms of the original as much as possible in the translation, regardless of whether or not they are the most natural way to express the original meaning. ... Literal translation refers to the result of translating text from one language to another; translating each word independently as opposed to translating the entire phrase. ... An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not compositional — that is, whose meaning does not follow from the meaning of the individual words of which it is composed. ... A Paraphrase is a statement or remark explained in other words or another way, so as to simplify or clarify its meaning. ... There is an ongoing debate which has been raging for years (at least since the late 60s when modern translations started appearing) about which translation is best and more generally about whether the Bible should even be translated into less-literal versions. ...

History

Part of a series of articles on Christianity

Foundations Jesus Christ Holy Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) Holy Bible · Christian Theology New Covenant · Supersessionism Apostles · Church · Kingdom · Gospel History of Christianity · Timeline Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Image File history File links Christian_cross. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Christ is the English translation of the Greek word (Christós), which literally means The Anointed One. ... For other uses, see Trinity (disambiguation). ... In many religions, the supreme God is given the title and attributions of Father. ... Christian views of Jesus consist of the teachings and beliefs held by Christian groups about Jesus, including his divinity, humanity, and earthly life. ... In various religions, most notably Trinitarian Christianity, the Holy Spirit (in Hebrew רוח הקודש Ruah haqodesh; also called the Holy Ghost) is the third consubstantial Person of the Holy Trinity. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... Given the overwhelming influence exercised by Christianity, especially in pre-modern Europe, Christian theology permeates much of Western culture and often reflects that culture. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ... Supersessionism (sometimes referred to as replacement theology by its critics) is a belief that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Old Testament, and that Jews who deny that Jesus is the Messiah are not being faithful to the revelation that God has given them, and they therefore fall... The Twelve Apostles (, apostolos, Liddell & Scott, Strongs G652, someone sent forth/sent out) were men that according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus for a mission. ... The phrase One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church appears in the Nicene Creed () and, in part, in the Apostles Creed (the holy catholic church, sanctam ecclesiam catholicam). ... The Kingdom of God or Reign of God (Greek basileia tou theou,[1]) is a foundational concept in Christianity, as it is the central theme of Jesus of Nazareths message in the synoptic Gospels. ... For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... The history of Christianity concerns the history of the Christian religion and the Church, from the Apostles to contemporary times. ... The purpose of this chronology is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era to the present. ...

Holy Bible Old Testament · New Testament Decalogue · Sermon on the Mount Birth · Resurrection · Great Commission Inspiration · Books · Canon · Apocrypha Hermeneutics · LXX · English Translation Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Decalogue at Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue. ... The Sermon on the Mount was, according to the Gospel of Matthew 5-7, a particular sermon given by Jesus of Nazareth (estimated around AD 30) on a mountainside to his disciples and a large crowd. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The Death of Jesus and the Resurrection of Jesus are two events in the New Testament in which Jesus is crucified on one day (the Day of Preparation, i. ... In Christian tradition, the Great Commission is the instruction of the resurrected Jesus Christ to his disciples, that they spread the faith to all the world. ... Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in Christian theology concerned with the divine origin of the Bible and what the Bible teaches about itself. ... The canonical list of the Books of the Bible differs among Jews, and Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox Christians, even though there is a great deal of overlap. ... The biblical canon is a list of books written during the formative periods of the Jewish or Christian faiths. ... Apocrypha (from the Greek word απόκρυφα meaning those having been hidden away[1]) are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned. ... Biblical Hermeneutics, part of the broader hermeneutical question, relates to the problem of how one is to understand Holy Scripture. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Launcelot Lee Brentons English translation. ... The efforts of translating the Bible from its original languages into over 2,000 others have spanned more than two millennia. ...

Christian Theology History of Theology · Apologetics Creation · Fall of Man · Covenant · Law Grace · Faith · Justification · Salvation Sanctification · Theosis · Worship Church · Sacraments · Future This is an overview of the history of theology in Greek thought, Christianity, Judaism and Islam from the time of Christ to the present. ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογια, logia, words, sayings, or discourse) is reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Christian apologetics is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of Christianity. ... Creation (theology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... In Abrahamic religion, The Fall of Man or The Story of the Fall, or simply The Fall, refers to humanitys fall from a state of innocent bliss to a state of sinful understanding. ... Covenant, meaning a solemn contract, oath, or bond, is the customary word used to translate the Hebrew word berith (ברית, Tiberian Hebrew bÉ™rîṯ, Standard Hebrew bÉ™rit) as it is used in the Hebrew Bible. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... In Christianity, divine grace refers to the sovereign favor of God for humankind, as manifest in the blessings bestowed upon all —irrespective of actions (deeds), earned worth, or proven goodness. ... Faith in Christianity centers on faith in the existence of God, who created the universe. ... In Christian theology, justification is Gods act of making or declaring a sinner righteous before God. ... In theology, salvation can mean three related things: freed forever from the punishment of sin Revelation 1:5-6 NRSV - also called deliverance;[1] being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God Revelation 1:6 NRSV - also called redemption;[2]) and a process... Sanctification or in its verb form, sanctify, literally means to set apart for special use or purpose, that is to make holy or sacred (compare Latin sanctus holy). Therefore sanctification refers to the state or process of being set apart, i. ... In Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic theology, theosis (Greek: , meaning divinization (or deification, or to make divine), is the call to man to become holy and seek union with God, beginning in this life and later consummated in the resurrection. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In Christian theology, ecclesiology is a branch of study that deals with the doctrines pertaining to the Church itself as a community or organic entity, and with the understanding of what the church is —ie. ... In Catholic belief and practice, a sacrament is a rite that mediates divine grace, constituting a sacred mystery. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

History and Traditions Early · Councils · Creeds · Missions Great Schism · Crusades · Reformation Great Awakenings Fourth-century inscription, representing Christ as the Good Shepherd. ... In Christianity, an Ecumenical Council or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice. ... A creed is a statement or confession of belief — usually religious belief — or faith. ... A Christian mission has been widely defined, since the Lausanne Congress of 1974, as that which is designed to form a viable indigenous church-planting movement. ... For the later Papal Schism in Avignon, see Western Schism. ... The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade. ... Reformation redirects here. ... Great Awakenings are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. ... Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy · Oriental Orthodoxy Syriac Christianity · Eastern Catholicism Eastern Christianity refers collectively to the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, the rest of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, northeastern Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, preserving the traditions of the early church unchanged, accepting the canonicity of the first seven ecumenical councils held between the 4th and the... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. ... Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. ... The Eastern Catholic Churches are autonomous particular Churches in full communion with the Pope in Rome. ... Western Christianity Western Catholicism · Protestantism Thomism · Anabaptism · Lutheranism Anglicanism · Calvinism · Arminianism Evangelicalism · Baptist · Methodism Restorationism · Liberalism · Adventism Fundamentalism · Pentecostalism Western Christianity comprises Catholicism, Anglicanism, Protestantism. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Protestantism is one of three main groups within Christianity, whose beliefs are centered on Jesus. ... Thomism is the philosophical school that followed in the legacy of Thomas Aquinas. ... Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus, re-baptizers [1], German: Wiedertäufer) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... Lutheranism is a movement within Christianity that began with the theological insights of Martin Luther in the 16th century. ... The term Anglican (from Medieval Latin ecclesia anglicana, meaning the English Church) is used to describe the people, institutions and churches as well as the liturgical traditions and theological concepts developed by the established Church of England, the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican Churches (a loosely affiliated group of... Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and... For the Armenian nationality, see Armenia or the Armenian language. ... The word evangelicalism usually refers to religious practices and traditions which are found in conservative, almost always Protestant Christianity. ... Baptist is a term describing a tradition within Christianity that may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. ... Methodism or the Methodist movement is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The term Adventist can refer to One who believes in the Second Advent (usually known as the Second coming) of Jesus. ... Fundamentalist Christianity, or Christian fundamentalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by conservative evangelical Christians, who, in a reaction to modernism, actively affirmed a fundamental set of Christian beliefs: the inerrancy of the Bible, the virgin birth... The Pentecostal movement within Evangelical Christianity places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit, as shown in the Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. ... Topics in Christianity Denominations · Movements · Ecumenism Preaching · Prayer · Music · Liturgy Calendar · Symbols · Art · Criticism A denomination, in the Christian sense of the word, is an identifiable religious body under a common name, structure, and/or doctrine. ... Christian movements are theological, political, or philosophical intepretations of Christianity that are not generally represented by a specific church, sect, or denomination. ... The word ecumenism (also oecumenism, Å“cumenism) is derived from Greek (oikoumene), which means the inhabited world, and was historically used with specific reference to the Roman Empire. ... A sermon is an oration by a prophet or member of the clergy. ... This article is about the many forms of prayer within Christianity. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... // Partial list of Christian liturgies (past and present) Roman Catholic church (churches in communion with the Holy See of the Bishop of Rome) Latin Rite Novus Ordo Missae Tridentine Mass Anglican Use Mozarabic Rite Ambrosian Rite Gallican Rite Eastern Rite, e. ... The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in some Christian churches which determines when Feasts, Memorials, Commemorations, and Solemnities are to be observed and which portions of Scripture are to be read. ... Christian art is art that spans many segments of Christianity. ... Throughout the history of Christianity, a wide range of Christians and non-Christians alike have offered criticisms of Christianity, the Church, and Christians themselves. ...

Important Figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Luther · Calvin · Wesley · Pope Paul of Tarsus (b. ... The (Early) Church Fathers or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church, particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history. ... This article covers the events of, reaction to, and historical legacy of Roman Emperor Constantine Is promotion, legitimization, and conversion to Christianity. ... Athanasius of Alexandria (also spelled Athanasios) (c. ... Augustinus redirects here. ... For entities named after Saint Anselm, see Saint Anselms. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. ... Gregory Palamas Gregory Palamas (Γρηγόριος Παλαμάς) (1296 - 1359) was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later Archbishop of Thessalonica known as a preeminent theologian of Hesychasm. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ... John Wesley (June 17, 1703–March 2, 1791) was an 18th-century Anglican clergyman and Christian theologian who was an early leader in the Methodist movement. ... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ...

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Antiquity

Some of the first translations of the Jewish Torah began during the first exile in Babylonia, when Aramaic became the lingua franca of the Jews. With most people speaking only Aramaic and not understanding Hebrew, the Targums were created to allow the common person to understand the Torah as it was read in ancient synagogues. The most well-known movement to translate books of the Bible appeared in the 3rd century BC. Most of the Tanakh then existed in Hebrew, but many had gathered in Egypt, where Alexander the Great had founded the city that bears his name. At one time a third of the population of the city was Jewish. However, no major Greek translation was sought (as most Jews continued to speak Aramaic to each other) until Ptolemy II Philadelphus hired a large group of Jews (between 15 and 70 according to different sources) who had a fluent capability in both Koine Greek and Hebrew. These people produced the translation now known as the Septuagint. Babylonia, named for its capital city, Babylon, an ancient state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... A targum (plural: targumim) is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) written or compiled in the Land of Israel or in Babylonia from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium). ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 3rd century BC started on January 1, 300 BC and ended on December 31, 201 BC. // Events The Pyramid of the Moon, one of several monuments built in Teotihuacán Teotihuacán, Mexico begun The first two Punic Wars between Carthage... Tanakh (Hebrew: ‎) (also Tanach, IPA: or , or Tenak, is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC–June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history. ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... 309–246 BC), with Arsinoë II. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Greek: , 309 BC–246 BC), was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 281 BC to 246 BC. He was the son of the founder of the Ptolemaic kingdom Ptolemy I Soter and Berenice. ... Koine redirects here. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Launcelot Lee Brentons English translation. ...

Origen's Hexapla placed side by side six versions of the Old Testament, including the 2nd century Greek translations of Aquila of Sinope and Symmachus the Ebionite. The canonical Christian Bible was formally established by Bishop Cyril of Jerusalem in 350 (although it had been generally accepted by the church previously), confirmed by the Council of Laodicea in 363 (both lacked the book of Revelation), and later established by Athanasius of Alexandria in 367 (with Revelation added), and Jerome's Vulgate Latin translation dates to between AD 382 and 420. Latin translations predating Jerome are collectively known as Vetus Latina texts. Jerome began by revising the earlier Latin translations, but ended by going back to the original Greek, bypassing all translations, and going back to the original Hebrew wherever he could instead of the Septuagint. The New Testament was translated into Gothic in the 4th century by Ulfilas. In the 5th century, Saint Mesrob translated the bible into Armenian. Also to dating the same period are the Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic and Georgian translations. Origen (Greek: ÅŒrigénÄ“s, 185–ca. ... Hexapla (Gr. ... Aquila of Sinope was A native of Pontus, celebrated for a very literal and accurate translation of the Old Testament into Greek. ... Symmachus the Ebionite (late 2nd century CE), was the author of one of the Greek versions of the Old Testament that were included by Origen in his Hexapla and Tetrapla, which compared various versions of the old Testament side by side with the Septuagint. ... The Bible (From Greek βιβλια—biblia, meaning books, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported papyrus) is the sacred scripture of Christianity. ... Cyril of Jerusalem was a distinguished theologian of the early Church ( 315 - 386). ... The Council of Laodicea was a regional synod of approximately 30 clerics from Anatolia, (now modern Turkey). ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... Athanasius of Alexandria (also spelled Athanasios) (c. ... Revelation is an uncovering or disclosure via communication from the divine of something that has been partially or wholly hidden or unknown. ... Saint Jerome redirects here. ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ... Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jeromes Vulgate bible became the standard Bible for Latin-speaking Western Christians. ... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Representation of Ulfilas surrounded by the Gothic alphabet Ulfilas or Wulfila (perhaps meaning little wolf) (c. ... Saint Mesrop Mashtots (Armenian:Õ„Õ¥Õ½Ö€Õ¸Õº Մաշտոց) (360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk, theologian and linguist. ... Syriac is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ... Coptic is the most recent phase of ancient Egyptian. ... The Geez language (or Giiz language) is an ancient language that developed in the Ethiopian Highlands of the Horn of Africa as the language of the peasantry. ...

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, translation particularly of the Old Testament was discouraged. Nevertheless, there are some fragmentary Old English Bible translations, notably a lost translation of the Gospel of John into Old English by the Venerable Bede, which he is said to have prepared shortly before his death around the year 735. An Old High German version of the gospel of Matthew dates to 748. Charlemagne in ca. 800 charged Alcuin with a revision of the Latin Vulgate. The translation into Old Church Slavonic dates to the late 9th century. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... A number of Old English Bible translations were prepared in mediaeval England, translations of parts of the Bible into the Old English language. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... Events Abkhazia becomes independent, and will remain such until the 15th century Births Alcuin, missionary and bishop (approximate date) Deaths May 25 - Bede, English Historian and monk Categories: 735 ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... Events January - An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture. ... A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagnes death. ... Rabanus Maurus (left), supported by Alcuin (middle), presents his work to Otgar of Mainz Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus or Ealhwine (c. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, and Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ...

Alfred the Great had a number of passages of the Bible circulated in the vernacular in around 900. These included passages from the Ten Commandments and the Pentateuch, which he prefixed to a code of laws he promulgated around this time. In approximately 990, a full and freestanding version of the four Gospels in idiomatic Old English appeared, in the West Saxon dialect; these called the Wessex Gospels. Alfred (also Ælfred from the Old English: Ælfrēd) (c. ... Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ... This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Decalogue at Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Events Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo. ... This article concerns the English kingdom, not the Westland Wessex helicopter Wessex was one of the seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) that preceded the kingdom of England. ... Map of the British Isles circa 802 Wessex was one of the seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) that preceded the Kingdom of England. ...

Pope Innocent III in 1199 banned unauthorized versions of the Bible as a reaction to the Cathar and Waldensian heresies. The synods of Toulouse and Tarragona (1234) outlawed possession of such renderings. There is evidence of some vernacular translations permitted while others were being scrutinized. Pope Innocent III (c. ... The Cathars, also known as the Albigensians, were adherent to the beliefs of Catharism. ... The Waldensians were followers of Peter Waldo (or Valdes or Vaudes); they called themselves the Poor men of Lyon, the Poor of Lombardy, or the Poor. ...

The most notable Middle English Bible translation, Wyclif's Bible (1383), based on the Vulgate, was banned by the Oxford Synod in 1408. A Hungarian Hussite Bible appeared in the mid 15th century, and in 1478, a Spanish translation in the Catalan dialect of Valencia. Middle English Bible translations (1066-1500) covers the age of Middle English - it was not a fertile time for Bible translations but saw the first major translation, Wyclifs Bible, from John Wyclif. ... Wyclifs Bible is the name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English, that were made under the direction of, or at the instigation of, John Wyclif. ... The Hussites comprised a Christian movement following the teachings of the reformer Jan Hus (circa 1369–1415), who was influenced by John Wyclif and became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. ... Capital Valencia Official language(s) Castilian and Valencian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 8th  23,255 km²  4. ...

Before each of these translations, there were often earlier versions in other languages, these resulting from a newer linguistic need, arising out of one tongue superseding the former in a given locale. (For instance, West Saxon sufficed once where only Middle English would later be on demand, as German later displaced the previous Gothic in its important role to Germans.)

Reformation and Early Modern period

In 1521, Martin Luther was placed under the Ban of the Empire, and he went into hiding at the Wartburg Castle. During his time there, he translated the New Testament from Greek into German. It was printed in September 1522.

Tyndale's Bible (1526) met with heavy sanctions, and William Tyndale was jailed in 1535 for translating the Old Testament. The Froschauer Bible of 1531 and the Luther Bible of 1534 (both appearing in portions throughout the 1520s) were an important part of the Reformation. The 1530 Catholic translation of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples even predates the completion of these Protestant translations. Early Modern English Bible translations are those translations of the Bible which were made between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. ... It has been suggested that The Tyndale Society be merged into this article or section. ... Zürich Bible (Zürcher Bibel, also Zwinglibibel) is a bible translation historically based on the translation by Ulrich Zwingli. ... Luthers 1534 bible The Luther Bible is a German Bible translation by Martin Luther, first printed with both testaments in 1534. ... ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... June 25 - Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ... Lefevre dEtaples Jacques Lefèvre dÉtaples (c. ...

The missionary activity of the Jesuit order led to a large number of 17th century translation into languages of the New World. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ...

See also: Early Modern English Bible translations Early Modern English Bible translations are those translations of the Bible which were made between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. ...

Modern translation efforts

See also: International Bible Society, Bible Society, and Wycliffe Bible Translators

The Bible continues to be the most translated book in the world. The following numbers are approximations. As of 2005, at least one book of the Bible has been translated into 2,400 of the 6,900 languages listed by SIL,^[1] including 680 languages in Africa, followed by 590 in Asia, 420 in Oceania, 420 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 210 in Europe, and 75 in North America. The United Bible Societies are presently assisting in over 600 Bible translation projects. The Bible is available in whole or in part to some 98 percent of the world's population in a language in which they are fluent. The International Bible Society (IBS) translates, publishes and distributes the Bible with the intent of helping people around the world become Christians. ... A Bible society is a non-profit organization (usually ecumenical in makeup) devoted to translating, publishing and distributing the Bible at affordable costs. ... Wycliffe Bible Translators is an international, interdenominational or parachurch organization with U.S. headquarters in Orlando, Florida. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... SIL International is a worldwide non-profit evangelical Christian organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development. ...

National Missionary Movement

While the Bible Societies, Wycliffe and SIL continue their translation work around the globe, a new paradigm in both Bible translation and missions has been growing in acceptance. Many are now seeing the importance and necessity of training and supporting national missionaries to work among their own people and cultures. There are many reasons why this model is preferred to older missions models:

• National Missionaries are already living with or near the people they hope to reach.
• Individuals with a passion for God's work are also developing ways to begin their own ministries. Such as Reaching The Mano.com, the story on a missionary traveling to Africa to bring God's word to life among the Mano people of West Africa.
• National Missionaries already know the customs of the people.
• National Missionaries cost a fraction of what it costs to transport and maintain western missionaries in the field.
• National Missionaries cannot be kicked out of their countries in times of war or unrest because they are citizens.

A few organizations that support National Missions and Bible Translation: Bible Societies Gospel for Asia World Mission International The Seed Company

According to their website SIL work with a number of organizations consisting of National Missionaries:^[2]

• Association Centrafricaine pour la Traduction de la Bible et l'Alphabétisation (ACATBA) (Central African Association for the Translation of the Bible and Literacy)
• Assoc Linguistica Evangelica Missionaria (ALEM), Brazil
• Bible Translation Association (BTA), Papua New Guinea
• Bible Translation and Literacy (East Africa) (BTL), Kenya
• Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation^[3]
• Indian Institute for Cross Cultural Communications (IICCC)
• Nigeria Bible Translation Trust (NBTT)
• Translation Association of the Philippines (TAP)
• Vanuatu Christian Council, Translation and Literacy Program

List of translations

This list gives information about Bible translations in various languages, in alphabetical order by language. At the end of some of the sections you will find tables comparing the same verses in various translations.

Afrikaans

The Bible was translated into Afrikaans in 1933, revised in 1953 by the Bybelgenootskap van Suid Afrika, a South African bible society. There is also a 1983 translation. Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... A Bible society is a non-profit organization (usually ecumenical in makeup) devoted to translating, publishing and distributing the Bible at affordable costs. ...

Arabic

In the 10th century AD Saadia ha Gaon produced a now mostly lost translation of the Tanach. 11th century Targum Tanakh [תנ״ך] (also spelt Tanach or Tenach) is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible, based upon the initial Hebrew letters of each part: Torah [תורה] (The Law; also: Teaching or Instruction), Chumash [חומש] (The...

In 1671 the Roman Catholic Church published the whole Bible at Rome. The translation was done under the direction of Sergius Risi, the Catholic Archbishop of Damascus. Francis Britius aided the translation. The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ...

The most popular translation is the Van Dyck Version, funded by the Syrian Mission and the American Bible Society. The project was the brainchild of Eli Smith, and started around 1847, centred in Beirut. After Eli Smith's death it was completed under the direction of Cornelius Van Allen Van Dyck. Others involved included Nasif al Yaziji and Boutros al Bustani. The New Testament was completed on March 9, 1860, followed by the Tanach on Friday, March 10, 1865. About 10 million copies of this version have been distributed since 1865. It has been accepted by the Coptic Church and the Protestant churches. This translation was based mostly on the same Textus Receptus as the King James Version of the Bible, and follows a more literal style of translation. Most printings of the Van Dyck version use the same basic printing plates which have been employed for years (possibly the same plates that were made when the translation was first adopted; maybe somebody can verify that fact). These plates employ the "stacking" version of writing Arabic, in which, for example, letters that precede other specified letters, such as "Jeem," are written vertical to rather than horizontal to that letter. This style of Arabic can be hard to read at times, especially for non-native students of Arabic. More recently, newer printings of the Van Dyck have been made which employ a more common, straightforward Arabic font. The American Bible Society (ABS) is a group, founded in 1816, that publishes, distributes, and translates the Bible. ... Eli Smith (1801-1857) was an American Protestant Missionary and scholar, born at Northford, Conn. ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ... Cornelius Van Allen Van Dyck, M.D. (1819-1895) was an American missionary, born at Kinderhook, NY, and educated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which he graduated as M.D. in 1839. ... Christ - Coptic Art Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately AD 60). ...

While most of the Arabic in the Van Dyck version is pretty standard, there is some terminology in it that Muslim or other non-Christian readers may not understand (e.g. "As-hah", the word for a chapter of the Bible; "tajdif", the word for blasphemy.) It should also be noted that an Arab Muslim reading the Bible in Arabic (especially if he is reading the New Testament) will find the rather straightforward style quite different from the more cryptic tone that he is used to in the Qur'an (this is more or less true of all Arabic translations of the Bible). Also of note is the fact that Qur'anic/Islamic terminology was not very much used in this version of the Bible (as it is in most versions of the Bible).

In 1973 the International Bible Society began to work on a new translation, this project was named the Arabic Life Application Bible. The Injil (New Testament) was released in 1982, and the whole Bible was completed in 1988. The International Bible Society (IBS) translates, publishes and distributes the Bible with the intent of helping people around the world become Christians. ...

In 1992 the Bible Society, released Today's Arabic Version, an Dynamic equivalence translation designed to be as easy to understand as possible. It is the Arabic equivalent of the English Good News Translation. Dynamic equivalence is an approach to translation in which the original language is translated thought for thought rather than word for word as in formal equivalence. ... The Good News Translation (GNT) as it is known in North America, or the Good News Bible (GNB) as it is known in the rest of the world, is an English language translation of the Bible by the American Bible Society, first published as the New Testament under the name...

The Old Testament, Van Dyck Version

The Injil (New Testament), Van Dyck Version

Arabic Life Application Bible

Azeri

The first Azeri translation was that of several books from the Bible and was published in 1842. The New Testament was fully translated and published in 1878 and the entire Bible - in 1891. In 1982, the Russian Institute for Bible Translation released a revised Azeri translation, which is presently used in Azerbaijan. Azeris in Iran follow a slightly different translation. The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of Republic of Azerbaijan. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External Links:
http://www.yeniheyat.com/
http://www.azerincil.net/
http://www.korpu.net/ (Sound Bible)

Burmese

Adoniram Judson made the first translation of the Bible into the Burmese language, completed in 1834. Adoniram Judson Adoniram Judson, Jr. ... The Burmese language is the official language of Myanmar. ...

• Online Burmese Bible
• Online Burmese Bible (Compatible with Burmese wikipedia) - Translated from The Original Tongues by Rev. A. Judson, D.D.

Catalan

Middle Ages to the XIXth century

The first translation of the whole Bible into Catalan was produced between 1287 and 1290. It was entrusted to Jaume de Montjuich by Alfons II of Aragon. Remains of this version can be found in Paris (Bibliothèque Nationale). Also, in the same French library, we can find another translation into Catalan, which Jaume II of Aragon received on November 23rd, 1319.

In the early fifteenth century appeared another whole Bible translation by Bonifaci Ferrer. In 1490 a psalter by Joan Roís de Corella came to light in Venice. The Catalan Bible by Bonifaci Ferrer was printed before any Bible was printed in English or Spanish, in 1478.

The prohibition, in Spain and other Catholic countries, of vernacular translations, along with the decadence of the Catalan language until its renaissance in the nineteenth century, explain why there were no translations into Catalan from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.^[1]

In 1832 a Catalan exiled in London, J.M. Prat Colom, sponsored by the British and Foreign Bible Society, translated the New Testament (Lo Nou Testament de nostre Senyor Jesu-Christ), which was published afterwards in Barcelona (1836) and Madrid (1888).

XXth century and forward

In the twentieth century many new translations flourished, both Catholic and Protestant.

Catholic Translations

• 1948 Bíblia de Cambó, by Fundació Bíblica Catalana, started in 1927.

• 1968 Bíblia de Cambó, 2nd Edition.

• 1970 Bíblia dels Monjos de Montserrat, by the Monks of Montserrat.

Protestant Translations

• 1988 Nou Testament, New Testament by Institució Bíblica Evangèlica de Catalunya, with the help of the International Bible Society.

• 2000 Bíblia Evangèlica Catalana (aka La Bíblia del 2000), by Institució Bíblica Evangèlica de Catalunya. Translators: Pau Sais and Samuel Sais. BEC

An Ecumenical Translation

Something very unusual happened with this translation: Catholic and Protestant translators worked together and produced a Bible. Nevertheless, there are two editions: a Catholic edition with the deuterocanonical books (Apocrypha for the Protestant) and a Protestant edition, without the aforementioned books.

• 1993 Bíblia Catalana Interconfessional , by Associació Bíblica de Catalunya, Editorial Claret and Societats Bíbliques Unides. BCI

Chinese

(See also: Chinese Bible Translations) The first translations of the Bible into Chinese were made by Roman Catholic missionaries. However, they were only manuscript copies. Beginning with Robert Morrison in 1807, Protestant missionaries in China sought to translate the vernacular dialects and publish the Scriptures as broadly as possible. The most popular version used in Chinese Protestant Church today is the Chinese Union Version (和合本). Although this version has been translated for nearly a century and the Chinese language has changed a lot, the Chinese Union Version is still widely used. Chinese Dialects and Vernacular Versions of the Bible [1] // Old Testament (Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky), 1875 New Testament (Peking Committee), 1870 New Testament (Griffith John), 1887 New Testament, 1889 Portions of New Testament for the Blind New Testament, 1856 New Testament, 1881 Isaiah-Daniel, 1886 New Testament, 1870 New Testament... Robert Morrison (Chinese: 馬禮遜; born January 5, 1782 in Bullers Green, near Morpeth, Northumberland; died August 1, 1834 in Canton; buried in the Old Protestant Cemetery in Macau) was a Scottish missionary, the first Protestant missionary in China. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ...

The first Roman Catholic Chinese Bible to be published was started by a young Franciscan friar named Gabriele Allegra, he began translating the Old Testament from the original Hebrew and Aramaic languages in 1935. 10 years later he recruited Frs. Solanus Lee, Antonius Lee, Bernardinus Lee, and Ludovicus Liu in Beijing. However, due to the Chinese civil war in 1948, the friars were forced to move the Studium Biblicum in Hong Kong. After 20 years of effort, the first Old Testament was published in 1954. In 1968 the New and Old Testaments were published in a single volume. Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese...

Notable Chinese Bible Translations

• 遺詔全書, 1822
• 神天聖書, 1823-1824
• Studium Biblicum Version (思高譯本), 1935-1968
• Chinese Union Version (和合本), 1904-1919
• Lu Zhenzhong's translation (呂振中譯本), 1970
• Dangdai Shenjing (當代聖經), 1974
• Today's Chinese Version (現代中文譯本), 1979
• New Chinese Version (聖經新譯本), 1993
• Pastoral Bible (Chinese) (牧靈聖經), 1991-1999
• New World Translation (聖經新世界譯本 漢語版), 2001
• Recovery Version (聖經恢復本), 2003

External links The Studium Biblicum Version (思高本; pinyin: sīgāo běn; jyutping: si1 gou1 bun2; “Franciscan version“) is the predominant Chinese language translation of the Bible used by Chinese Catholics. ... The Chinese Union Version (CUV) (和合本; pinyin: héhé běn; literally “harmonized/united version”) is the predominant Chinese language translation of the Bible used by Chinese Protestants. ... The Todays Chinese Version (TCV) (現代中文譯本) is a recent translation of the Bible into modern Chinese. ... The New Chinese Version (NCV) (新譯本) is a Chinese language Bible translation that was completed in 1992. ... The Chinese edition of the Christian Community Bible is called the Pastoral Bible (牧靈聖經; pinyin: mùlíng shèngjīng; jyutping: muk6 ling4 sing3 ging1). ... The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a modern-language translation of the Bible published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. ... The Recovery Version The Recovery Version is a study Bible and English language translation of the Bible published by Living Stream Ministry. ...

• Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
• Chinese Catholic Bible Wiki

Croatian

The first complete translation was Jesuit Kasić's manuscript. The work was done from 1622 to 1637, but remained unpublished until 2000. It was in 1831 that the first published Croatian Bible appeared, translated by a Franciscan Matija Petar Katančić. After a few other versions, the most widely accepted and praised is modern language translation from 1968, the so called "Zagreb Bible", which is partially based on the Jerusalem Bible. Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Matija Petar Katancic Matija Petar Katancic (born in Valpovo in 1750, died in Budim in 1825) was a writer, professor of aesthetics and archaeology, lexicographer, numismatist. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... The Jerusalem Bible is a Catholic translation of the Bible which first was introduced to the English-speaking public in 1966. ...

External links

• Hrvatska Biblija on-line: Bible in Croatian-full text - translation: "Zagreb"

• Hrvatska Biblija - web download: Bible in Croatian-full text - translation: Dr Ivan Saric 1942.

Czech

The first translation of the whole Bible into Czech, based on the Latin Vulgate, was done in 1360. The Bible is called the "Bible of Dresden". This manuscript was lost during World War I. Many other translations followed this Bible of Dresden, and from the linguistic point of view they can be divided in four different redactions. The last one was finally printed. Events October 24 - The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years War. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz... For other uses, see Dresden (disambiguation). ...

The first printed Czech New Testament is the "New Testament of Dlabač", printed in 1487. The first printed complete Bible is the "Bible of Prague" from 1488. Another Czech Bible printed before the year 1501 is the "Bible of Kutná Hora" (printed in 1489). Events Richard Fox becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // Events February 3 - Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands in Mossel Bay after rounding the Cape of Good Hope, at the tip of Africa becoming the first known European to travel this far south. ... 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kutná Hora (help· info) medieval Czech: Hory Kutné) is a city in the Czech Republic, in Central Bohemian Region of Bohemia. ... Events March 14 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. ...

All these texts were translated from the Vulgate.

The first translation from the original languages into Czech language was the Bible of Kralice, first published in years 1579 – 1593. The translation was done by the Unity of the Brethren. The third edition from 1613 is considered classical and is one of the most used Czech Bible translations. Czech (čeÅ¡tina []) is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian (Kashubian), and Lusatian Sorbian. ... Bible of Kralice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Events January 6 - The Union of Atrecht united the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain. ... Events May 18 - Playwright Thomas Kyds accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe. ... The Unity of the Brethren (Czech Jednota bratrská also known under the Latin name as Unitas Fratrum. ... Events January - Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery. ...

Dutch

The first translation into Dutch directly from Greek and Hebrew sources was the Statenvertaling. It was ordered by the States-General at the Synod of Dordrecht in 1618/19, and first published in 1637. It soon became the generally accepted translation for Reformed churches in the Netherlands and remained so well into the 20th century. It was supplanted to a large extent in 1951 by the NBG (Nederlands Bijbelgenootschap) translation, which still uses relatively old-fashioned language. The Estates-General (Staten-Generaal) is the parliament of the Netherlands. ... The Synod of Dort met in the city of Dordrecht in 1618-1619, as a national assembly of the Dutch Reformed Church, to which were invited representatives from the Reformed churches in eight foreign countries. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... -1... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... In foundations of mathematics, Von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory (NBG) is an axiom system for set theory designed to yield the same results as Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, together with the axiom of choice (ZFC), but with only a finite number of axioms, that is without axiom schemas. ...

Modern language translations are Groot Nieuws Bijbel, Het Boek, the Roman Catholic Willibrordvertaling. In 2004, the NBV (Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling) translation appeared, which was produced by an ecumenical translation team, and is intended as an all-purpose translation for pulpit and home use; however, there has been much criticism on its accuracy. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Around the same time, there has also been much work on very literal, idiolect translations, such as the Naarden translation of 2004, Albert Koster's translation of the Old Testament, a work in progress since 1991, and the Torah translation of the Societas Hebraica Amstelodamensis. An idiolect is a variety of a language unique to an individual. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External link

• Statenvertaling: full text, including the Apocrypha. 1977 edition.

Apocrypha (from the Greek word απόκρυφα meaning those having been hidden away[1]) are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned. ...

English

Main article(s): English translations of the Bible

The efforts of translating the Bible from its original languages into over 2,000 others have spanned more than two millennia. ...

Esperanto

The initiator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof translated the entire Old Testament into Esperanto. A monograph by D. B. Gregor, La Esperanta traduko de la Malnova Testamento, compares Zamenhof's translation in some detail with a wide variety of major versions in other languages. A committee, consisting primarily of British clergy and scholars, was formed to translate the New Testament and review Zamenhof's translation for eventual publication by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The New Testament was published in 1910. A translation of the entire Bible, often referred to in Esperanto as the "Londona Biblio", was published in 1926. The most recent printing of the "Londona Biblio", issued in 2003, includes the Berveling translation of the Roman Catholic Deuterocanonical Books (see next paragraph). Look up Esperanto in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... L. L. Zamenhof Dr. Ludovic Lazarus (Ludwik Lejzer, Ludwik Łazarz) Zamenhof (December 15, 1859 – April 14, 1917) was an eye doctor, philologist, and the initiator of Esperanto, the most widely spoken and successful constructed language in the world. ... The British and Foreign Bible Society, known as Bible Society, is a Christian charity that exists to make the Bible heard throughout the world. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Gerrit Berveling (* 1944), famous Dutch Esperanto author. ... Deuterocanonical books is a term used since the sixteenth century in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages of the Christian Bible, in contrast to the protocanonical books which are contained in the Hebrew Bible. ...

An Esperanto organization devoted to Biblical and Oriental Studies, the Internacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj, beginning in the 1960s, attempted to organize the translation of a new, ecumenical Esperanto Bible version, but this project eventually lapsed, with only Gerrit Berveling's translation of Numbers (Nombroj, 1999) published. Dr. Berveling (a Dutch Free Church theologian and classical linguist) has, however, translated most of a new version of the New Testament, eschewing the syntactically overliteral tendencies of the B&FBS version, which is perhaps most akin among English versions to the Revised Version of 1881. His gospels have been published as La bona mesaĝo de Jesuo: laŭ X [X = Mateo, Marko, Luko, Johano, all 1992], and the first volume of his projected New Testament has appeared as Leteroj de Paŭlo kaj lia skolo (2004). He has also published a three-volume edition of the Deuterocanonical Books (La duakanonaj libroj), the first two of which (those included in the Roman Catholic Canon) are incorporated in the latest printing of the Londona Biblio.

There have also been other translations of specific books of the Bible and of shorter portions.

External link

• Online text of La Sankta Biblio ("Londona" text)

Finnish

The first Finnish translation of the New Testament was Mikael Agricola's Se Wsi Testamenti Somexi (The New Testament in Finnish), which was translated from Greek originals into Finnish 1548. Agricola is today considered the father of the Finnish written language. Mikael Agricola Mikael Agricola ( ) (c. ...

The first translation of the whole Bible was the so-called Vanha kirkkoraamattu (Old Church Bible), titled Biblia, Se on: Coco Pyhä Ramattu Suomexi. This edition was translated by committee led by Bishop Erik Rothovius 1638-1641, and published 1642. It was revised 1683-1685 (Florinus).

As the Finnish written and spoken language evolved during the centuries and literacy became commonplace also amongst the laypeople, need for a new edition arose. The so-called Biiblia or Vuoden 1776 raamattu (Year 1776 Bible) was published in 1776. It was the first edition meant not only to ecclestical but also to domestic use, and first written in Modern Finnish. It was revised 1859. The 1776 Bible is the version in use by certain sects even today.

Again a new translation was needed in the early 20th century, and a committee for translation was set 1911. It had its work ready 1933. Full edition of Bible was published in 1938. This edition is often referred as Vuoden 1938 kirkkoraamattu (year 1938 Church Bible). It was translated by the Finnish Lutheran Church, and intended to Lutheran use. As the translationary principle was "one source language word - one Finnish word", its text is very archaizing, and it uses dialectal terms obsolete even during the era. The 1938 edition consisted of Old Testament, deuterocanonicals and New Testament.

The latest official Finnish translation dates to 1992, the so-called Uusi kirkkoraamattu (New Church Bible). It is the first Finnish ecumenical edition; the translation committee consisted not only of the representants of the Finnish Lutheran Church, but also of academics and representants of Finnish Orthodox Church and Finnish Catholic Church, and is intended to use of all Christian denominations. the principle of 1992 edition is contextual translation; instead of verbatim translation, translation in context has been attempted as accurately as possible. The initial edition consisted of only New and Old Testament: the translation of the Old Testament deuterocanonicals were finished only 2004.

Of the non-official Finnish translations the most important is Uuden Maailman käännös (New World Translation) used by Jehovah's Witnesses. The principle in translation of this edition has been same as on 1938 edition: as verbatim translation as possible. Unfortunately the translation of the "Uuden Maailman käännös" has been done from English instead of original Aramaic and Greek, making the edition somewhat inaccurate. It should be noted that the New World Translation is considered by experts^[4][5][6][7] to be a "heretical" version containing obvious faults in translation primarily of an eisegetical nature due to their rejection of many of the central doctrines of Christianity, such as the deity of Christ. The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a modern-language translation of the Bible published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. ... This article discusses textual hermeneutics. ...

French

The first printed translation of the Bible into the French language was the work of the French theologian Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples in 1530 in Antwerp, Belgium. This was substantially revised and improved in 1535 by Pierre Robert Olivétan. This bible, in turn, became the basis of the first French Roman Catholic bible, published at Leuven in 1550, the work of Nicholas de Leuze and François de Larben. Finally, the Port-Royal version, prepared by Antoine Lemaistre and his brother Louis Isaac Lemaistre, finished in 1695, achieved broad acceptance among both Roman Catholics and Protestants. Jean-Frédéric Ostervald's version (1724) also enjoyed widespread popularity. French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... Jacques Lefevre dEtaples (c. ... June 25 - Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Leuven   (French Louvain, German Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in Flanders, Belgium, European Union. ... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... An illustration of pre-1692 Port Royal Port Royal was the centre of shipping commerce in Jamaica in the 17th century. ... Events January 27 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II to Mustafa II (1695-1703) July 17 - The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... Protestantism is one of three main groups within Christianity, whose beliefs are centered on Jesus. ... Jean-Frédéric Ostervald (25 November 1663-April 14, 1747), Swiss Protestant pastor, was born at Neuchâtel in 1663 in a patrician family, a son of the Reformed pastor Johann Rudolf Osterwald. ...

Many Francophone Protestants now use the Louis Segond version, which was finished in 1880, and revised substantially between 1975 and 1978. The Revised Louis Segond Bible is published by the American Bible Society. Louis Segond (1810-1885) was a Swiss theologian who translated the Bible in French from the original texts in Hebrew and Greek. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Another modern French Bible is the Bible du Semeur finished in 2000. This is a more thought-for-thought translation than Segond's, and it uses more contemporary language. It is published by the International Bible Society.

Among Roman Catholics, the most notable contemporary French translation is La Bible de Jérusalem, available in English as The Jerusalem Bible, which appeared first in French in 1954 and was revised in 1973. Its copious but concise footnotes and apparatus have won respect among both Protestant and Catholic readers. This translation has served as the basis for versions in many other languages besides French. The Jerusalem Bible is a Catholic translation of the Bible which first was introduced to the English-speaking public in 1966. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

The chief Jewish version of the Hebrew Scriptures in French is La Bible du rabbinat français, which was finished in 1906 and was revised in 1966. 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ...

More information on French translations is available on wikipedia.com's French article. (English readers can use a free translation tool to read further.)

• French Translations in French

External link

• Bible Society of South Africa
• Translator Notes
• French Translation Information
• Free Translation Tool

German

The most important and influential of translations of the Bible into German is the Luther Bible. The influence that Martin Luther's translation had on the development of the German language is often compared to the influence the KJV had on English. It is currently used in a revised version from 1986. Despite the revisions, the language is still somewhat archaic and thus inadequate for non-native speakers who want to learn the German language by using a German translation. Luthers 1534 bible The Luther Bible is a German Bible translation by Martin Luther, first printed with both testaments in 1534. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ...

Another translation is the Catholic Einheitsübersetzung ("unified" or "unity translation"), so called because it was the first common translation used for all Catholic German-speaking dioceses. The text of the New Testament and the Psalms of the Einheitsübersetzung was agreed on by a committee of Roman Catholic and Protestant scholars, and therefore was intended to be used by both Roman Catholics and Protestants especially for ecumenical services, while the remainder of the Old Testament follows a Roman Catholic tradition. However, the Protestant Church of Germany refused to continue the cooperation for the current revision of the Einheitsübersetzung.

A modern version is the Neue Evangelische Übertragung (New Evangelical Version). This translation project is an initiative of Karl-Heinz Vanheiden, who releases each of his translations of a new book of the Bible on his website in MS Word format, and welcomes corrections and suggestions for changes from the public. This particular version seeks to make the Bible understandable to non-Christians as well, and places great weight in clarity of language. So far, the New Testament has been completed, and the Old Testament is being translated. [1]

Other well known German language Bible versions are: Zürcher Bibel, Elberfelder, Schlachter, Buber-Rosenzweig (OT only), Pattloch, Herder, Hoffnung für Alle (Hope for All), Die Gute Nachricht (The Good News), Gute Nachricht Bibel (Good News Bible, revision of "Gute Nachricht").

Gothic

The only translation of the Bible into the extinct Gothic language was made by the bishop Ulfilas and is preserved in one hand-written copy, known as the Codex Argenteus. Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Representation of Ulfilas surrounded by the Gothic alphabet Ulfilas or Wulfila (perhaps meaning little wolf) (c. ... first page of the Codex Argenteus The Codex Argenteus (or Silver Bible) is a 6th century manuscript, originally containing bishop Ulfilass 4th century translation of the bible into the Gothic language. ...

Greek (Modern)

In 1901, Alexandros Pallis translated the Gospels in Modern Greek. The publishing of the translation in a newspaper caused riots in Athens, known as Evangelika (Ευαγγελικά). Main article: Greek language Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική, lit. ...

Gullah

Main article: Gullah This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

There has been a translation of Bible into Gullah, a creole language spoken by residents of the Sea Islands. The effort began in 1979 with a team of Gullah speakers from the Penn Center with the assistance of Pat and Claude Sharpe, translation consultants for Wycliffe Bible Translators. Pat Sharpe died in 2002, and that person was replaced by David and Lynn Frank. The Gospels of Luke and John were released in 1995 and 2003, respectively. The New Testament was released in 2005. The word Creole (and its cognates in other languages, such as crioulo, criollo, créole, kriolu, criol, kreyol, kriulo, kriol, krio, etc. ... The Sea Islands are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. ... Penn Center is the heart of Philadelphias Central Business District. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sources and links

• Press release on the Gullah New Testament
• Photos from the Gullah NT blessing service
• Lansing State Journal on the translation

Hawaiian

A Hawaiian translation was done by New England Christian missionaries and the Reverend Hiram Bingham in the early 1800's. The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) were translated in 1828. The rest of the New Testament was translated in 1832. The Old Testament was translated in 1839. The translation was revised in 1868. A new translation of the New Testament in Hawaiian Pidgin, titled Da Jesus Book, was published in 2000 by Wycliffe Bible Translators. The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from that of the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Hiram Bingham is the name of several people. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Mark, ascribed to Mark the Evangelist, is traditionally the second Gospel of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Wycliffe Bible Translators is an international, interdenominational or parachurch organization with U.S. headquarters in Orlando, Florida. ...

External link

• The Hawaiian Bible Project
• Hawaiian Bible joins modern age

Reference

Most of the information in this section comes from Jacquelyn Sapiie, Supervisor of Library Services at the American Bible Society on January 14, 2004. The American Bible Society (ABS) is a group, founded in 1816, that publishes, distributes, and translates the Bible. ... January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Hungarian

The first significant Bible translations into Hungarian are as follows:

• Hussite Bible (probably 1436–1439, only fragments remained)
• New Testament (1541, János Sylvester): the first full New Testament in Hungarian
• Gáspár Károli's translation (also known as Vizsolyi Biblia and its translator as Károlyi, 1590, Protestant): the first complete version in Hungarian, which gained wide popularity and is occasionally used even today as the "classic" translation (similarly to the KJV in English)
  • Revised last time in 2003
• György Káldi's translation (1626, the first full Catholic version)
  • Revised in 1835, 1851, 1865, 1934, 1973, and 1997

John 3:16 in Hungarian The Codex of Munich, open at the first page of the New Testament The Hussite Bible (Hungarian: Huszita Biblia; sometimes also The Bible of the Franciscans) is the oldest known Hungarian, but also Finno-Ugric Bible tranlation, dated to the 1420s-1430s. ... Events Battle of Grotnik, which ended the hussite movement in Poland Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway is declared deposed in Sweden. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... The Bible of Vizsoly Gáspár Károli (1529 (?), Nagykároly — 1591, Gönc) was a Hungarian Calvinists pastor. ... Bold text{| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style=margin-left: 15px; |- | align=center colspan=2 | Years: 1587 1588 1589 - 1590 - 1591 1592 1593 |-vdsf gno[gldw[pvkijxaiamknn csogfhbvdowkhbfkqhjkhrjkhwgfhbjkpnkfokfgok3pkpk9pjhkt9erktyujkip9kijker9thhrkg9hkitr9gtkih9t0ykltk[u0jo0iey9uhyit90ertyhige9rity9riyh9ujirtyuhjnh-4e9tyigh9thiuy0h8tyh34tu8uy8u8u8u8rtu5y8ru8thu0tru0ut0rhutuh0trhu0hseogtrhr8uyhju8t89er9te9r8fy8shit ass dick bitch fuck | align=center colspan=2 | Decades: 1560s 1570s 1580s - 1590s - 1600s 1610s 1620s |- | align=center | Centuries... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... H:For other uses of King James Version, see King James Version (disambiguation). ... Events September 30 - Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. ...

External links and resources Stephen the Great raising the double cross: equestrian sculpture by Alajos Stróbl, 1906, crowns the Fishermens Bastion, Budapest. ... Saint Jerome redirects here. ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ...

• Short review of the history of the Hungarian Bible (in English)
• Review of the history of the Hungarian Bible editions (in Hungarian)
• Comparison of the existing Hungarian versions (in Hungarian)
• Hungarian Bible translations online (Protestant and Catholic)
• Károli's translation online

Icelandic

The New Testament was the first book printed in Icelandic. It was translated by Oddur Gottskálksson (whose father was Norwegian) and published in 1540. 44 years later the whole Bible was printed in Icelandic thanks to Guðbrandur Þorláksson, a Protestant bishop at Hólar. The current publisher of the Icelandic Bible is Hið íslenska Biblíufélag (The Icelandic Bible Society). Guðbrandur Þorláksson Guðbrandur Þorláksson (1541–1627) was a mathematician, cartographer and bishop in Hólar, Iceland. ... Two bishops assist at the Exhumation of Saint Hubert, who was a bishop too, at the église Saint-Pierre in Liège. ... Hólar is a small community, with a population of around 100, located in the Skagafjörður district of northern Iceland, some 379km from Reykjavík. ...

Irish

The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by Nicholas Walsh, Bishop of Ossory, who worked on it until his untimely death in 1585. The work was continued by John Kearny, his assistant, and Dr. Nehemiah Donellan, Archbishop of Tuam, and it was finally completed by William O'Domhnuill (William Daniell, Archbishop of Tuam in succession to Donellan). Their work was printed in 1602. Nicholas Walsh is a professional music clip artist based in Sydney, Australia. ... Ossory, also spelt Osraighe, is an ancient kingdom of Ireland. ...

The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by William Bedel (1571-1642), Bishop of Kilmore, who completed his translation within the reign of Charles the First, however it was not published until 1680, in a revised version by Narcissus Marsh (1638-1713), Archbishop of Dublin. Two bishops assist at the Exhumation of Saint Hubert, who was a bishop too, at the église Saint-Pierre in Liège. ... Kilmore is a town in the Australian state of Victoria. ... Charles I King of England, Scotland and Ireland Charles I (19 November 1600 - 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... Narcissus Marsh (1638-1713) was an archbishop of Dublin and Armagh. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

Italian

The first printed translation of the Bible into Italian was the Malermi Bible in 1471 from the Latin version Vulgata. This article is about the year 1471, not the BT caller ID service accessible by dialling 1-4-7-1. ...

Giovanni Diodati in 1607 translated the bible from Latin and Jewish documents; its versions is the reference version for the Italian Protestanism. Giovanni Diodati (June 6, 1576 - October 3, 1649), Swiss Protestant divine, was born at Geneva, of a noble family originally belonging to Lucca, which had been expatriated on account of Giovannis translations of the Bible. ...

The Bible of CEI (Conferenza episcopale Italiana) is the official version of the Italian Catholic Church. It was first printed in 1971 (editio princeps) as the work of only three translators in order to keep the text more consistent, and revised in 1974 (editio minor).

In 1997 the New Testament has been revised considering newly discovered documents. A revision of the Old Testament is expected for 2007.

Jèrriais

The Bible has not yet been translated into Jèrriais, but several Biblical passages have been translated. Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands. ...

Klingon

Parts of the Bible have been translated into the Klingon language - the artificial language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe. The Klingon language or Klingonese (tlhIngan Hol in Klingon) is the constructed language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe. ... The current Star Trek franchise logo Star Trek is an epic American science fiction franchise. ...

John 3:16: toH qo' muSHa'pu'qu'mo' JoH'a', wa' puqloDDaj nobpu' ghaH 'ej ghaHbaq Harchugh vay', vaj not Hegh ghaH, 'ach yIn jub ghajbeH ghaH.

Klingon Translation Project

Korean

• Korean Living New Testament

• Korean Common Language Bible. 1977

• Pyongyang Bible. 1984

In 1866, an American merchant ship, the General Sherman, was sunk as it tried to enter Pyongyang along the Daedong river. All on board were killed in the ensuing battle, including Protestant missionary from the British Congregation Church to Korea – a young man called Robert Thomas. He had managed to get to shore, holding a copy of the Chinese Bible, which he gave to one of the Korean soldiers before he died.^[8]

Latin

There were a number of piecework translations into Latin during the period of the early Church. Collectively, these versions are known as the Vetus Latina. In the Old Testament, they follow the Greek Septuagint closely, it being their usual source, and reproduce its variations from the Hebrew Masoretic Text. They were never rendered independently from the Hebrew or Greek; they vary widely in readability and quality, and contain many solecisms in idiom, some by the translators themselves, others from literally translating Greek language idioms into Latin. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jeromes Vulgate bible became the standard Bible for Latin-speaking Western Christians. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Launcelot Lee Brentons English translation. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... In linguistic prescriptivism, a solecism is a grammatical or other mistake or absurdity. ... Greek (, IPA: — Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language within the Indo-European family. ...

All of these translations were made obsolete by St. Jerome's Vulgate version of the Bible. Jerome knew Hebrew, and revised and unified the Latin Bibles of the time to bring them into conformity with the Hebrew as he understood it. The liturgical Psalms, however, are often taken from the older Latin bibles. Saint Jerome redirects here. ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...

As discussed in the Vulgate article, there are several different versions of the Vulgate: the Clementine Vulgate, the Stuggart Vulgate, the Nova Vulgata. These represent various attempts to either revise or modernise the Vulgate, or to recover Jerome's original text. The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ...

In the Protestant Reformation, Theodore Beza produced a new Latin version of the Old Testament, the Apocrypha and the New Testament. Demand for a Latin Bible among Protestants declined steadily, and Beza's translation never achieved wide circulation. However, Beza's Latin translation, with its many exegetical margin notes, influenced the translation of the famous Geneva Bible. Protestantism is one of three main groups within Christianity, whose beliefs are centered on Jesus. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... Apocrypha (from the Greek word απόκρυφα meaning those having been hidden away[1]) are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...

The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Malayalam

The Malayalam New Testament was first published in 1829. First complete Malayalam Bible was printed by Benjamin Bailey, the Anglican missionary, in 1841. Malayalam (മലയാളം ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...

The newest Complete Malayalam version Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakam was released on 2000 by Bro. Dr. Mathews Vergis. An interactive CD of Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakam was also produced by Bro. Dr. Mathews Vergis, and this is the first of its kind in any Asian language.

 Bible Society of India http://www.authenticbooksindia.com/specialnewadvt.html 

The Bible Society of India (BSI) is a body that is authorized to translate, produce, distribute and market the Holy Bible. ...

Manx

The Bible was translated into the Manx language, a dialect of Gaelic, by a committee of clergy from the Isle of Man. The New Testament appeared in 1767, and the complete Bible in 1772. Manx (Gaelg or Gailck), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic language spoken on the Isle of Man. ... Goidelic is one of two major divisions of modern-day Celtic languages (the other being Brythonic). ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... 1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The British and Foreign Bible Society, known as Bible Society, is a Christian charity that exists to make the Bible heard throughout the world. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Maori

The Bible was translated into the Maori language in the 19th century by missionaries sponsored by the Church Missionary Society. [2] Māori (or Maori) is a language spoken by the native peoples of New Zealand and the Cook Islands. ... The Church Mission Society (formerly the Church Missionary Society) is a voluntary society working with the Anglican Church and other Protestant Christians around the world. ...

Persian

The Bible was translated in the early 19th century. One major figue in this work was Henry Martyn, a contemporary of William Carey, who translated the New Testament. In 1811 he journied into Persia (now Iran). There he sent a copy of his translation of the New Testament to the Shah [3]. The translation was completed in 1838 [4]. Henry Martyn (February 18, 1781 - October 6, 1812), English missionary to India, was born at Truro, Cornwall. ... William Carey (August 17, 1761 – June 9, 1834) was an English missionary and Baptist minister, known as the father of modern missions. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Polish

Main article: Slavic translations of the Bible#Polish versions

An early and influential Polish translation of the Bible was made by the Polish Jesuit, Jakub Wujek (1541-97). This translation shaped the style of Polish Biblical language. This article deals with the history of translations of the Bible into Slavic languages, which begins with the second half of the 9th century. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Jakub Wujek (1541-97) was a Polish Jesuit, religious writer, and translator of the Bible into Polish. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... Events 17 January - A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i. ...

Portuguese

The principal translator of the Bible into Portuguese was Joao Ferreira de Almeida, who began the translation in 1644, at the age of 16, and continued until his death in 1691. He translated all of the New Testament and a majority of the Old Testament. Those portions he did not translate before his death were completed by Jacob op den Akker. João Ferreira de Almeida (1628–1691), was a Portuguese Protestant pastor; the eponymous Bible translation he began also goes by his name. ...

Romanian

The first complete translation to Romanian was done in 1688 (called "Biblia de la Bucureşti") by Radu and Şerban Greceanu with the help of Şerban Cantacuzino and Constantin Brâncoveanu. // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... Åžerban Cantacuzino (1640-1688) was a voivode of Wallachia in Romania between 1678 and 1688. ... Constantin Brâncoveanu Constantin Brâncoveanu (1654 - August 26, 1714) was prince of Wallachia between 1689 and 1710. ...

Before the Greceanu brothers, have been other partial translation like the Slave-Roman Gospel (1551), Coresi's Gospel (1561), The Braşov Psalm Book (1570), Palia from Orăştie (1582), The New Testament of Alba Iulia (1648) and others.

Two main translations are currently used in Romanian. The Orthodox church uses the "Biblia Sinodală" (Bible of the Holy Synod) version, the standard Romanian Orthodox Bible translation, published with the blessings of Patriarch Teoctist, whereas Protestant denominations mainly use the more widespread translation of Dumitru Cornilescu, first published in 1928. In 1989 "Biblia Cornilescu Revizuită" (Revised Cornilescu Version) appeared; it tried to get the existing translation closer to the original manuscripts, in a form grammatically corrected and adapted according to the evolution of the modern Romanian language. The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ... In several of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, the patriarch or head bishop is elected by a group of bishops called the Holy Synod. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a modern-language translation of the Bible published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. ...

Serbian

Atanasije Stojković translated the New Testament to Serbian in 1830. More published translation by Vuk Karadžić was next (1847), completed by the Old Testament translation by Đuro Daničić (1865). John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ... Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Вук Стефановић Караџић) (November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864) was a Serb linguist and major reformer of the Serbian language. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... Đuro Daničić (born April 4, 1825 in Novi Sad, died November 17, 1882 in Zagreb), was Serbian philologist, translator, linguistic historian and lexicographer. ...

More recent translations are the following:

• Lujo Bakotić 1933, complete Bible,
• Dimitrije Stefanović 1934, NT,
• Emilijan Čarnić 1973, NT,
• the Synod with the Bible Society 1984, complete Bible
• Aleksandar Birviš 1987, four Gospels.

External links

• Bible in Serbian — Đuro daničić, Vuk Karadžić
• Serbian New Testament — Emilijan Čarnić

Spanish

The first complete translation from the originals into Spanish was published in 1569 (called "Biblia del Oso") by Casiodoro de Reina. Events January 11 - First recorded lottery in England. ... Casiodoro de Reina or de Reyna was a former monk who, perhaps with several others, translated the Bible into Spanish. ...

• Biblia Alfonsina, 1280.
• Biblia del Duque de Alba, 1430.
• Antiguo Testamento del rabino Salomón, 1420.
• Antiguo Testamento de traductor anónimo, 1420.
• Nuevo Testamento de Francisco de Enzinas, 1543.
• Nuevo Testamento de Juan Pérez de Pineda, 1556.
• Reina o "Biblia del Oso" (RV), 1569, reviewed in 1602 by Cipriano de Valera.
• Biblia del padre Scío de San Miguel, 1793.
• Versión Moderna, 1893.
• Biblia de Petisco y Torres Amat, 1825.
• Nuevo Testamento versión hispanoamericana, 1916.
• Biblia Nácar-Colunga, 1944.
• Biblia Bóver-Cantera, 1947.
• Nuevo Testamento de monseñor Straubinger, 1948.
• Nuevo Testamento traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 1963. Translation from English.
• Biblia de Jerusalén, 1966.
• Biblia traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 1967. Translation from English.
• Biblia de Editorial Labor, 1968.
• Biblia edición pastoral para Latinoamérica, 1972.
• La Biblia de editorial Herder, 1975.
• Nueva Biblia Española, 1976.
• Biblia Interconfesional, 1978.
• Dios Habla Hoy o Versión Popular (DHH), 1979.
• La Biblia al Día, 1979.
• Biblia el libro del pueblo de Dios, 1980.
• Nuevo Testamento de la Universidad de Navarra, 1983.
• Biblia de las Américas (BLA), 1986.
• Biblia, versión revisada por un equipo de traductores dirigido por Evaristo Martín Nieto. 1989.
• Biblia Casa de la Biblia, 1992.
• Biblia del Peregrino, 1993.
• Nuevo Testamento versión Recobro, 1994.
• Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI), 1999.
• Nuevo Testamento traducción de Pedro Ortiz, 2000.
• Nuevo Testamento la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2000.
• Biblia traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA), 2003.
• Biblia la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2005.

External links Illustration from the Alba Bible, detailng Balthazars feast. ... Francisco de Enzinas (1 November 1518? – 30 December 1552), also known by the humanist name Francis Dryander, was a classical scholar, translator, author, and Protestant apologist of Spanish origin. ... The Reina-Valera, published in 1569 and nicknamed the Bible of the Bear, was the first complete edition of the Bible in the Spanish language, published in Basel, Switzerland. ...

• Biblia de Jerusalem
• Spanish Bible PDT version
• Biblia en Español (vatican.va)

Slavonic

Main article: Slavic translations of the Bible

In 862, a pair of monks named Saints Cyril and Methodius were commissioned by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, to take the Gospel to Great Moravia. They translated the Bible and many liturgical service books into Slavonic, which was spoken in various dialects throughout much of Eastern Europe. Their translation was later used to evangelize Bulgaria and Kievan Rus in the tenth century. As there was no written form of Slavonic prior to their translation, they created what became known as the Glagolitic alphabet, loosely based on Greek, and their disciples derived from it the Cyrillic alphabet, which is used by Russian and other East European languages. The Slavonic used in their translation is now known as Old Church Slavonic and its later version as the Church Slavonic still used in liturgical services in Russian Orthodox and several other Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic churches. This article deals with the history of translations of the Bible into Slavic languages, which begins with the second half of the 9th century. ... Events Rurik gained control of Novgorod. ... Monument to Sts. ... Photius (b. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Great Moravia was a Slavic empire existing in Central Europe between 833 and the early 10th century. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the... Tablet inscribed with the Glagolitic alphabet The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavonic alphabet. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, and Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... Page from the Spiridon Psalter in Church Slavonic. ... The Russian Orthodox Church (Русская Православная церковь) is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... The Eastern Catholic Churches are autonomous particular Churches in full communion with the Pope in Rome. ...

Slovene

Both Old and New Testaments were first translated to Slovene by Protestant writer and theologian Jurij Dalmatin. The translation was printed in Wittenberg, Germany in 1584 and was smuggled back to Slovenia hidden in barrels so that Catholic authorities could not discover it. The Slovenes thus became the 12th nation in the world with a complete Bible in their language, overtaking many much larger European nations. The Bible translation was the major achievement of Slovene Protestant literature. Protestantism is one of three main groups within Christianity, whose beliefs are centered on Jesus. ... Jurij Dalmatin was a Slovene protestant priest, writer and translator. ... Statue of Martin Luther in the main square Wittenberg, officially [Die] Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, at 12° 59 E, 51° 51 N, on the Elbe river. ... 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Slovene Biblical Society

Swahili

The first translation of parts of the Bible into Swahili was accomplished by 1868, with a complete New Testament translation following in 1879 and a translation of the whole Bible in 1890. Since that time, there have been several translations into different dialects of Swahili as spoken in different regions of East Africa; these include the Union translation published by the Bible Society of Tanzania in 1950 and the Swahili Common Language version. Swahili (also called Kiswahili; see below for derivation) is a Bantu language the most widely spoken language of sub-Saharan Africa. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ...

Swedish

Several translations to Swedish have been performed over the years. Until the reformation, a Latin Bible was used, but Gustav Vasa who converted Sweden to Protestanism ordered the first translation into the Swedish tongue. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Gustav I of Sweden, commonly known as Gustav Vasa, but originally known as Gustav Eriksson (May 12, 1496 – September 29, 1560) was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death. ...

Several translations has been made since then, including:

• Gustav Vasas bibel - the original ordered by Gustav Vasa
• Karl XIIs bibel - ordered by Charles XII of Sweden
• Normalupplagan
• Helge Åkessons översättning
• 1917 års bibelöversättning - used in official churches until 2000
• Nya Världens bibelöversättning - by Jehovah's Witnesses
• David Hedegårds översättning - includes only the New Testament
• Bo Giertz översättning - includes only the New Testament
• Svenska folkbibeln
• Bibel 2000 - the latest official translation, including the Apocrypha of the Old Testament
• Reformationsbibeln - includes only the New Testament

External link Gustav I of Sweden, commonly known as Gustav Vasa, but originally known as Gustav Eriksson (May 12, 1496 – September 29, 1560) was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death. ... Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as Demirbaş Şarl (Charles the Habitué), was a King of Sweden from 1697 until his death in 1718. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Apocrypha (from the Greek word απόκρυφα meaning those having been hidden away[1]) are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...

• Bibel 2000, full text
• Folkbibeln, full text

Tagalog

• Ang Dating Biblia (1905).

• Ang Salita ng Diyos 1998. Produced by Bibles International.

Tongan

A translation of the Bible into Tongan was completed by James Eagan Moulton in 1902 after serving there as a Methodist minister for eleven years. His translation is still in use today. [5] James Eagan Moulton was born on 4 January 1841 in North Shields, Northumberland. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ...

Turkish

The Bible was translated into Turkish by Wojciech Bobowski, a Polish convert to Islam, in the 17th century. It was known as the Kitabı Mukaddes ("Holy Book"). For many years it was the only Turkish Bible. Wojciech Bobowski or Ali Ufki (also Albertus Bobovius, Ali Bey, Santurî Ali Ufki) (1610–1675), was a Polish musician and dragoman in the Ottoman Empire. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...

Following Atatürk's orthographic reforms in 1923, the Bible was rewritten in the new Latin alphabet. This project was completed in 1941. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ...

However the Turkish authorities were determined to remove as many foreign words from Turkish as possible, consequentially the language underwent a dramatic transformation. In just sixty years, the language went through the equivalent of three hundred years of changes, thus many foreign words used in the Bible were no longer used. Because of this the United Bible Society and the Translation Trust joined together to produce a translation suited to the new language. This work would be called the Colloquial Version. The translators included Ali Simsek, Behnan Konutgan and Mahmud Solgun. The translation consultants included the Rev. Dr. Manuel Jinbachian and Dr. Krijn van der Jagt. In 1989 the New Testament was published, one journalist saying the work "flows like music." The complete Bible was dedicated on October 21 2001 [6]. October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ...

Vietnamese

• 1926 Vietnamese Translation (VT), (Cadman)

• 1934 Vietnamese Bible

• 1995 Republication of the 1926 VT

Although, the Chu Quoc Ngu had been written in the 17th century, it took more than 250 years (1872) for Vietnamese Bibles to be translated for common teaching use in Vietnam. And in 1963 the Catholic officials published Vietnamese Bibles for the Vietnamese people's use.

A group of pastors are working to translate the Bible to Vietnamese using the English New International Version (NIV). The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Christian Bible which is the most popular of the modern translations of the Bible made in the twentieth century. ...

• History of Vietnamese bible

Welsh

See Welsh Bible The first Welsh language translation of the Bible was produced by William Morgan in 1588. ...

The first translation of the Bible into Welsh was the New Testament translation of William Salesbury in 1567, closely followed by William Morgan's translation of the whole Bible in 1588. This occupies a similar place in the Welsh language to that of the King James Version in English. A new translation, y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd was published in 1988 and has largely replaced the William Morgan translation, although there is some disagreement as to the accuracy of the translation. Both versions are in very literary Welsh and there is still a need for a translation in a more colloquial register. Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... William Salesbury also Salisbury (c. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... William Morgan (1545 - 1604) was the translator of the first version of the whole Bible into Welsh. ... 1588 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A revision of y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd (Revised New Welsh Bible) was released in March 2004. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

John 3:16 (chapter 3, verse 16 of the Gospel of John) is one of the most widely quoted verses from the Christian Bible. ...

Zulu

The entire Bible was first translated into Zulu in 1917. It was updated in 1957 but it was still considered quite difficult to understand for the average Zulu person. A Zulu New Testament that is easier to understand was completed in 1986 but no Old Testament is currently available (as at 2006) but a project is open (by the Bible Society of South Africa) to complete this Old Testament. The project should be complete around 2016. Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2016 (MMXVI) will be a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External link

• Bible Society of South Africa

References

External links

The external links in this article may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. Please remove this tag when this is done. This article has been tagged since October 2006. (talk)

• Virtual Bible Versions
• Bible Translation List Discussion Forum
• English Bible Translations List
• New Testament Gateway Bible Translation Doctor Mark Goodacre
• bibleserver.com about 30 translations in about 15 languages
• Bible Gateway
• Bible Translations Doctor Kenneth Collins
• Choosing Bible Translations
• Quick List of Bible Versions
• Bible Versions List for Daily Reading
• Net Bible Translation
• English Bible Translation Comparison Chart
• World Bible Translation Center
• "Versions of the Bible" by A.J. Maas. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913.
• Beibl Cymraeg Newydd (2004)
• Welsh language Bible of 1588 View digital images of the entire Bible online (digital images of the actual book printed in 1588).
• BBC news story on the Revised New Welsh Bible
• Judaica Press Translation - Online Jewish translation of the books of the Bible. The Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary at Chabad.org
• Bible translation issues
• United Bible Society - includes links and scholarly papers about current Bibical translation efforts
• worldscriptures.org A database of all languages in which the Bible has been translated in (up to 1998).
• WorldMAP - detailed maps of Bible translation for each country of the world - http://www.worldmap.org
• Bibelarchiv-Vegelahn

Image File history File links Information_icon. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by the Roman Catholic Church, designed to give authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine. Starting in 1993, the encyclopedia (now in the public domain) was placed on the Internet through a world-wide... For the astrological concept, see Jyotish#Rashi - the signs. ... Chabad. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...