NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bihar

Coordinates: 25°21′N 85°07′E / 25.35, 85.12 Bihar may refer to: Bihar a state in India Bihar River, India Bihar (county), a historic county of the Kingdom of Hungary HajdÃº-Bihar, country in Hungary Bihar, the Hungarian name of the Romanian Bihor County Bihar (king), a khagan of the Khazars Behar, a portion in the annual Jewish... Image File history File links India_Bihar_locator_map. ... Image File history File links Locator_Dot. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Location of Mirzapur and the 82. ... The geography of India is diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, rainforests, hills, and plateaus. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 10,000 kmÂ² and 100,000 kmÂ². ... Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar... For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation). ... The divisions of a district. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar... As a large and linguistically diverse country, India does not have a single official language. ... Hindi (DevanÄgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Angika is a language of Anga region of India which is spoken by more than 3 crores people. ... Categories: Indo-Aryan languages | Languages of India | Language stubs ... The Magadhi language (also known as Magahi) is a language of India. ... Maithili is of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ... Governors of Bihar See Also Bihar Governors of India Links Categories: India-related stubs | Bihar | Indian politicians | Office-holders | Government of India ... Ramkrishnan Suryabhan Gavai (born October 30, 1929) is the current governor of Bihar. ... Chief Ministers of Bihar See Also Bihar Chief Ministers of India Links Categories: India-related stubs | Bihar | Indian politicians | Office-holders | Government of India ... Nitish KumÄr (Hindi: ) (born 1 March 1951, Bakhtiarpur, Bihar, India) is the Chief Minister of the north Indian state of Bihar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Government of India (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤ à¤¸à¤°à¤•à¤¾à¤° [1]BhÄrat SarkÄr), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard. ... ISO 3166-2 for India (ISO 3166-1 : IN) The purpose of this family of standards is to establish a worldwide series of short abbreviations for places, for use on package labels, containers and such. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Bihar (Hindi: बिहार, Urdu: بہار, IPA: [bɪhaːr], pronunciation (help· info)) is a state in the Republic of India situated in the eastern most part of the north Indian politico-geographical zone. Its capital is Patna. Bihar is the 12 largest Indian state in terms of geographical size, ranked 14 out of 28 in terms of state GDP, and the 3rd largest by population. Agriculture is the biggest industry in the state but the government has recently embarked on a large industrialization and inward investment program. Bihar has significant food and dairy producing industries, a strong rail & developing road network, an international airport, and is the centre of the dynamic Bhojpuri language film industry. Patna remains the richest city in Bihar, with per capita income greater than the Indian average. The fast changing macro-environment has made the state one of the fastest growing economies in 2006-2007. Hindi (DevanÄgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Image File history File links Bihar. ... India is a federal republic comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation). ...

Bihar is surrounded by the Indian States of Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south, West Bengal to the east, and has an international border with the Kingdom of Nepal to the north. Bihar lies in the fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain. Culturally, with Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Purvanchal), it is a part of the 150 million people strong Bhojpuri speaking heartland of northern India. Bihar is most famous for its status as the birthplace of key global and Indian symbols like Buddhism, the 10th Sikh Guru, the Indian Rupee, and ancient Bihari Imperial symbols like the Maurya Lions and Ashok Chakra. Symbolically, the first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, was a Bihari. Other key Bihari leaders include legendary freedom fighters like Babu Kunwar Singh, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Basawon Singh (Sinha), Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha,^[1]Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan, Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha and Maulana Mazharul Haque. , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA: , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... , Jharkhand (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤–à¤‚à¤¡, Bengali: à¦à¦¾à¦¡à¦¼à¦–à¦£à§à¦¡,IPA: ) is a state in eastern India. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: à¦ªà¦¶à§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— PoshchimbÃ´Å‹go) is a state in eastern India. ... Fertile may be used in the following conrtext: Fertility, a term used to describe the ability of people or animals to produce healthy offspring. ... Schematic map of the Indo-Gangetic Plain The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as The Kathwiarschi plains is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. ... Categories: Indo-Aryan languages | Languages of India | Language stubs ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... â€œINRâ€ redirects here. ... Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322–298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ... Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Hindi: à¤¡à¤¾à¤•à¥à¤Ÿà¤° à¤°à¤¾à¤œà¥‡à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥à¤° à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¦) (December 3, 1884 â€“ February 28, 1963) was the first President of India. ... Babu Kunwar Singh (b. ... Swami Sahajananad Saraswati (1889-1950), was born in a Jujhoutia Bhumihar Brahmin family of Gazipur of Uttar Pradesh state of India, was an ascetic Dandi sanyasi as well as a peasant leader of eastern India. ... Basawon Singh (Sinha) has been among the greatest nationalists who joined into the freedom struggle at a tender age of 13 and kept on his struggle for the independence of the country from the colonial yoke and fighting for the rights of the underprivileged, industrial labours and agricultural workers all... Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Singh) (June 18, 1887 â€“ 1957), known as Bihar Bibhuti, was the first Finance Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1957). ... Jayaprakash Narayan (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤œà¤¯à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤•à¤¾à¤¶ à¤¨à¤¾à¤°à¤¾à¤¯à¤£; October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979), widely known as JP, was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s. ... Sri Krishna Sinha (Singh) (1887 â€“ 1961), known as Bihar Kesari, was the first Chief Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1961). ...

Etymology of the name

The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit vihāra (Dev. विहार), means "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, which were the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval period. It is one of the poorest states in India, and suffers from an epidemic of lawlessness. This has resulted in large scale migration out of the state to the rest of the country. Image File history File links Example. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, descended from the BrÄhmÄ« script of Mauryan India. ... The UTF-8-encoded Japanese Wikipedia article for mojibake, as displayed in ISO-8859-1 encoding. ... Vihara (à¤µà¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤°) is Sanskrit or Pali for (Buddhist) monastery. ...

History

// History Bihar as a region has had a very rich and eventful history - both as a centre of power as well as of learning and culture. ...

Ancient

Bihar was called Magadha in ancient times. Its capital Patna, then known as Pataliputra, was the center of the first empire built in India, that was by Nanda Dynasty, followed by Mauryan empire, which dominated the Indian subcontinent from 325 BC to 185 BC. Emperor Ashoka was the most famous ruler of this dynasty. Bihar remained an important place of power, culture and education during the next one thousand years. The Vikramshila and Nalanda Universities, were among the oldest and best centres of education in ancient India. It must be mentioned here that the boundaries of ancient Mauryan empire extended up to the present day Afghanistan which was unparelled in Indian history. Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... ... The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BC. The Nanda dynasty ruled Magadha during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. It is said to have been established by an illegitimate son of the king Mahanandin of the previous Shishunaga dynasty. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Mauryan empire was Indias first great unified empire. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir) A subcontinent is a large part of a continent. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 330 BC 329 BC 328 BC 327 BC 326 BC - 325 BC - 324 BC 323 BC 322... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC - 180s BC - 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC Years: 190 BC 189 BC 188 BC 187 BC 186 BC - 185 BC - 184 BC 183 BC... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: à¤…à¤¶à¥‹à¤•(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BCâ€“232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ... Vikramshila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with Nalanda University. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ...

Religions Originating in Bihar

Bihar is the birthplace of several religions including Buddhism and Jainism. Buddha attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya. Mahavira, the 24^th and the last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali. Indeed Jain monks & nuns wandered in the towns and forests of then-Magadha. They called it vihara and thus Bihar got its name from the vihara of jain sages.The tenth guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna, the capital of Bihar. Mythological Goddess Sita was born in Sitamarhi. A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... Jain and Jaina redirect here. ... Standing Buddha, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE. Gautama Buddha was a South Asian spiritual leader who lived between approximately 563 BCE and 483 BCE. Born Siddhārtha Gautama in Sanskrit, a name meaning descendant of Gotama whose aims are achieved/who is efficacious in achieving aims, he... Bodhi (à¤¬à¥‹à¤§à¤¿) is the PÄli and Sanskrit word for the awakened or knowing consciousness of a fully liberated yogi, generally translated into English as enlightenment. It is an abstract noun formed from the verbal root budh (to awake, become aware, notice, know or understand), corresponding to the verbs bujjhati (P... , Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya(24Â° 41 60N, 84Â° 58 60E) is a city in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... Gaya is a city in Bihar, India, and it is also the headquarters of Gaya District. ... Idol of Lord Mahavira at Shri Mahaveerji (the holy town in Rajasthan named after Mahavira. ... In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Fordmaker) is a human who achieved enlightenment, became a Jiva, and whose religious teachings have formed the canon of Jainism; although not Gods, statues of Tirthankaras are found in temples. ... Jain and Jaina redirect here. ... Vaishali is one of the districts of Bihar state, India. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... Vihara (à¤µà¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤°) is Sanskrit or Pali for (Buddhist) monastery. ... Lord Rama (center) with wife Sita, brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman. ... Sitamarhi is a town and the district headquarters of Sitamarhi district, Bihar, India. ...

Medieval

Muhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khilji, a Pashtun and general of Muhammad Ghori, captured Bihar in 12th century. Many of the viharas and the famed universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila were destroyed in this period.^{[citation needed]} Muhammad Khilji (12th century CE) was one of the military generals of Qutab-ud-din. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori (originally named Muizz-ad-din) (1162 - 1206) was a Persian conqueror and sultan between 1171 and 1206. ... Vihara is a Sanskrit and Pali word designating a Buddhist monastery. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... Vikramshila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with Nalanda University. ...

Bihar saw a brief period of glory for six years during the rule of another Pashtun Sher Shah Suri, who was from Sasaram and built the longest road of the Indian subcontinent, the Grand Trunk Road, which starts from Sonargaon in Bangladesh and ends at Peshawar in Pakistan. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Sher Shah (VC). ... , Sasaram (sometimes also spelled as Sahsaram) is the administrative headquarters of Rohtas district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... The Grand Trunk Road (abbreviated to GT Road in common usage) is one of South Asias oldest and longest major roads. ... Sonargaon is the ancient capital of Isa Khans kingdom in Bengal. ... (Urdu: Ù¾Ø´Ø§ÙˆØ±; Pashto: Ù¾ÚšÙˆØ±) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ...

During 1557-1576, Akbar, the Mughal emperor, annexed Bihar and Bengal to his empire. With the decline of the Mughals, Bihar passed under the control of the Nawabs of Bengal. Thus, the medieval period was mostly one of anonymous provincial existence. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

The 10th and the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna. Sikhism (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ), founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Northern India, is the fifth-largest religion in the world. ... Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ) (22 December 1666 â€“ 7 October 1708) was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ...

Modern

After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect revenue, or tax administration / collection) for Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. From this point onwards, Bihar remained a part the Bengal Presidency of the British Raj until 1912, when Bihar was carved out as a separate province. In 1935, certain portions of Bihar were reorganised into the separate province of Orissa. Again, in 2000, 18 administrative districts of Bihar were separated to form the state of Jharkhand. The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... , Orissa (Oriya: à¬“à¬¡à¬¼à¬¿à¬¶à¬¾), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ... Bengal, known as Bango ( Bengali:বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bangodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bengali, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... Anthem God Save The King-Emperor The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (1858 - 1912) New Delhi (1912 - 1947) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 VictoriaÂ¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ...

Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur and his army, as well as countless other persons from Bihar, contributed to the India's First War of Independence (1857), also called the Sepoy Mutiny by some historians. Babu Kunwar Singh (b. ... Belligerents Rebellious East India Company Sepoys, 7 Indian princely states, deposed rulers of the independent states of Oudh, Jhansi Some Indian civilians. ... An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ...

Bihar's contribution in the freedom struggle has been immense with outstanding leaders like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati,^[2]Bihar BibhutiAnugrah Narayan Sinha ,Mulana Mazharul Haque,, Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan,Satyendra Narayan Sinha(Singh) Basawon Singh (Sinha), Yogendra Shukla, Sheel Bhadra Yajee, Pandit Yamuna Karjee and many others who worked for India's freedom relentlessly and helped in the upliftment of the underprivileged masses. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were also active in revolutionary movement in Bihar. Swami Sahajananad Saraswati (1889-1950), was born in a Jujhoutia Bhumihar Brahmin family of Gazipur of Uttar Pradesh state of India, was an ascetic Dandi sanyasi as well as a peasant leader of eastern India. ... Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Singh) (June 18, 1887 â€“ 1957), known as Bihar Bibhuti, was the first Finance Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1957). ... Posted July 16th, 2007 by Rashid Mahmood by Charu Bahri IndianMuslims. ... Jayaprakash Narayan (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤œà¤¯à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤•à¤¾à¤¶ à¤¨à¤¾à¤°à¤¾à¤¯à¤£; October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979), widely known as JP, was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s. ... Satyendra Narayan Sinha (also transliterated as Satyendra Narayan Singh) (born July 12, 1917 ) was an Indian politician, participant in the Indian independence movement, and the 23rd Chief Minister of Bihar. ... Basawon Singh (Sinha) has been among the greatest nationalists who joined into the freedom struggle at a tender age of 13 and kept on his struggle for the independence of the country from the colonial yoke and fighting for the rights of the underprivileged, industrial labours and agricultural workers all... Yogendra Shukla: Among the greatest nationalist the country has produced and who also served in the Cellular Jail, Andamans(Kalapani), among the founders of HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republican Army)Yogendra Shukla (1896-1966) as well as his nephew Baikunth Shukla (1907-1934) hailed from village Jalalpur in Muzaffarpur (now Vaishali... Sheel Bhadra Yajee (1906-1996) was a freedom fighter from Bihar who was associated with the non-violent and the violent form of freedom struggle. ... Khudiram Bose An illustration of Khudiram Bose Khudiram Bose (Bengali: ) (1889-1908) was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter, one of the youngest revolutionaries early in the Indian independence movement. ... Prafulla Chaki (1888-1908) was an Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries. ...

Baikuntha Shukla, another great nationalist from Bihar who was hanged for murdering Phanindrananth Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.Phanindra Nath Ghosh hitherto a key member of the Revolutionary Party had treacherously betrayed the cause by turning an approver, giving evidence, which led to the execution. Baikunth was commissioned to plan the execution of Ghosh as an act of ideological vendetta which he carried out successfully on 9 November 1932. He was arrested and tried for the killing. Baikunth was convicted and hanged in Gaya Central Jail on May 14, 1934. He was only 28 years old. Bhagat Singh (Punjabi: à¨à¨—à¨¤ à¨¸à¨¿à©°à¨˜ Ø¨Ú¾Ú¯Øª Ø³Ù†Ú¯Ú¾, IPA: ) (September 27, 1907[1] â€“March 23, 1931) was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most famous revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. ... Sukhdev Thapar (15th May 1907 - March 23, 1931) was an Indian revolutionary. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Revolutionary Party is the name of several political parties, including, Dominican Republic - Dominican Revolutionary Party Guatemala - Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Haiti - Revolutionary Progressive Nationalist Party of Haiti India - Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party Laos - Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party Mexico - Institutional Revolutionary Party Mongolia - Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party Panama - Democratic... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In North and Central Bihar, peasants movement was an important side effect of the freedom movement. This movement aimed at overthrowing the fedual zamindari system instituted by Britishers It was being led by Swami Shajanand Saraswati and his followers Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Rahul Sankritayan and others. Pandit Yamuna Karjee along with Rahul Sankritayan and other Hindi literaries started publishing a Hindi weekly Hunkar from Bihar, in 1940. Hunkar later became the mouthpiece of the peasant movement and the agrarian movement in Bihar and was instrumental in spreading the movement. The peasant movement later spread to other parts of the country and helped in digging out the British roots in the Indian society by overthrowing the zamindari system.

After his return from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi started the freedom movement in India by his satyagraha in the Champaran District of Bihar at the request of Raj Kumar Shukla-- against the British, who were forcing the local farmers to plant indigo which was very harmful to the local soil. â€œGandhiâ€ redirects here. ... Mohandas Karamchand â€œMahatmaâ€ Gandhi, who developed Satyagraha Satyagraha (Sanskrit: à¤¸à¤¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤—à¥à¤°à¤¹ satyÄgraha) is a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas K. Gandhi. ... Champaran was once an administrative district in the state of Bihar in India. ... For other uses, see Farmer (disambiguation). ... There is no single indigo plant. A variety of plants have been used to produce indigo dye. ...

In India’s struggle for Independence the "Champaran Satyagraha", marks a very important stage.Raj Kumar Shukla drew the attention of Mahatma Gandhi, who had just returned from South Africa, to the plight of the peasants suffering under an oppressive system established by European indigo planters. Besides other excesses they were forced to cultivate indigo on 3/20 part of their holding and sell it to the planters at prices fixed by the planters. This marked Gandhiji’s entry into the India’s Struggle for Freedom. On his arrival at Motihari, the district headquarters,Gandhiji along with his team of eminent lawyers comprising of Dr.Rajendra Prasad, Dr.Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Brajkishore Prasad and Ram Navami Prasad which he handpicked tp participate in the satyagraha were ordered to leave by the next available train which they refused to do and Gandhiji was arrested. He was released and the ban order was withdrawn in the face of a, "Satyagraha" threat. Gandhiji conducted an open enquiry into the peasant’s grievances. The Government had to appoint an enquiry committee with Gandhiji as a member. This led to the abolition of the system. â€œGandhiâ€ redirects here. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... , Motihari is the headquarters of Poorvi Champaran (East Champaran) district in the state of Bihar, in India. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Hindi: à¤¡à¤¾à¤•à¥à¤Ÿà¤° à¤°à¤¾à¤œà¥‡à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥à¤° à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¦) (December 3, 1884 â€“ February 28, 1963) was the first President of India. ... Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Singh) (June 18, 1887 â€“ 1957), known as Bihar Bibhuti, was the first Finance Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1957). ... Brajkishore Prasad was born in 1877 in Shrinagar to Ramjivan Lal a zamindar now in Siwan district in Bihar. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ...

Raj Kumar Shukla has been described by Gandhiji in his "Atmakatha", as a man whose suffering gave him the strength to rise against the odds. In his letter to Gandhiji he wrote "Respected Mahatma, You hear the stories of others everyday. Today please listen to my story….. I want to draw your attention to the promise made by you in the Lucknow Congress that you would come to Champaran. The time has come for you to fulfil your promise. 19 lakhs suffering people of Champaran are waiting to see you."

Gandhiji reached Patna on 10 April 1917 and on 16 April he reached Motihari accompanied by Raj Kumar Shukla. Under Gandhiji’s leadership the historic "Champaran Satyagraha" began. The contribution of Raj Kumar Shukla is reflected in the writings of Dr. Rajendra Prasad, first President of India, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Acharya Kriplani and of course, Mahatma Gandhi himself. Raj Kumar Shukla maintained a diary in which he has given an account of struggle against the atrocities of the indigo planters, atrocities so movingly depicted by Dinabandhu Mitra in Nil Darpan, a play that was translated by Michael Madhusudan Dutt. This movement by Mahatma Gandhi received the spontaneous support of a cross section of people, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, who ultimately became the first President of India, Bihar Kesari Sri Krishna Sinha who became the first Chief Minister of Bihar, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, who ultimately became the first finance minister of Bihar and Brajkishore Prasad. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation). ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... , Motihari is the headquarters of Poorvi Champaran (East Champaran) district in the state of Bihar, in India. ... Dr. Rajendra Prasad (December 3, 1884â€“February 28, 1963) was the first President of India. ... Acharya (scholar) Jiwantram Bhagwandas Kripalani was a Gandhian Socialist, environmentalist, mystic and freedom fighter, noted for his incorruptibility and determination. ... â€œGandhiâ€ redirects here. ... Dinabandhu Mitra (Bengali: ) (1830-1873) the Bengali dramatist, was born in 1830 at Chouberia in Nadia, and was the son of Kalachand Mitra. ... Nil Darpan (Bengali: à¦¨à§€à¦² à¦¦à¦°à§à¦ªà¦¨à¥¤; translated as The Mirror of Indigo) is a Bengali play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858-1859. ... Michael Madhusudan Dutt (Datta), (Bengali: Maikel ModhushudÃ´n DÃ´tto) (1824-1873), born Madhusudan Dutt, is a famous 19th century Bengali poet and dramatist. ... Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Hindi: à¤¡à¤¾à¤•à¥à¤Ÿà¤° à¤°à¤¾à¤œà¥‡à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥à¤° à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¦) (December 3, 1884 â€“ February 28, 1963) was the first President of India. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... Sri Krishna Sinha (Singh) (1887 â€“ 1961), known as Bihar Kesari, was the first Chief Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1961). ... Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Singh) (June 18, 1887 â€“ 1957), known as Bihar Bibhuti, was the first Finance Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1957). ... Brajkishore Prasad was born in 1877 in Shrinagar to Ramjivan Lal a zamindar now in Siwan district in Bihar. ...

Timeline for the People of Magadh (modern Bihar and Purvanchal)

Map of the Mahajanapadas Earliest reference to Angas (à¤…à¤‚à¤—) occurs in Atharava Veda (V.22. ... Media:Example. ... Map of the Mahajanapadas Earliest reference to Angas (à¤…à¤‚à¤—) occurs in Atharava Veda (V.22. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient kingdom in Nepal, which existed in the Kathmandu Valley from approximately 400 to 750. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and trends September 13, 509 BC - The temple of Jupiter on Romes Capitoline Hill is... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Vaishali is one of the districts of Bihar state, India. ... Mahapadma Nanda (450 B.C - 362 B.C) the first king of the nanda dynasty. ... Nanda Dynasty, ruled Eastern India in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE Nanda (mythology), in Hinduism, a peasant and foster-father of Krishna Nanda (Buddhism), half-brother of the Buddha NANDA, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Nanjing University, colloquially called Nanda (pinyin NÃ¡ndÃ , Chinese characters å—å¤§) Nanda, a Jat and... Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322–298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ... Approximate greatest extent of the Sunga empire (185 BCE-73 BCE) For other uses of the term Sunga see Sunga (disambiguation) The Sunga empire (or Shunga empire) controlled the eastern part of India from around 185 to 73 BCE. It was established after the fall of the Indian Mauryan empire. ... Kanva () is a renowned rishi, author of several hymns of the Rigveda, called a son of Ghora and one of the Angirasas. ... For alternate uses, see Number 240. ... The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people. ... Gupta (Hindi: à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤à¤¾) is a surname of Indian origin. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... Events The Visigoths leave Gallia Narbonensis and relocate in Spain Wallia becomes king of the Visigoths. ... This article is about the year. ... The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people. ... Events Arab conquest of Persia, establishment of Islam as state religion Hindu empire in Sumatra Croats and Serbs occupy Bosnia Khazars conquer Great Bulgarian Empire in southern Russia building of St. ... Harsha or Harshavardhana (606-648) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India as paramount monarch for over forty years. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China â€” 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ... Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji (Persian Ø§Ø®ØªÙŠØ§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø¨Ø®ØªÙŠØ§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø®Ù„Ø¬ÙŠ), (Bengali à¦‡à¦–à¦¤à¦¿à¦¯à¦¼à¦¾à¦° à¦‰à¦¦à§à¦¦à¦¿à¦¨ à¦®à§à¦¹à¦®à§à¦®à¦¦ à¦¬à¦–à¦¤à¦¿à¦¯à¦¼à¦¾à¦° à¦–à¦²à¦œà§€), also known as Malik Ghazi Ikhtiyaru l-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, a member of the Muslim Turkic Khalji tribe, who was head of the armies that conquered much of northeastern India. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... Vikramshila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with Nalanda University. ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China â€” 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... // April 30 - King Louis IX of France released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. ... January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... The Delhi Sultanate (Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†Øª), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ ÛÙ†Ø¯) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 â€“ December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... 1666 is often called Annus Mirabilis. ... Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ) (22 December 1666 â€“ 7 October 1708) was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ... 1757 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Bengal, British East India Company Commanders Mir Kasim, Hector Munro Strength 40,000 infantry, 18,000 infantry, Casualties high low Battle of Buxar (October 1764) was a significant battle fought between the forces under the command of the British East India Company on the one side, and the combined... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Republic of Suriname, more commonly known as Suriname or Surinam, (formerly known as Netherlands Guiana and Dutch Guiana) is a country in northern South America, in between French Guiana to the east and Guyana to the west. ... Natal is a former British colony, and a South African province. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Belligerents Rebellious East India Company Sepoys, 7 Indian princely states, deposed rulers of the independent states of Oudh, Jhansi Some Indian civilians. ... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The British Raj is an informal term for the period of British rule of most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (previously known as Ceylon). ... East India Company was the name of several historical European companies chartered with the monopoly of trading with Asia; more specifically with India. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth Realms. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... , Orissa (Oriya: à¬“à¬¡à¬¼à¬¿à¬¶à¬¾), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The Patna University, the first university in Bihar, was established in 1917 during the British Raj, and is the 7th oldest University of the Indian subcontinent. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Indian independence movement was a series of steps taken in the Indian subcontinent for independence from British colonial rule, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ... Anthem God Save The King Capital New Delhi Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy King of India George VI Governor-General - 1947-48 The Earl Mountbatten of Burma - 1948-50 C. Rajagopalachari Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Historical era Cold War - Independence August 15, 1947 - Indo... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... This article is about the year. ... A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... , Jharkhand (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤–à¤‚à¤¡, Bengali: à¦à¦¾à¦¡à¦¼à¦–à¦£à§à¦¡,IPA: ) is a state in eastern India. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ...

Geography & climate

Geography Bihar is mainly a vast stretch of very fertile flat land. It has several major rivers: Ganga, Son, Bagmati, Kosi, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Falgu. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills, for example the Rajgir hills. The Himalayan mountains are to the north, in Nepal. To the south is the Chota Nagpur plateau, which was part of Bihar until 2000 but now is part of a separate state called jharkhand. This article is about the river. ... For other uses, see Son (disambiguation). ... Bagmati is a zone in Nepal which contains the capital Kathmandu. ... Dudh Kosi (Milk River) is a river in eastern Nepal. ... Budhi gandak is an important river but the other river by name GANDAK is much bigger river origineting from Himalyas in Nepal. ... Falgu River is one of the tributaries of the river Ganges. ... Rajgir hills, lying in central regions of Bihar state, India, are two parallel [[ridge]s extending around 65 km. ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ...

Climate: Bihar is mildly cold in the winter (the lowest temperatures being around 5 to 10 degrees Celsius; 41 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit). Winter months are December and January. It is hot in the summer (40 to 45 degrees Celsius; 104 to 114 degrees Fahrenheit). April to mid June are the hot months. The monsoon months of June, July, August, and September see good rainfall. October & November and February & March have pleasant climate.

Economy

The State of Bihar is now part of the economically emerging states of the Hindi speaking northern India. Despite recent economic gains it still has a per capita income of $148 a year against India's average of $2,538 and 30.6% of the population live below the poverty line against India's average of 22.15%. The blame for this stems from many factors: the freight equalisation scheme, poor political vision until Nitish Kumar became Chief Minister in November 2005, under-investments in the key sectors of agriculture, infrastructure and education.^{[citation needed]} The per capita income for a group of people may be defined as their total personal income, divided by the total population. ...

Cultural and political factors have also been blamed for the economic deline in the 1980's and 1990's. Many observers believe that a lethal combination of poor governance, caste based politics, caste based society, and rampant corruption by politicians & bureaucrats were the main causes for the lack of development. However, Saibal Gupta of Asian Development Research Institute, has also blamed the complete absence of a sub-national identity which allowed the Central Government to ingnore the state's interests. This has changed since the attacks on Bihari migrant workers.

The new NDA Government has made 'development with justice' an aim of the state. The Bihari Finance Ministry has given top priority to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses. The current economy is based on agricultural (90% of the current GSDP). Despite this, investment in irrigation and other agriculture facilities has been grossly inadequate in the past. There have been attempts to industrialize the state between 1950 and 1980: an oil refinery in Barauni, a motor scooter plant at Fatuha, and a power plant at Muzaffarpur. However, no sustained effort had been made in this direction. Historically, sugar and vegetable oil were flourishing industries of Bihar. Until the mid fifties, 25% of India's sugar output was from Bihar. Dalmianagar was a large agro - industrial town. However, these were forced to shut down due to faulty central government policy which neutralized the strategic advantages of Bihar. Hajipur, near Patna, remains a major industrial town in the state, linked to the capital city through the Ganga bridge and good road insfrastructure. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California. ... Link title , Barauni is a town in the state of Bihar, India. ... A typical mid 1980s twist and go scooter. ... , Muzaffarpur is a city, and a municipal corporation in Muzaffarpur district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ...

Since 2005, the Dairy Industry has has become a high performing sector. Likewise, the Sugar Industry is another sector which has grown; 25 new sugar factories committed in Bihar between 2006 and 2007. Since 2005, the NDA state government has created business friendly environment for investment opportunities and leverage the resources there for all big and small industrial houses.

The division of Bihar in 2000, when the industrially advanced and mineral-rich southern-half of the state was carved out to form the separate state of Jharkhand, had a strong impact on development in the north mainly through a loss of revenue. The new State of Bihar produces 60% of the output of the Undivied Bihar. The GSDP of the new Bihar has grown by 18% in the year 2006-2007 according to the government of India's statistics making it one of the key growing states of Hindi speaking northern India. Bihar's gross state domestic product for 2004 was estimated at $19 billion^{[citation needed]} in current prices. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, the new software park in Patna, and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. The government has also decided to expand the state highway from Patna to Muzaffarpur from its current poor one lane to a four lane expressway. The central government funded north-east corridor expressway will run through the northern part of the state making the north better connected with the rest of India. , Jharkhand (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤–à¤‚à¤¡, Bengali: à¦à¦¾à¦¡à¦¼à¦–à¦£à§à¦¡,IPA: ) is a state in eastern India. ...

In addition, the Financial Express newspsper reported on April 7th 2008 that Patna, Munger and Begusarai in Bihar were the three best-off districts out of a total of 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of Rs 31,441, Rs 10,087 and Rs 9,312, respectively in 2004-05.

GSDP at Current Prices 2000-2007 from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Feb 2008 Data)

The average economic growth rate under the RJD government (2000-2004) was 7.03%, whilst under Presidents rule (Feb to Nov 2005)and the current NDA government (Nov 2005 till date) the state is growing on average by 12%. Even more significant is that the state's GSDP grew by 22% between 2004 and 2007. The growth has resulted in visits by Indian business leaders to Patna making commitments to invest in the state's fast growing economy. The Indian governments data for 1980 to 1990 (below) also show that the GSDP of the undivided Bihar grew by 72%. The below data also shows that the state GSDP grew by 49% between 1980-1985, which means that the economy was one of the fastest growing in the country during the early 1980's.

However, the data also shows that the GSDP shrank between 1990-1995 resulting in an employment-devlopment-crime crisis between 1995-2004. Furthermore, the breakup of the state in 2000 compounded the dismal economic activity during this period and created the mass migration of Bihari's seeking work in other states.

Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Bihar at market prices^[3] by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

Politics

Bihar was an important part of India's struggle for independence. Gandhi became the mass leader only after the Champaran Satyagraha that he launched on the repeated request of a local leader, Rajkumar Shukla, he was supported by great illumanaries like Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Brajkishore Prasad. After independence also, when India was falling into an autocratic rule during the regime of Indira Gandhi, the main thrust to the movement to hold elections came from Bihar under the leadership of Jaya Prakash Narayan. A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Jayaprakash Narayan. ...

1. The famous identity of Bihar (From the word Vihar meaning monasteries) representing a glorious past was lost. Its voice often used to get lost in the din of regional clamor of other states, specially the linguistic states like Uttarpradesh, Madhyapradesh etc.

2. Bihar gained an anti establishment image. The establishment oriented press often projected the state as indiscipline and anarchy.

Since the regional identity was slowly getting sidelined , its place was taken up by caste based politics, power initially being in the hands of the Brahmins, Bhumihars and Rajputs. After Independence the power was shared by the two great gandhians Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha who later became the first chief minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha who undecidly was next to him in the cabinet and served as the first finance minister.In late 60's death of late Mr. Lalit Narayan Mishra (who was killed by a hand grenade attack for which central leadership is blamed most of the time) pronounced the end of indigenous work oriented mass leaders. For two decades congress ruled the state with the help of puppet chief ministries hand in glove with the central government (Mrs. Indira Gandhi) ignoring the welfare of the people of the state. It was the time when a prominent leader like Satyendra Narayan Sinha took sides with the Janata Party and deserted congress from where his political roots originated, following the ideological differences with the congress. Idealism did assert itself in the politics from time to time, viz, 1977 when a wave defeated the entrenched Congress Party and then again in 1989 when Janata Dal came to power on an anti corruption wave. In between, the socialist movement tried to break the stranglehold of the status quoits under the leadership of Mahamaya Prasad Sinha and Karpoori Thakur. Unfortunately, this could not flourish, partly due to the impractical idealism of these leaders and partly due to the machinations of the central leaders of the Congress Party who felt threatened by a large politically aware state. Sri Krishna Sinha (Singh) (1887 â€“ 1961), known as Bihar Kesari, was the first Chief Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1961). ... Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Singh) (June 18, 1887 â€“ 1957), known as Bihar Bibhuti, was the first Finance Minister of the Indian state of Bihar (1946 â€“ 1957). ... The Janata Party (Peoples Party in Hindi) was an Indian political party that contested the Indian Emergency (1975-77) and became the first political party to defeat the Indian National Congress in the 1977 elections, forming the national government from 1977 to 1980. ... Category: ...

Janata Dal came to power in the state in 1990 on the back of its victory at the national stage in 1989. Lalu Prasad Yadav became Chief Minister after winning the race of legislative party leadership by a slender margin against Ram Sundar Das, a former chief minister from the Janata Party and close to eminent Janata Party leaders like Chandrashekhar and S N Sinha. Later, Lalu gained popularity with the masses through a series of popular and populist measures. The principled socialists, Nitish Kumar included, gradually left him and Lalu was the uncrowned king by 1995 as both Chief Minister as well as the President of his party, Rashtriya Janata Dal. He was a charismatic leader who had people's support and Bihar had got such a person as the chief minister after a long time. But he couldn't bring the derailed wagon of development of the state on to the track. When corruption charges got serious, he quit the post of CM but anointed his wife as the CM and ruled through proxy. In this period, the administration deteriorated fast. Janata Dal is an Indian political party which was formed through the merger one of the major Janata Party factions, the Lok Dal and a group of Congressmen led by V.P. Singh. ... Lalu Prasad Yadav, sometimes spelt as Laloo Prasad[1] or Lalloo Prasad, (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤²à¤¾à¤²à¥‚ à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¦ à¤¯à¤¾à¤¦à¤µ) (born June 11, 1948 Goplaganj, Bihar[2]) is an Indian politician from the state of Bihar. ... A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ... RJD Womens wing office in Delhi The [Rashtriya Janata Dal]http://www. ...

In 2005, as disaffection reached a crescendo among the masses, middle classes included, the RJD was voted out of power and Laloo Prasad lost an election to a coalition headed by his previous ally and now rival Nitish Kumar. Nitish Kumar has regained Bihar's true identity which is the place from where people who changed the world come like Gautam Buddha or Asoka or the Sikh Gurus. People love him and he is desperate to put Bihar in the mainstream development path. Despite the separation of financially richer Jharkhand, Bihar has actually seen more positive growth in recent years. Nitish KumÄr (Hindi: ) (born 1 March 1951, Bakhtiarpur, Bihar, India) is the Chief Minister of the north Indian state of Bihar. ...

Currentlly, there are two main political formations: the NDA which comprises Janata Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Janata Dal led coalition which also has the Indian National Congress. There are myriad other political formations. Ram Vilas Paswan led Lok Janshakti Party is a constituent of the UPA at the centre, but does not see eye to eye with Lalu Prasad Yadav's RJD in Bihar. Bihar People's Party is a small political formation in north Bihar. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, but has got weakened now. CPM and Forward Bloc have minor presence. Ultra left parties like CPML, Party Unity etc have presence in pockets and are at war with the state. Janata Dal is an Indian political party which was formed through the merger one of the major Janata Party factions, the Lok Dal and a group of Congressmen led by V.P. Singh. ... The Bharatiya Janata Party [BJP] (Hindi: , translation: Indian Peoples Party), created in 1980, is a major right wing Indian political party. ... RJD Womens wing office in Delhi The [Rashtriya Janata Dal]http://www. ... Indian National Congress, Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... Ram Vilas Paswan (born 5 July 1946) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. ... The Lok Jan Shakti Party is a political party in India. ... Lalu Prasad Yadav, sometimes spelt as Laloo Prasad[1] or Lalloo Prasad, (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤²à¤¾à¤²à¥‚ à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¦ à¤¯à¤¾à¤¦à¤µ) (born June 11, 1948 Goplaganj, Bihar[2]) is an Indian politician from the state of Bihar. ... The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a political party in India. ...

Government and administration

The constitutional head of the Government of Bihar is the Governor, who is appointed by the President of India. The real executive power rests with the Chief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the Government. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ... A Legislative Assembly in some parts of the Commonwealth refers to a legislature, or a chamber of the legislature. ...

The current incumbent, Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, succeeded Rabri Devi, wife of the Former Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav (also known as Laloo Prasad) (currently Cabinet Minister for Railways) in 2005. Nitish KumÄr (Hindi: ) (born 1 March 1951, Bakhtiarpur, Bihar, India) is the Chief Minister of the north Indian state of Bihar. ... Rabri Devi Rabri Devi (born 1959) is the 30th chief minister of Bihar (Term: March 11, 2000 - 2005 (5 years)). She is from the Rashtriya Janata Dal. ... Lalu Prasad Yadav, sometimes spelt as Laloo Prasad[1] or Lalloo Prasad, (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤²à¤¾à¤²à¥‚ à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¸à¤¾à¤¦ à¤¯à¤¾à¤¦à¤µ) (born June 11, 1948 Goplaganj, Bihar[2]) is an Indian politician from the state of Bihar. ...

The head of the bureaucracy of the State is called the Chief Secretary. Under him is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, and different wings of the State Civil Services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a High Court which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna. The (IAS) is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India; other two services being the Indian Police Service (IPS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS). ... The Indian Police Service (IPS) is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India; other two services being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Foreign Service (IFS). ... The Roman civil service in action. ... In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

The state is divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts, for administrative purposes.

The state of Bihar in India is divided into 9 divisions as follows: 1. ... Bihar, a state of India, has currently (2005) thirty-eight administrative districts. ...

Transport & travel

Bihar has three airports: Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport, Patna, Bhagalpur Airport and Gaya. Patna airport is connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, and Ranchi. It is categorized as a restricted international airport, with customs facilities to receive international chartered flights. Gaya airport is a small international airport connected to Colombo, Singapore, Bangkok and more. This airport is situated in the city of Patna and is also called Patna Airport. ... Patna is the capital of the state of Bihar, in north-eastern India. ... , Bhagalpur is a city and municipal corporation in Bihar state in eastern India. ... , Gaya is a city in Bihar, India, and it is also the headquarters of Gaya District. ... , For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... , Bombay redirects here. ... , â€œCalcuttaâ€ redirects here. ... , Lucknow ( , Hindi: à¤²à¤–à¤¨à¤Š, Urdu: Ù„Ú©Ú¾Ù†Ø¤, ) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. ... For the ship, see SS Ranchi. ... Map of Colombo with its administrative districts Coordinates: , District Colombo District Government - Mayor Uvaiz Mohammad Imitiyaz (Sri Lanka Freedom Party) Area - City 37. ... Location within in Thailand Coordinates: , Country Settled Ayutthaya Period Founded as capital 21 April 1782 Government - Type Special administrative area - Governor Apirak Kosayothin Area - City 1,568. ...

Bihar is well-connected by railway lines to the rest of India. Most of the towns are interconnected among themselves, and they also are directly connected to Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai. Patna, Darbhanga, Kathihar, Baruani, Chapra, Bhagalpur and Gaya are Bihar's best-connected railway stations.

The state has a vast network of National and State highways. For Buddhist pilgrims, the best option for travel to Bihar is to reach Patna or Gaya, either by air or train, and then travel to Bodh Gaya, Nalanda, Rajgir and Vaishali. Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh also is not very far. , Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya(24Â° 41 60N, 84Â° 58 60E) is a city in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... , Rajgir is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... Vaishali is one of the districts of Bihar state, India. ... Sarnath (also Mrigadava, MigadÄya, Rishipattana, Isipatana) is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA: , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ...

Places to see

A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... , Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya(24Â° 41 60N, 84Â° 58 60E) is a city in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... , Rajgir is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... , Bhagalpur is a city and municipal corporation in Bihar state in eastern India. ... Vikramshila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with Nalanda University. ... Sultanganj is a city and a notified area in Bhagalpur district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... Vaishali is one of the districts of Bihar state, India. ... Replica of Pavapuri temple at Pansara. ... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ... Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ) (22 December 1666 â€“ 7 October 1708) was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Sultanganj is a city and a notified area in Bhagalpur district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... The Vishnupad Temple, Gaya The main temple in Gaya, India , dedicated to the Hindu Lord Vishnu. ... , Gaya is a city in Bihar, India, and it is also the headquarters of Gaya District. ... For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation). ... Bhabua is a city and a municipality in Kaimur district in the state of Bihar, India. ... Sitamarhi is a town and the district headquarters of Sitamarhi district, Bihar, India. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Bihar-E-Sharif, also called Bihar Sharif, is a small town in Nalanda district, Bihar, India. ... Patna is the capital of the state of Bihar, in north-eastern India. ... , Bhagalpur is a city and municipal corporation in Bihar state in eastern India. ... , Gaya is a city in Bihar, India, and it is also the headquarters of Gaya District. ... , Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya(24Â° 41 60N, 84Â° 58 60E) is a city in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... , Rajgir is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... Vaishali is one of the districts of Bihar state, India. ... Replica of Pavapuri temple at Pansara. ... It has been suggested that Chhapra be merged into this article or section. ... Champaran was once an administrative district in the state of Bihar in India. ... , Sasaram (sometimes also spelled as Sahsaram) is the administrative headquarters of Rohtas district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... The Express is a 2-2-2 locomotive to found at the Jamapur workshop. ... Jayaprakash Narayan (October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979), widely known as JP, was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader. ...

Culture

Demographics

Hinduism is practiced by 83.2% of the population and forms the majority religion in the state.^[4] Islam is practiced by 16.5% of the population, and other religions less than 0.5%.^[5] Also there are 20,780 followers of Sikhism.^[6]

Festivals

Chhath is celebrated around a week after the festival of Diwali. However, the two festivals are not connected, mythologically speaking. While Diwali celebrates the return of Lord Rama after the battle with the demon king Ravana, Chhath is an ancient festival supposedly started by the King of Anga Desh (modern Bhagalpur region in Bihar) named Karna. Karna is a powerful character in the epic Mahabharata. Chhath or Dala Chhath is a Hindu festival, which is unique to Bihar state, India and Terai of Nepal. ...

Teej and Chitragupta Puja are other local festivals celebrated with fervour in Bihar. Teej (Hindi: à¤¤à¥€à¤œ)is a fasting festival for Hindu women of some parts of India and Nepal. ... Shree Chitragupta (Sanskrit: à¤šà¤¿à¤¤à¥à¤°à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤, rich in secrets) is a Hindu god assigned with the task of keeping complete records of actions of human beings on the earth, and upon their death, deciding as regards sending them to the heaven or the hell, depending on their actions on the earth. ... A puja as performed in Ujjain during the Monsoon on the banks of the overflowing river Shipra. ...

Bihula-Bishari Puja of Anga region also is a great festival of Bihar. Sultanganj is a city and a notified area in Bhagalpur district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... , Deoghar is headquarter of Deoghar District in the state of Jharkhand, India. ... , Jharkhand (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤–à¤‚à¤¡, Bengali: à¦à¦¾à¦¡à¦¼à¦–à¦£à§à¦¡,IPA: ) is a state in eastern India. ... Shravan is a character from the great epic Ramayana and named after the month Sravan or Shravana masam or Sravanam(In english August). ... Ghat (Arabic: ØºØ§Øª) is a city in remote south-western Libya. ... For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ... Linga worship (Estate of Cynthia and Harlen Welsh) Lingam or Linga is the Sanskrit word for mark. ...

The Sonepur cattle fair is a month long event starting approximately half a month after Deepawali and is considered the largest cattle fair in Asia. It is held on the banks of the Sone River in the town of Sonepur. The constraints of the changing times and new laws governing the sale of animals and prohibiting the trafficking in exotic birds and beasts have eroded the once-upon -a-time magic of the fair. Sonepur is a district in Orissa, India. ... The sone was proposed as a unit of perceived loudness by S. Smith Stevens in 1936. ...

Makara Sankranti is a mid-winter Hindu festival of India and Nepal. ... For the Vedic river, see Saraswati River. ... A puja as performed in Ujjain during the Monsoon on the banks of the overflowing river Shipra. ... For the Indian film of the same name, see Holi (film). ... The Islamic holiday of Eid ul-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر) marks the end of Ramadan. ... Eid ul-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) is second in the series of Eid festivals that Muslims celebrate. ... Muharram (Arabic: Ù…ØØ±Ù… ) is the first month of the Islamic calendar. ... Rama Navami falls on the ninth day of a Hindu lunar year (or Chaitra Masa Suklapaksha Navami). ... Ratha Yatra Festival in Puri, India. ... A sample of rakhis, tied by sisters on the wrists of brothers in celebration of Raksha Bandhan Raksha Bandhan (the bond of protection in Hindi) or Rakhi (à¤°à¤¾à¤–à¥€ in DevanÄgarÄ«) is a Hindu festival and also Sikh festival, which celebrates the relationship between brothers and sisters. ... Maha Shivratri or Maha Sivaratri or Shivaratri or Sivaratri (Night of Shiva) is a Hindu festival celebrated every year on the 14th day in the Krishna Paksha of the month Maagha (as per Shalivahana) or Phalguna(as per Vikrama) in the Hindu Calendar. ... Durga Puja (Bengali: à¦¦à§à¦°à§à¦—à¦¾à¦ªà§‚à¦œà¦¾ Durga Puja) is the biggest festival of Hindus in Bihar, West Bengal, East Bengal, Jharkhand, and Bengali Hindus all over the world. ... Diwali taking place in a rural area Dīpãvali (also transliterated Deepavali; Sanskrit: row of lights) or Diwãli (contracted spelling) is the Hindu festival of lights, held on the final day of the Vikram calendar, one type of a Hindu calendar that is followed by North Indians. ... Lakshmi is also an actress in South Indian films. ... A puja as performed in Ujjain during the Monsoon on the banks of the overflowing river Shipra. ... Xmas is an abbreviation for Christmas. ... In Jainism, Mahavir Jayanti is the most important religious holiday. ... Categories: Stub ...

Folksongs & music

Bihar has a very old tradition of beautiful folk songs, sung during important family occasions, such as marriage, birth ceremonies, festivals, etc. They are sung mainly in group settings without the help of many musical instruments, though Dholak,Bansuri , and occasionally Tabla and Harmonium are used. Bihar is a state of India. ... The Dholak (sometimes dholaki) is a classical North Indian hand drum. ... The tabla (Hindi: à¤¤à¤¬à¥à¤²à¤¾, tablÄ, Urdu: ØªØ¨Ù„Û) is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in the classical, popular and religious music of the Indian subcontinent and in Hindustani classical music. ... This article is about the musical instrument. ...

Bihar also has a tradition of lively Holi songs known as 'Phagua', filled with fun rhythms.

During the 19th century, when the condition of Bihar worsened under the British misrule, many Biharis had to migrate as indentured labourers to West Indian islands, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sad plays and songs called biraha became very popular, in the Bhojpur area. Dramas on that theme continue to be popular in the theaters of Patna.

Dances of Bihar

Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are several folk dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as dhobi nach, jhumarnach, manjhi, gondnach, jitiyanach, more morni, dom-domin, bhuiababa, rah baba, kathghorwa nach, jat jatin, launda nach, bamar nach, jharni, jhijhia, natua nach, bidapad nach, sohrai nach, and gond nach.

Language & literature

Hindi (Official language of State), Urdu- (2nd official language of State government), Maithili, Angika (Southern version of Maithili) , Bhojpuri, Bajjika (spoken around the Hajipur district),Bangla and Magadhi (Magahi) are the major languages spoken in Bihar. Angika is the only one of the languages which can be used in the Google Search Engine; Google-Angika has been available since 2004^{[citation needed]}. The oldest poetry of the Hindi language (e.g., poetries written by Saraha, also known by the name Sarahapa, were written in the Angika language during the 8th century. Hindi (DevanÄgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Maithili (à¤®à¥ˆà¤¥à¤¿à¤²à¥€ MaithilÄ«) is a language of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ... Angika (Dev. ... Maithili (à¤®à¥ˆà¤¥à¤¿à¤²à¥€ MaithilÄ«) is a language of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ... Bhojpuri is a popular regional language spoken in northeastern India in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal. ... This article is about the Bengali language. ... The Magadhi language (also known as à¤®à¤—à¤¹à¥€ Magahi) is a language spoken by 11,362,000 people in India. ... Angika is a language of Anga region of India which is spoken by more than 3 crores people. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Saraha (or Sarahapa or Sarahapad) Originally known as Rahulbhadra, he is considered to be the first poet of Hindi by Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ...

Bihar has produced a number of writers of Hindi, including Raja Radhika Raman Singh, Shiva Pujan Sahay, Divakar Prasad Vidyarthy, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Ram Briksh Benipuri, Phanishwar Nath 'Renu', Gopal Singh "Nepali" and Baba Nagarjun. Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, the great writer and Buddhist scholar, was born in U.P. but spent his life in the land of Lord Buddha, i.e., Bihar.Hrishikesh Sulabh is the prominent writer of the new generation. He is short story writer, playwright and theatre critic. Arun Kamal and Aalok Dhanwa are the well-known poets. Different regional languages also have produced some prominent poets and authors. Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (à¤°à¤¾à¤®à¤§à¤¾à¤°à¥€ à¤¸à¤¿à¤‚à¤¹ à¤¦à¤¿à¤¨à¤•à¤°) (September 23, 1908 - April 24, 1974) was an Indian Hindi poet, who is considered as one of the most important modern Hindi poets. ... Ramavriksha Benipuri (1902-1968) was a prominent writer of Hindi literature. ... Phanishwar Nath Renu (à¤«à¤£à¥€à¤¶à¥â€à¤µà¤° à¤¨à¤¾à¤¥ à¤°à¥‡à¤£à¥) (1921-1977) is one of the great Hindi novelists of the post-Premchand era. ... Gopal Singh Nepali (1911 - 1963) was an eminent poet of Hindi literature and a famous lyricist [1] of Bollywood. ... Nagarjun (Hindi:, Baba Nagarjun, Vaidya Nath Mishra, Yatri) (1911-1998), was a major Hindi and Maithili poet who has also penned a number of novels, short stories, literary biographies and travelogues. ... Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan He was born Kedarnath Pande on 9 April 1893. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , translation: Northern Province, IPA: , ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P. It is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. ... A stone image of the Buddha. ... Hrishikesh Sulabh (February 15, 1955) is a noted Hindi writer, famous for writing plays in Bideshiya shaili. ...

Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, who is among the greatest writers in Bangla, resided for some time in Bihar. Of late, the latest Indian writer in English, Upamanyu Chatterjee also hails from Patna in Bihar. Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay (Bangla: à¦¶à¦°à¦¤à§à¦šà¦¨à§à¦¦à§à¦° à¦šà¦Ÿà§à¦Ÿà§‹à¦ªà¦¾à¦§à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¯à¦¼ ShÃ´rotchÃ´ndro ChÃ´Å£Å£opaddhae), also known as Saratchandra Chattopadhyay or Sharat Chandra Chatterjee (15 September 1876 - 16 January 1938) was an author from India. ... This article is about the Bengali language. ... Upamanyu Chatterjee, is a Bengali Indian author. ...

Devaki Nandan Khatri, who rose to fame at the beginning of the 20th century on account of his novels such as Chandrakanta and Chandrakanta Santati, was born in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Vidyapati Thakur is the most renowned poet of Maithili (c. 14-15th century). Devaki Nandan Khatri was the first author of the mystery novels in Hindi. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... , Muzaffarpur is a city, and a municipal corporation in Muzaffarpur district in the Indian state of Bihar. ... Vidyapati (1352? – 1448?) was born in the village of Bisapi, Madhubani district, Bihar state, India. ...

Urdu is one of the important languages of Bihar. It became the second official language in the undivided State of Bihar since 16 August 1989 for the following purposes:
1. Acceptance of representations and replies thereto.
2. Acceptance of documents by the Registration Offices.
3. Publication of important rules, regulations, etc.
4. Issue of orders and notifications of public interest.
5. Publication of important Government documents.
6. Publication of district Gazettes, and
7. Display of signboards.
The State Government identified several areas in which there are 15 per cent or more of the local population speaking one of the minority languages of the state. Urdu speakers constitute at least 15 percent of the total population in the largest part in the state: is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ...

1.District of Darbhanga (19.36)
2.Purnea (35.01)
3.Sitamarhi (15.28) and Katihar(77.60).

Folk theatre

Theatre is another form in which the Bihari culture expresses itself. Some forms of theater with rich traditions are Bidesia, Reshma-Chuharmal, Bihula-Bisahari, Bahura-Gorin, Raja Salhesh, Sama Chakeva, and Dom Kach. All of these theatre forms originate in the Anga or Ang area of Bihar. Map of the Mahajanapadas Earliest reference to Angas (à¤…à¤‚à¤—) occurs in Atharava Veda (V.22. ...

Cinema

Bihar has a robust cinema industry for the Bhojpuri language. There is also a small Maithili and Angika film industry. First Bhojpuri Film was Ganga Maiya Tohe Piyari Chadaibo. "Lagi nahin chute ram" was the alltime superhit Bhojpuri film which was released against "Mugle Azam" but was a superhit in all the eastern and northern sector. Nadiya Ke Par is the most famous Bhojpuri movie till date. Categories: Indo-Aryan languages | Languages of India | Language stubs ...

Ramayan Tiwari, popularly known as Tiwari, was the first major Bihari film actor. He played the villain and various mythological characters in more than 200 films. He was followed by his son Bhushan Tiwari, also a renowned actor, who played the villain in more than 100 movies. For other uses, see Mythology (disambiguation). ...

The first Maithili movie was Kanyadan (released in 1965 & Directed by Phani Majumdar), of which a significant portion was made in the Maithili language. Maithili (à¤®à¥ˆà¤¥à¤¿à¤²à¥€ MaithilÄ«) is a language of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ...

Cuisine

The cuisine of Bihar for the Hindu upper and middle classes is predominantly vegetarian, although some of the lower Hindu classes do eat meat. The Muslims in Bihar however do generally eat meat as well as vegetables. // Introduction Predominantly, the food of Bihar is vegetarian. ... For animals adapted to eat primarily plants, sometimes referred to as vegetarian animals, see Herbivore. ...

Islamic culture and food with Bihari flavor are also part of Bihar unique existence of mixed culture. Famous food items include (Biharee Kabab) (Shami Kabab) (Nargisi Kufte)(Shabdeg)(Yakhnee Biryanee) (Motton Biryani) (Shaljum Gosht) (Baqer Khani) (Kuleecha) (Naan Rootee) (Sawee ka Zarda) (Qemamee Sawee) (Gajar ka Halwa) (Ande ka ZfraniHalwa)

The staple food is bhat, dal, roti, tarkari and achar. It is prepared from rice, lentils, wheat flour, vegetables, and pickle. The traditional cooking medium is mustard oil. Khichdi, a broth of rice and lentils seasoned with spices and served with several accompanying items, constitutes lthe mid-day meal for most Hindu Biharis on Saturdays. It has been suggested that Bhatt be merged into this article or section. ... Masoor dal Masoor dal prepared using traditional yellow dal recipe Dal (also spelled dhal, dahl, or daal, daar) is a preparation of pulses which have been stripped of their outer hulls and split, as well as a thick, spicy stew prepared therefrom, a mainstay of Indian and Pakistani cuisine. ... It has been suggested that Chapati be merged into this article or section. ... Achar (also written as Achaar) is the Hindi word for the pickle. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... This article is about the species Lens culinaris. ... For other uses, see Flour (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Vegetable (disambiguation). ... â€œAcharâ€, the Hindi word for a variety of spicy pickled side dish or condiment, redirects here. ... The term mustard oil is used for two different oils that are made from mustard seeds: a fatty vegetable oil resulting from pressing the seeds, an essential oil resulting from grinding the seeds, mixing them with water, and extracting the resulting volatile oil by distillation. ... Khichdi (also khichdee, khichadi, khichuri, khichari and many other variants) is an Indian dish that contains a combination of rice and lentils. ...

The favourite dish among Biharis is litti-chokha. Litti is made up of sattu and chokha is of smashed potato, tomato, and brinjal.

Chitba and Pitthow which are prepared basically from rice, are special foods of the Anga region. Tilba and Chewda of Katarni rice also are special preparations of Anga. Mount Gulaga and Central Tilba A view of Central Tilba Tilba Tilba is a heritage town in New South Wales, Australia in Eurobodalla Shire. ... Map of the Mahajanapadas Earliest reference to Angas (à¤…à¤‚à¤—) occurs in Atharava Veda (V.22. ...

Kadhi bari is a popular favorite and consists of fried soft dumplings made of besan (gram flour) that are cooked in a spicy gravy of yogurt and besan. This dish goes very well over plain rice. Gram flour (also known as chana dall, chana flour, besan or chickpea flour) is an ingredient used in Indian cuisine. ... Yoghurt Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt or yogourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ...

Bihar offers a large variety of sweet delicacies which, unlike those from Bengal, are mostly dry. These include Anarasa, Belgrami, Chena Murki, Motichoor ka Ladoo, Kala Jamun, Kesaria Peda, Khaja, Khurma, Khubi ka Lai, Laktho, Parwal ka Mithai, Pua & Mal Pua, Thekua, Murabba and Tilkut. Many of these originate in towns in the vicinity of Patna. For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Its sweet made of milk and sugar. ... Motichoor Ka Ladoo is a sweet delicacy of the central Bihar made from grilled gram flour flakes which are sweetened, mixed with almonds and pressed into balls and fried in ghee. ... Khaja is a sweet delicacy usually from Kakinada,Andhra Pradesh,India. ... Parwal Ka Mitha is a sweet made of a green vegetable called Parwal. ... PUA is a TLA which stands for: In the context of Unicode, a Private Use Area In Israel, the Public Utility Authority (department of electricity) A shorthand for the Pua Aloalo, the USA state flower of Hawaii This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages... Murraba or murrabo is a savoury pickle or achar originating in Gujarat region of India. ... A sweet savoury made in the Indian state of Bihar. ... For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation). ...

Several other traditional salted snacks and savouries popular in Bihar are Chiwra, Dhuska, Litti, Makhana and Sattu. Jari Olavi Litmanen (born February 20, 1971 in Lahti) is a Finnish footballer, widely considered the countrys greatest ever. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

There is a distinctive Bihari flavor to the non-vegetarian cooking, as well, although some of the names of the dishes may be the same as those found in other parts of North India. Roll is a typical Bihar non-vegetarian dish. These are popular and go by the generic name Roll Bihari in and around Lexington Avenue (South) in New York City.

Art

Manjusha Kala or Angika Art of Anga Region, Map of the Mahajanapadas Earliest reference to Angas (à¤…à¤‚à¤—) occurs in Atharava Veda (V.22. ...

Education

Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the universities of Nalanda (one of the earliest universities of India dating back to the fifth century) and Vikramshila. Unfortunately, that tradition of learning which had its origin from the time of Buddha or perhaps earlier, was lost during the medieval period when it is believed that marauding armies of the invaders destroyed these centres of learning. This article is about the ancient town and university. ... Vikramshila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India, along with Nalanda University. ...

Bihar saw a revival of sorts during the later part of the British rule when they established a University at Patna along with a few other centres of high learning, viz. Science College, Patna, Prince of Wales Medical College (now Patna Medical College and Hospital), and Bihar Engineering College (now National Institute of Technology, Patna). However, this early lead got lost in the post independence period when the politicians from Bihar lost out in the race of getting centres of education established in Bihar. The Patna University, the first university in Bihar, was established in 1917 during the British Raj, and is the 7th oldest University of the Indian subcontinent. ...

Modern Bihar has a grossly inadequate educational infrastructure creating a huge mismatch between demand and supply. This problem is further compounded by increases in population. The craving for higher education among the general population of Bihar has led to a massive migration of the student community from the state. This has led to a "flooding" of students to seek educational opportunities in other states, such as New Delhi and Karnataka, even for graduation level college education. This article is about the capital city of India. ... This article is about the Indian region. ...

In spite of the meager investment on education in Bihar, compared to other poorer Indian states, owing to class based reservation (of which Bihar's Pupils have been the main beneficiaries) the students have as a result done very well. Famed national institutes of learning such as IIT, IIM and AIIMS have always had a good representation from Bihar. There is also thought to be growing discontentment among students of other classes who claim however that pure merit has taken a back seat in the nation's education system as a result of giving reservation to people of backward classes.^{[citation needed]}. Other institutions of higher learning, and coveted positions in the government also show a greater share than the percentage of their population. A recent survey by Pratham^[7] rated the absorption of their teaching by the Bihar children better than those in other states.

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Etymology of the name

History

Ancient

Religions Originating in Bihar

Medieval

Modern

Timeline for the People of Magadh (modern Bihar and Purvanchal)

Geography & climate

Economy

Macro-economic trend

Politics

Government and administration

Transport & travel

Places to see

Culture

Demographics

Festivals

Folksongs & music

Dances of Bihar

Language & literature

Folk theatre

Cinema

Cuisine

Art

Education

References

See also

External links

Contents

Etymology of the name GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

History

Ancient

Religions Originating in Bihar

Medieval

Modern

Timeline for the People of Magadh (modern Bihar and Purvanchal)

Geography & climate

Economy

Macro-economic trend

Politics

Government and administration

Transport & travel

Places to see

Culture

Demographics

Festivals

Folksongs & music

Dances of Bihar

Language & literature

Folk theatre

Cinema

Cuisine

Art

Education

References

See also

External links

Etymology of the name