Castes of India
Bishnois
Classification	Caste/Sect
Subdivisions	-
Significant populations in	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Delhi
Languages	Rajasthani, Hindi, Gujarati and Punjabi
Religions	Hinduism

The Bishnois are a community of nature worshippers in the state of Rajasthan, India. They also have a sizeable presence in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Gujarat,Haryana, Punjab and Delhi. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... Gujarāt (GujarātÄ«: , IPA: ,  ) is the most industrialized state in the Republic of India with 19. ... Haryana (Hindi: , IPA: / /) is a state in north India. ... Punjab   (Punjabi: , Hindi: , IPA: ) (Also spelled Panjab) is a state in northwest India. ... Delhi   (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, Punjabi: ) is a metropolis in northern India. ... // Introduction Rajasthani is one of the prominent members of Indo-Aryan languages family. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... GujarātÄ« is an Indo-Aryan language, part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjābÄ« in ShāhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjabi people and the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit: , , also known as , ) is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent. ... Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P. It is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. ... Madhya Pradesh (मध्य प्रदेश) is a state in central India. ... Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र mahārāṣṭra, literally: Great Nation; IPA: )( ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Gujarāt (GujarātÄ«: , IPA: ,  ) is the most industrialized state in the Republic of India with 19. ... Haryana (Hindi: , IPA: / /) is a state in north India. ... Punjab   (Punjabi: , Hindi: , IPA: ) (Also spelled Panjab) is a state in northwest India. ... Delhi   (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, Punjabi: ) is a metropolis in northern India. ...

Origin of the Bishnois

The sect was founded by Guru Jambheshwar (b. 1451) after a drought in marwar region of India. He had laid down 29 principles to be followed by the sect. Bish means 20 and noi means 9. Thus, Bishnoi translates as Twenty-niners. Further the Guru tild to worship lord Vishnu (Bishnu). Thus the sect called vishnoi or Bishnoi. Killing animals and felling trees were banned. One of his 29 principles says "JEEV DAYA PALNI, RUNKH LILA NAHI GHAVE" means protect trees and animals. That's why the trees and animals are considered to be sacred by the Bishnois. Guru Jambheshwar Headline text Guru Jambheshwar (b. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture...

Lovers of wild animals

Bishnois are strong lovers of wild animals. It is because of their protection that in Bishnoi dominated areas, deer and antelope(such as blue bulls, black bucks, chinkaras and chowsinghas) are seen grazing peacefully in their fields despite the fact that the State of Rajasthan where the Bishnois mainly live, face severe shortages of water. Subfamilies Capreolinae Cervinae Hydropotinae Muntiacinae A deer is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. ... Genera Aepyceros Alcelaphus Antidorcas Antilope Cephalophus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella Hippotragus Kobus Madoqua Neotragus Oreotragus Oryx Ourebia Pantholops Procapra Sylvicapra Taurotragus Tragelaphus and others Antelopes are a polyphyletic group of herbivorous African and Asian animals of the family Bovidae, distinguished by a pair of hollow horns on their heads. ... Blue bull, biological name Boselephus Tragocamelus, is found from the base of Himalayas down to the state of Karnataka, Assam and West Bengal, and some parts of Bihar. ... Binomial name Antelope cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) The Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra) or Indian Black Buck antelope, is a small antelope native to Northern India, Pakistan and Nepal. ... Binomial name Gazella bennettii (Sykes, 1831) The Chinkara is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. ... Binomial name Tetracerus quadricornis Blainville, 1816 The Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) also known as the chousingha is an antelope found in open forest in South Asia. ...

The Bishnoi community has launched strong protests against the killing of black bucks by Salman Khan, a Bollywood filmstar and Mansur Ali Khan of Pataudi, a former Indian cricketer. Noted Chartered Accountant and social activist Mangilal Bishnoi led the demonstration against actor Salman Khan in Mumbai. Though, it is very common practice in India where crucial witnesses in criminal trials either turn hostile or just disappear, but the witnesses in the court case against Salman Khan stood the trial firmly despite reports of efforts made to lure them with hefty financial offers. They belong to the Bishnoi community and the famous film-star was convicted on their testimony. Salman Khan (born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on December 27, 1965) Hindi: सलमान ख़ान, Urdu: سلمان خان, pronunciation: /səlmɑːn xɑːn/ is an Indian film actor who appears in Bollywood movies. ... Movie poster for one of Bollywoods most popular films—Sholay (1975) Bollywood is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based Hindi language film industry in India. ... Mansur Ali Khan, Nawab of Pataudi, junior, (born 5 January 1941, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India) is a former Indian cricketer and former captain of the Indian cricket team. ...

For more details on Bishnois/Bishnoism, also see http://www.bishnoi.org ,http://bishnoi.in, http://bishnoi.co.in

Amrita Devi and the Khejarli Massacre

The origins of the Chipko movement can be traced back to the Bisnois. On a Tuesday (The 10th day of the month of Bhadrapad according to the Indian lunar Calendar) in 1730 A.D., Amrita Devi, a Bishnoi woman was at her home with her three daughters (Asu, Ratni and Bhagu bai) when she came to know that a number of people had descended on their otherwise sleepy village of Khejarli. The name Khejarli was derived from "Khejri", since these trees were found in abundance in the village. The people were a party of men sent by Maharaja Abhay Singh, the ruler of the kingdom of Jodhpur in the Marwar region, who wanted to fell green Khejri trees to burn lime for the construction of the Maharaja's new palace. Since there was a lot of greenery in the Bishnoi villages even in the middle of the Thar Desert, the king ordered his men to get the wood by cutting the Khejri trees. The Chipko movement was a group of villagers in the Uttarakhand region of India who opposed commercial logging. ... The word Maharaja (also spelled maharajah) is Hindi as well as ancient Sanskrit for high king (a karmadharaya from maha great and rajan king). Its use is primarily for Hindu potentates (ruler or sovereign). ... Panoramic view of Jodhpur at night Jodhpur   (जोधपुर), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ... Marwar (मारवाड़) is a region of southwestern Rajasthan state in western India. ... A NASA satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India-Pakistan border superimposed is found in canada, united states. ...

The martyrdom of Amrita Devi

Amrita Devi protested against the Maharaja's men who were attempting to cut green trees as it was prohibited according to Bishnoi principles. The malevolent feudal party told her that if she wanted the trees to be spared, she would have to give them money as bribe. She refused to acknowledge this demand and told them that she would consider it as an act of insult to her religious faith and would rather give away her life to save the green trees. It is at that stage she spoke these words:

Sar santey rookh rahe to bhi sasto jaan (If a tree is saved even at the cost of one's head, it's worth it)

Saying these words, she offered her head. The axes, which were brought to cut the trees, severed her head. The three young girls Asu, Ratni and Bhagu were not daunted, and offered their heads too.

The Khejrali Massacre

The news spread like wildfire. The Bishnois of Khejrali gathered and sent summons to their counterparts in eighty-three Bishnoi villages in the vicinity to come and decide on the next course of action. Since the supreme sacrifice by Amrita Devi and her daughters had not satisfied the royal party, and the felling of green trees was continued, it was decided that for every green tree to be cut, one Bishnoi volunteer would sacrifice his/her life. In the beginning, old people voluntarily started holding the trees to be cut in an embrace as in the 20th Century Chipko Movement.

Despite many valiant old persons giving away their lives, the Hakim (the royal party's leader) , Girdhar Das Bhandari taunted the Bishnois that they were offering unwanted old persons. Soon, young men, women (including recently married ones) and children were sacrificing themselves in a similar manner.

There was intense pandemonium. The tree-felling party was badly shaken. They left for Jodhpur with their mission unfulfilled and told the Maharaja about what had happened. As soon as he learnt about it, he ordered the felling of trees to be stopped.

By that time, three hundred and sixty three (363) Bishnois, young and old, men and women, married and unmarried, rich and poor had already become martyrs.

Tree felling banned

Honouring the courage of the Bishnoi community, Maharaja Abhay Singh, apologised for the mistake committed by his officials and issued a royal decree, engraved on a copper plate ordering the following:

• All cutting of green trees and hunting of animals within the revenue boundaries of Bishnoi villages was strictly prohibited.
• It was also ordered that if by mistake any individual violated this order, he would be prosecuted by the state and a severe penalty imposed.
• Even members of the ruling family would not shoot animals in or near Bishnoi villages.

Although, Bishnois paid a huge price for saving a few trees, this incident had inspired, and will continue to do so in future, many others to fight and protect trees and wild life.

Trivia

• Bishnois are known to be very violent and aggressive in protecting trees and wildlife. It is said that if you are a hunter, then the worst thing that could happen to you is to be caught hunting by a Bishnoi.
• Unlike most Hindu communities, Bishnois bury their dead instead of cremating them. This is because of the strict prohibition on the felling of trees, the wood of which is required for cremation.
• In October, 1996, Nihal Chand Bishnoi sacrificed his life for protecting wild animals. A film, Willing to Sacrifice, based on his story won the award for the Best Environment Film at the 5th International Festival of Films, TV and Video Programmes held at Bratislava, Slovakia.

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Bratislava (see below for name alternatives), is the capital of Slovakia and the countrys largest city, with a population of some 450,000. ...

See also

• Guru Jambheshwar
• Khejarli
• For more details on Bishnois/Bishnoism, also see http://www.bishnoi.org ,
• http://bishnoi.in,
• http://bishnoi.co.in
• http://gurujambheshwar.com

Guru Jambheshwar Headline text Guru Jambheshwar (b. ... Khejarli or Khejadli is a town in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India. ...

References

BHAGWAN JAMBOJI BELONG TO PANWAR(PARMAR) ROYAL RAJPUT CLAN,THAKUR LOHAT JI PANWAR WAS HIS FATHER AND TH.HANSA DEVI WAS HIS MOTHER NAME.

• Dudi, Dharmpal Singh, Adhunik Jat Itihas
• Report in the Times of India dated June 18, 2005: "Bishnois put trees animals before self."

link title [1] [2] [3] The Common Man featured on a commemorative stamp released by the Indian Postal Service on the 150th Anniversary of the Times of India - 1988. ... A Kshatriya is a member of the military or reigning order, according to the law-code of Manu the second ranking caste of the Indian varna system of four castes, the first being the Brahmin or priestly caste, the third the Vaishya or mercantile caste and the lowest the Shudra. ... Ahir (a corruption of the word Abhir, fearless) is a subgroup of the Yadav caste of India. ... Gujars (also Gujjar, Gurjar, or Gurjara), today are members of a multi-ethnic group mainly inhabiting Punjab (Pakistan), Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab (India) and Gujarat, with some groups in Rajasthan and Haryana. ... Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Khasas are an ancient people, believed to be a section of the Iranians who originally belonged to Central Asia from where they had penetrated, in remote antiquity, the Himalayas from Central Asia through Kashgar and Kashmir and dominated the whole hilly region. ... Yadav is a Hindu caste which is referred to in ancient Hindu scriptures. ... The Arain (Urdu: آرائین) are a caste of farmers[1] settled in the Punjab[2] and Sindh [3] (Pakistan and India). ... The Arain (Urdu: آرائین) are a caste of farmers[1] settled in the Punjab[2] and Sindh [3] (Pakistan and India). ... Mian (Urdu: میاں ) is a particular title of nobility used in Punjab, Pakistan. ... Mehr , Mitra or Mithra is the Iranian scholar, symbol of Light, and a School of thought(the literal meaning of the name is kindness). ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... The Saraswat Brahmins claim descent from a Brahmin caste mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures as inhabiting the Saraswati River valley, the geographic location of which is unknown. ... The Brahmins of the Punjab region are chiefly Saraswat Brahmins. ... Mohyal (sometimes Muhiyal or Mahjal) is the name of an endogamous group of seven lineages arising from the Gandhara region, once a great center of Indian learning. ... Chhibber is a famous Brahmin clan from the Punjab. ... Datt or Dutt is a famous Brahmin clan from the Punjab. ... For other uses of the word Mohan, see Mohan Mohan is a famous Brahmin clan from the Punjab. ... Vaid is a famous Brahmin clan from the Punjab. ... In South Asias caste system, a Dalit; often called an untouchable; is a person of shudra; the lowest of the four castes. ... Punjab is the state in the Indian Union with the highest percentage of Dalits (27%). Dalits in the Punjab are Hindus as well as Sikhs, Ravidasis, Balmikis as well as Kabirpanthis. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Chamar ( from the Sanskrit Charmakara) is a prominent Dalit caste in India. ... Chura is a caste in India whose traditional occupation is sweeping. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A religious community in India which recognises Kabir as their Satguru or Prophet. ... A Mazhabi person is one belonging to the Dalit population of Punjab and Haryana in Northern India. ... NAI may mean: Network Associates, Inc. ... Har The members of the Ravidasi religion believe in Guru Ravidas or Raidas as their founding prophet. ... The Jats/Jatt race (IAST: Jāṭ, Hindi: ,Punjabi: , Urdu: ‎) of Northern India and Pakistan, are descendants of Indo-Aryan/Indo-Scythian tribes[1] [2] [3]. Jats from Punjab and Uttar Pradesh were designated by the British as a Martial Race (along with Rajputs, Gujjars, Pathans, and other groups in Northern... The Jats/Jatt race (IAST: Jāṭ, Hindi: ,Punjabi: , Urdu: ‎) of Northern India and Pakistan, are descendants of Indo-Aryan/Indo-Scythian tribes[1] [2] [3]. Jats from Punjab and Uttar Pradesh were designated by the British as a Martial Race (along with Rajputs, Gujjars, Pathans, and other groups in Northern... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Aulakh or Ola or Aula is a clan or gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. ... Bagri (Urdu: باگڑی) is a Jat tribe that mainly inhabits the Punjab region of Northern India and Pakistan and the Pakistani province of Sindh. ... Bajwa (Urdu: باجوہ) (Hindi: बाजवा) is a Jat gotra or clan. ... Bajya or Bajia or Bajyar is a gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana in India. ... Beniwal is a clan or gotra of jats in Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in India. ... Bhalli is a Jat Gotra (clan). ... Bhangu (Bhangoo) or Hira (Heer-Bhangu) is a Jat gotra or clan mainly found in the northern Indian state of Punjab. ... Barhaich or Varaich is a gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan and Punjab in India. ... Bhullar is a gotra found among the followers of all the three religions i. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Chahal is a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Alta Verapaz. ... Chatha (Urdu: چٹھہ ) is a Punjabi tribe that inhabits the western and central parts of Pakistans Punjab province. ... Saka (Scythian) horseman from Pazyryk in Central Asia, c. ... Chhillar or Chhikhara are gotra of Jats found in Haryana and Punjab in India. ... Deol is clan or gotra of Jats in Punjab, India. ... Deshwal is a gotra of Jats found in Punjab and Haryana in India. ... Dhariwal or Dharan is a gotra found in Jats and Brahmans in India. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Dhillon is a large and prestigious Jat surname found in Northern India. ... Dosanjh Surname Dosanjh is a surname with orgins in Punjab, India. ... Faujdar was a title awarded by Muslim rulers to people who had responsibility of protecting some territory. ... Gandhar is a gotra or clan of Jats found in Uttar Pradesh in India. ... Garewal or Gre-wal or Gaharwal is a gotra of Jats and Rajputs found in Punjab and Rajasthan in India. ... Gill (Punjabi: گل OR , Old Norse, Middle English: gil(l)) is a gotra or surname found in the Jat community in India. ... Gondal is a town about 40 km south of the city of Rajkot in the Rajkot District of Gujarat. ... Ghuman (Urdu: گهمن) is a gotra or clan of Jats found in the Pakistan and Northern Indian state of Punjab. ... GREWAL (pronounced: gurray-waal and anglicised to grey-wal) is one of the many last names of early Jat tribes that played an important historical role in Sikh history who later adopted Sikhism. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Hayer (Häyer, Häer, Heir, Haire) is an uncommon surname found within the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Jakhar is a gotra (lineage name) found in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, and in particular Rajasthan. ... // Jawanda Surname Jawanda is a Jat surname found in Northern India particularly in Punjab (India). ... Johiya is a gotra or clan of Jats found in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. ... Khirwar is a clan or gotra of Jats found in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh in India. ... Khokhar or Khokar is a gotra of Jats[rajput] found in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in India. ... Langah (Urdu: لنگاہ) is a Punjabi tribe in Pakistan. ... Maan or Mann is a gotra (clan) of Jats found in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in India. ... The Mahils were in Dehli but fell out with the Moguls and fled to Punjab where they settled in several villages. ... A Jat tribe (Gotra or Sub Caste) mostly found in Jhang, Multan and Sahiwal districts of Punjab. ... Malhi is a Jatt surname from the northern Indian state of Punjab. ... Manes is a Jat community of the Punjab region of Northern India and Pakistan Origin The Manes regard themselves as being the descendants of Manes, grandson of Raja Salvahan (Shalivahana) of Sialkot. ... Mehria or Meheria or Mehiwal or Mahe or Mahit is a gotra of Jats found in Punjab and Rajasthan in India. ... Nijjar is a Jatt surname from the northern Indian state of Punjab. ... Pannu is a gotra or clan of Jats found mainly in the northern Indian state of Punjab. ... Pama is a town located in the province of Kompienga in Burkina Faso. ... A clan name from the Punjab, India. ... Randhawa, (pronounced: rann-dhaa-waa and anglicised to ran-dhwa) is one of the many last names of early Rajput and Jat/Jatt warrior clans that played an important historical role in Sikh history by adopting Sikhism while other Rajput tribes fought against it. ... ... Majority of the Samra Jatt cast reside in the district of Jalandhar. ... Bhagat Singh was borh into a Sandhu Jat family Tara Sandhu is a Jat gotra or clan originally from the Northern Indian state of Punjab. ... Navjot Singh Sidhu, ex-cricketer and T.V. personality is a Sidhu Jat Sidhu (Punjabi: , ) is a prominent Jat/Jatt gotra or clan of the state of Punjab (India) in India. ... Takhar or Tukhar or Tushar is gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan in India. ... Takshak or Taxak is a gotra of jats found in India, Pakistan and Central Asia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tiwana is a Punjabi tribe that hails from the Punjab region of Northern India. ... Virk is a gotra of the Jat clan. ... Waraich is a one of the jatt tribes. ... The Khatris (From Sanskrit क्षत्रिय Kshatriya) are a Punjabi community that originated in the Potwar Plateau of Punjab. ... The Khatris (From Sanskrit क्षत्रिय Kshatriya) are a Punjabi community that originated in the Potwar Plateau of Punjab. ... Ahuja is a common family name (surname) among Hindu and Sikh Aroras from Punjab and Sind. ... Alreja (also Alrenja, Alrenga, Aneja) is an ancient and noble Hindu Arora family, originally from Mithankot, Rajanpur, Umerkot, Chacharan and the neighboring towns and villages on the banks of Indus river in the southwest part of Punjab, Pakistan. ... Aroras (or Aror-vanshis) are an urban mercantile community of the Punjab and Sindh. ... Bedi is a well known Khatri clan in India. ... Bhatia is a surname found mostly in North and West India. ... Chopra is a Punjabi Khatri family name. ... Dumra is a Punjabi Khatri surname. ... Maharaja Mahtab Chand of Burdwan, 1860 Kapoor (or Kapur) is the name of a clan of Hindus belonging to the Khatri caste. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Khullar is a Punjabi Khatri Hindu clan. ... Malhotra is a Khatri surname originating from the Indian region of Punjab, common with both Hindu and Sikh families. ... Mehra is a famous Hindu Khatri last name which originated in Punjab. ... Oberoi (also spelled Uberoi and Oberai) is a Khatri Hindu/Sikh clan made famous by the international Oberoi Chain of hotels founded by Mohan Singh Oberoi. ... Puri is a Khatri surname originating from the Potwar region of Punjab. ... Sehgal (sometimes written as Sahgal or Saigal) is one of the family names of the Indian subcontinent, from the the Khatri community. ... Sekhri is a well known Khatri (From Sanskrit क्षत्रिय Kshatriya) clan in India. ... Sodhi is a clan of the Khatri community in India. ... Sood is a last name of Khatri origin. ... The royal Rajputs (anonymous, c. ... The royal Rajputs (anonymous, c. ... Bhatti (Hindi: भाटी, Urdu: بھٹی) is a Rajput clan and is one of the largest tribes among Rajputs. ... Chadhar is a Punjabi tribe of India and Pakistan. ... Chauhan or Chahaman(a) is a clan that ruled parts of Northern India in the Middle Ages. ... The Chib Rajput (Urdu: چب ) are one of the most dominant warrior clans of Punjab in Pakistan. ... The Dogras are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia, with a population of 873,000. ... The Janjua Rajput (Urdu: جنجوعہ) are one of the most dominant royal warrior clans of Punjab. ... The Jarral Rajputs (also spelt Jiral, Jirral) are a prominent Muslim Rajput tribe of Azad Kashmir and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. ... Jaswal is a Rajput surname from North India and the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... Mountain range of Kashmir The Khakha Rajputs (also spelt Khaka, Kakha) of Kashmir of Azad Kashmir are a prominent Muslim Rajput tribe who came into this region since the 13th century. ... The Kharal a Rajput tribe living in Sandal Bar in the Punjab provice of Pakistan, claiming their descent from the Agnikula Rajput family. ... Mahnike is a sub-clan of the Chadhar clan of Rajputs and Jats. ... Manj is a sub cast of Rajput, specifically claiming to be Bhatti Rajputs. ... Minhas or Manhas is a Rajput clan originating from the Jammu region of the Indian Subcontinent. ... Mir (Urdu: مير) is a tribe in Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. ... Intermediate circular orbit (ICO), also called medium earth orbit (MEO), is used by satellites between the altitudes of low earth orbit (up to 1400 km) and geostationary orbit (ca. ... The Nauls are a tribe mostly native to the city of Jhang in Punjab (Pakistan). ... Noon (Urdu: نون) is a Punjabi tribe in Pakistan. ... The Ponwar (also Panwar or Pawar) are a Maratha clan that ruled the states of Chhatarpur, Dewas, Dhar, and Rajgarh in central India. ... The Pratiharas, also called the Gurjara-Pratiharas were an Indian dynasty who ruled kingdoms in Rajasthan and northern India from the sixth to the eleventh centuries. ... Parmara was a medieval Kingdom in Northern India. ... The Ranial and Dhamial Rajputs of the Punjab region are branches of the famed Janjua Rajput clan. ... This Article is about Hindu Rajput Rathores, thier religion, culture and hisory. ... The Jhang District (in green) in Punjab (Pakistan) Sial (Punjabi/Urdu: سیال) is a Punjabi tribe from the Jhang District of Punjab, Pakistan. ... Wattu (Urdu: وٹو) is a Punjabi tribe in Pakistan. ... Wejhwa is sub Tribe of Chadhar tribe. ... Wijhalke is a sub-clan or gotra of the Chadhar clan among Rajputs and Jats. ... For other uses, see Sheikh (disambiguation). ... Abbasi (Arabic:عباسی) is a prominent Muslim family name. ... Alavi (Arabic: علوي) is a Muslim family name denoting descent from Hadrat Ali cousin of Prophet Muhammad. ... Farooqi (also rendered as Farooqui, Faruki or Faruqi), is common family name signifying ancestory from Hadrat Umar ibn al-Khattāb (in Arabic, عمر ابن الخطاب), second Khalifa (Caliph) of Islam. ... Gardezi is a Muslim family name that denotes people from Gardez, the capital of Paktia province in Afghanistan. ... Gilani (or Jilani in Arabic for linguistic reasons) is a family name originating from Gilan, province of Iran. ... Hashemi (Arabic: ہاشمی ) is a clan of Meccan tribe Quraish (Arabic: قریش ) that the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to before he received the revelations of Islam. ... Osmani or Usmani or Othmani or Uthmani (Arabic: عثمانی) it is a common family name signifying ancestory from Hazrat Uthman (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان), third Khalifa of Islam. ... Quraishi (also rendered as Qoraishi, Koraishi or Kureishi), is a family family name claiming ancestory from Quraish (Arabic: ) tribe that Prophet Muhammad belonged to. ... Sayyid () (plural Saadah) is an honorific title often given to males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hassan and Husayn, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib. ... Shaikh (Arabic: شيخ ),(also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh or Sheikh) is a word in the Arabic language meaning elder of tribe, lord or a revered old man. ... Shaikh Siddiqui (Arabic: صدیقی ) is a word in the Arabic language meaning truthful. ... Siddiqui, (also rendered as Siddiqi, Siddighi, Seddighi or Siddiquie) (Arabic: صدیقی) is a common Muslim family name. ... For the Punjabi tribe called Tarkhan, see Tarkhan (tribe). ... The Tarkhan tribe inhabits the Punjab area of Northern India. ... A caste found in Northern India who are traditionally Blacksmiths. ... The Matharus (also spelt Matharoo) are a prominent Tarkhan clan found in Northern India. ... Nagi ) is a fictional character from the Tenchi Muyo! series. ... The Ramgarhia community are a group of Sikhs. ... The Virdis (also spelt Verdi, Virdee, Virdy) are a Tarkhan clan found in Northern India. ... Ahluwalias are a Kalal community from Punjab. ... Awan (Urdu: اعوان), a South Asian tribe, putatively of Arab origin, living predominantly in western and central parts of Punjab, Pakistan. ... Bakarwal (or Bakharwal) is a nomadic tribe based in the Pir Panjal and Himalayan mountains of South Asia. ... The Hindi word Bania is derived from the Sanskrit vanika (वणिक)or trader. ... The Dhangar caste is primarily located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. ... The location of Hazara relative to surrounding areas Gakhars or Ghakkars (Urdu: گاکھر ) are an ancient clan of Pakistan. ... Kalal is a caste found mainly in Punjab, India who are traditionally Blacksmiths. ... Labana or Lubana or Lobana, Vanjara and Sikligar are tribes which inhabit Punjab (India) and other parts of India. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... is a tribe living in Srgodha district Punjab Pakistan. ... Saini is the name of a caste of Indo-Aryan (Vedic Kshatriya) origin, a farming community spread across Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh in modern India. ... Sansi is a nomadic criminal tribe originally located in the Rajputana area of northwestern India but expelled in the 13th century by Muslim invaders and now living in Rajasthan state as well as scattered throughout all of India. ...