NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Briton

British people, or Britons,^[1] are a nation^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] or inhabitants of Great Britain^[7]^[8] or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories. In an historical context, the word is used to refer to the ancient Brythons, the indigenous inhabitants of most of Great Britain. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Zealand. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Location of the British Overseas Territories The British Overseas Territories are fourteen[1] territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_South_Africa. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cyprus. ... For the Cornish-English dialect, see West Country dialects. ... DgÃ¨rnÃ©siais, also known as GuernÃ©siais, Guernsey French, Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of Norman language spoken in Guernsey. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... JÃ¨rriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands. ... This article is about the Anglic language of Scotland. ... // Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Llanito (IPA: ) or Yanito is an Andalusian Spanish based vernacular spoken in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. ... This box: Anglicanism most commonly refers to the beliefs and practices of the Anglican Communion, a world-wide affiliation of Christian Churches, most of which have historical connections with the Church of England. ... Presbyterianism is a tradition shared by a large number of Christian denominations which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... British Americans are citizens of the British or partial British ancestry. ... Anglo-Celtic Australian is an ethnic or cultural category, used to describe the majority of Australians of North West European descent. ... Anglo-Africans are primarily associated with Southern Africa and British ancestry. ... A legal classification normally associated with Britains Overseas Territories. ... English Canada is a term used to describe either: one of the nations within Canada the English-speaking residents of Canada or the Canadian provinces which are majority anglophone, i. ... The Cornish people are a British ethnic group originating in Cornwall. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... Anglo-Irish was a term used historically to describe a ruling class inhabitants of Ireland who were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy[1], mostly belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. ... Ulster-Scots is a term mainly used in Ireland and Britain (Scotch-Irish or Scots-Irishis commonly used in North America) primarily to refer to Presbyterian Scots, or their descendents, who migrated from the Scottish Lowlands to Ulster (the northern province of Ireland), largely across the 17th century. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into PÄkehÄ. (Discuss) It has been suggested that PÄkehÄ be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... The Welsh are, according to Hastings (1997), an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language. ... For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ... British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom concerning British citizenship and other categories of British nationality. ... This article is about the British dependencies. ... Location of the British Overseas Territories The British Overseas Territories are fourteen[1] territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself. ... Brython and Brythonic are terms which refer to indigenous, pre-Roman, Celtic speaking inhabitants of most of the island of Great Britain, and their cultures and languages, the Brythonic languages. ... The indigenous peoples of Europe are those peoples identified as indigenous peoples, as per the modern global interpretation of that term. ...

Origins

Greek and Roman writers between the first century BCE and the first century CE describe the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as Priteni,^[9] the origin of the Latin word Britannic. Etymologicum Genuinum and Parthenius^[10] mention of Bretannus (the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Βρεττανός) as a Celt forefather of the Britons. It has been suggested that this name came from a Gaullish description meaning "people of the forms" referring to their practice of tattooing or painting their bodies using blue woad.^[11] By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a group name for the islands.^[12]^[13] However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain.^[14]^[15] The name became associated with the Roman province of Britannia and as the Romans failed to establish control of the Scottish Highlands the frontier was effectively drawn at the Antonine Wall, then around AD 200 at Hadrian's Wall. The post-Roman period brought a series of invasions, and in medieval Britain control of territory by Brythons became confined to Wales, Cornwall and Cumbria. The term Britannia remained in use as the Latin name for the island, and Historia Britonum claimed legendary British origins as a prestigious genealogy for Welsh kings, followed by the Historia Regum Britanniae which popularised this pseudo-history to support the claims of the kings of England. Research into the prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland is controversial, with differences of opinion from many academic disciplines. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For the asteroid sometimes (incorrectly) identified as Earths second moon, see 3753 Cruithne. ... Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople in the ninth century. ... Parthenius of Nicaea in Bithynia was a Greek grammarian and poet. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Gaulish is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became dominant in Roman Gaul. ... Binomial name L. Woad (or glastum) is the common name of the flowering plant Isatis tinctoria in the family Brassicaceae. ... Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... For other uses, see Britannia (disambiguation). ... Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A GhÃ idhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... The Antonine Wall, looking east, from Barr Hill between Twechar and Croy The Antonine Wall, remains of Roman fortlet, Barr Hill, near Twechar Location of Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Scotland and Northern England. ... Hadrians Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of modern-day England. ... Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an archaeologists label for the material culture of Britain in Late Antiquity. ... Medieval Britain is a term used to suggest that there is a unity to the history of Great Britain from the 5th century withdrawal of Roman forces from the province of Britannia and the Germanic invasions, until the 16th century Reformations in the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of... Brython and Brythonic are terms which refer to indigenous, pre-Roman, Celtic speaking inhabitants of most of the island of Great Britain, and their cultures and languages, the Brythonic languages. ... This article is about the country. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Cumbria (IPA: ), is a shire county in the extreme North West of England. ... The Historia Britonum, or The History of the Britons, is a historical work that was first written sometime shortly after AD 820, and exists in several recensions of varying difference. ... Genealogy (from Greek: Î³ÎµÎ½ÎµÎ±, genea, family; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: History of the Kings of Britain Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae (English: The History of the Kings of Britain) is a pseudohistorical account of British history, written around 1136. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

The genetic record of the British people is still a matter for debate. It has been commonly supposed that today only the Welsh and the genetic descendants of the Cornish Britons remain in the same locations as their Dark-Age and Medieval ancestors^{[citation needed]}. However, recent research suggests that the majority of persons in all regions of Britain are the genetic descendant of settlers from the Basque region, who arrived in Britain between 7500 and 15000 years ago.^[16] This article is about the country. ... The Cornish people are a British ethnic group originating in Cornwall. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...

During the years of Tudor rule in England and Wales, the idea of Britannia and the term British became increasingly politically important. This coincided with the assuming by King of England (and Wales) of the title of the King of Ireland in 1542 on to the personal union of the crowns of England and Scotland under James Stuart in 1603. It was during this period that the terms British Isles and British Empire were coined, but the kingdoms remained separate and British only became synonymous with a national civic identity with the formation in 1707 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the state that subsequently merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It in turn became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with the secession of what became the Republic of Ireland. For other uses, see Tudor (disambiguation). ... This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... The designation King of Ireland has been used during three periods of Irish history. ... The Union of the Crowns refers to the accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the thrones of England and Ireland, in March 1603. ... James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566â€“27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... For an explanation of terms such as Scotland, Wales, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom, see British Isles (terminology). ... This article is about the historical state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801â€“1927). ... â€œUKâ€ redirects here. ...

British Identity

In the United Kingdom

"Britishness" today

"Britishness" today is political concept that seeks to develop or more often define what it is to be British. The term is often associated with the British unionist tradition however the term Unionist is often associated with Northern Ireland and so Britishness is more often used. It can be seen however that Britishness evokes a range of responses and attitudes that make an exact definition elusive.^[17] The word Unionist, simply meaning one espousing a union, has a number of connotations, depending on context: Unionists are people in Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales who were historically in favour of uniting their nations into a United Kingdom, or who in modern times wish their nations to remain part... Unionism, in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and order of government of the Act of Union 1800 which had merged both countries in 1801 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

Most recently this concept has been used by Prime Minister Gordon Brown to initiate debate on British identity.^[18] Brown's speech to the Fabian Society's Britishness Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a British Day to celebrate.^[19] A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... For others with the same or similar names, see Gordon Brown (disambiguation). ... The Fabian Society is a British socialist intellectual movement, whose purpose is to advance the socialist cause by gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. ...

One focus can be seen in terms of celebrating the best of the United Kingdom. That is to stress that what unites the United Kingdom is stronger than the issues dividing it, such as support in Scotland for Scottish independence, international football loyalties, or growing signs of English revolt against distribution of funds to the Scottish Parliament. One of the central issues identified at the Fabian Society conference was how the English identity fits within the framework of a devolved United Kingdom. Does England require a new constitutional settlement for instance?^[20] This article is about the country. ... Scottish independence is a political ambition of a number of political parties, pressure groups and individuals within and outside of Scotland. ... A player (wearing the red kit) has penetrated the defence (in the white kit) and is taking a shot at goal. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... Look up Devolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

A tangible expression of the Government's initiative to promote Britishness was the inaugural Veterans' Day which was first held on 27 June 2006. As well as celebrating the achievements of armed forces veterans, Browns' speech at the first event for the celebration said: "Scots and people from the rest of the UK share the purpose – that Britain has something to say to the rest of the world about the values of freedom, democracy and the dignity of the people that you stand up for. So at a time when people can talk about football and devolution and money, it is important that we also remember the values that we share in common".^[21] There are 24. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Demographics

Historically, British was expounded as a meta-identity for all of the residents of Britain, the number of people in Great Britain identifying themselves as British, as opposed to their national identity, has been declining. For example, it fell in England from 63% in 1991-2 to 48% in 2003, in Scotland from 31% in 1974 to 20% in 2003, and in Wales from 34% in 1978-9 to 27% in 2003. As have those describing themselves as equally British and their national identity.^[23]

The 2001 UK General Household Survey (GHS) contained an element measuring the number of people describing themselves as British.^[24] The incidence of those willing to call themselves British in any sense is highest in England, but nowhere commands a majority. Interestingly, it does command a majority of non-White respondents (57%), compared to 45% White respondents. Furthermore, 51% of non-White respondents consider themselves British-only, whereas only 29% of White respondents describe themselves so.^[25]

Starting in the 2001 census, White Irish and White British were recognised as distinct ethnic groups in Great Britain. This distinction is avoided in the census of Northern Ireland, where White Irish and White British are combined into a single "White" ethnic group on the census forms. Naturally, numbers of those describing themselves as British in Northern Ireland are divided dramatically across community lines (approximate to religious differences between Catholic and Protestant). An Institute of Governance briefing in 2006^[28] described the division between the communities so: // Population 1,685,267 Place of birth Northern Ireland: 1,534,268 (91. ...

The 2001 UK census measured the numbers of Protestant in Northern Ireland to be 53% and Catholic to be 44%.

The Northern Ireland Life & Times Survey samples attitudes to nationality and ethnicity every year. The results of the 2006 survey suggest that 90 percent of Protestants in Northern Ireland regard themselves as British and 15 percent of Roman Catholics regard themselves as such; 71 percent of Catholics regard themselves as Irish and 3 percent of Protestants regard themselves as this; 6 percent of Protestants and 8 percent of Catholics regard themselves as both British and Irish. The total of people who regard themselves as British in Northern Ireland was 56 percent; as Irish 33percent; and as both British and Irish was 8 percent.^[27]

In 2006 however, the Life & Times survey omitted the categories Northern Irish, Ulster and Don't know from the question. The category for Northern Irish had attracted 21 percent in 2004 (25 percent of Catholics and 17 percent of Protestants).^[29]

Of those claiming to not be of any particular religion, 60 percent regarded themselves as British; 23 percent as Irish; and 12 percent as both.^[27]

Sensitivity around use of term

Whether someone refers to their nationality as English, Northern Irish, Scottish, Welsh, it does not necessarily mean that they do not also consider themselves British.^[23] For example, a person may consider himself British or Welsh, or equally British and Welsh, or mostly one or the other. However, even when given the widest common choice of options, some people still prefer to identify themselves as exclusively English (17%), Scottish (31%), Welsh (21%),^[23] or Northern Irish (21%),^[29] referring to aspects of their own culture and history which distinguish the nations of the United Kingdom from each other.^[30] . For the disagreement and different views on using the term British Isles, particularly in relation to Ireland, see British Isles naming dispute. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... This article is about the country. ... This article is about the country. ...

The use of the term is sensitive in some areas, particularly in Northern Ireland,^[31] and can vary in exact meaning depending on context and the author's personal prejudices.^{[citation needed]} Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

The term British is also used by naturalised immigrants and their descendants. By a slight margin it is the preferred term of non-White residents of the United Kingdom.^[32] Thus Black British is common usage, particularly in England, though less so in Scotland where such groups can be, for example, Pakistani Scots.^[33] See also: British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British, British Asian,Britsh Mixed Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. ...

Since partition of the island in 1922, British identity has become a source of division in Northern Ireland.

At partition, Unionists in what was to become Northern Ireland, identified as Ulstermen or -women and the contentious term, British Isles, was avoided by Unionist historians as much as it was by Nationalist ones.^[34]^[35]

Since the Troubles, there has been a doubling of those identifying as British within the Protestant community in Northern Ireland (rising to nearly 70%), while Ulster and Irish identity has collapsed among that group. There has been a 75% drop among Catholics of those identifying as British (from 20% down to 6%) in the same period, where Irish is the predominant identity (approximately 60%).^[36] High rates of intermarriage between nationalists and unionists following independence is attributed as the disappearance of British Unionist and Anglo-Irish identities in the Republic of Ireland, where the political implications of intermarriage are perceived as unimportant. In Northern Ireland, in contrast, with high degrees of housing, educational, political and community segregation, only 5% of marriages cross community divides.^[37] The people of Northern Ireland are British citizens, and individuals may choose to assert Irish citizenship also, if they so choose.

In Ireland

British identity has long been problematic in Ireland.^[38] Prior to the union with the Great Britain, British identity was never applied to Irish people.^[39] From an Irish perspective, regardless of religion or political persuasion, this status quo continued during the period when the whole island formed part of the United Kingdom,^[40] although a greater number of people on Great Britain began to describe Irish people as British during the same period.^[41] Since partition of the island in 1922, British identity has become a source of division in Northern Ireland.^[42] In the Republic of Ireland, British identity is never asserted and will almost certainly cause offense.^[43] A pejorative^[44] term, West Briton, has been in use since the 19th century, though not originally intended pejoratively, and was used by nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell British House of Commons in 1832: Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Before the 20th century, and the partition of the country, the aristocratic class identified themselves as Anglo-Irish rather than British. At partition, Unionists in what was to become Northern Ireland, identified as Ulstermen or -women and the contentious term, British Isles, was avoided by Unionist historians as much as it was by Nationalist ones.^[45]^[46]

Since the Troubles, there has been a doubling of those identifying as British within the Protestant community in Northern Ireland (rising to nearly 70%), while Ulster and Irish identity has collapsed among that group. There has been a 75% drop among Catholics of those identifying as British (from 20% down to 6%) in the same period, where Irish is the predominant identity (approximately 60%).^[47] High rates of intermarriage between nationalists and unionists following independence is attributed as the disappearance of British Unionist and Anglo-Irish identities in the Republic of Ireland, where the political implications of intermarriage are perceived as unimportant. In Northern Ireland, in contrast, with high degrees of housing, educational, political and community segregation, only 5% of marriages cross community divides.^[48] The people of Northern Ireland are jointly British and Irish citizens, and individuals may choose to assert either or both as they choose fit.

In the British overseas territories

The people of the British overseas territories are British by citizenship, and by either origins or naturalization. Along with their common British identity, each of them has its own distinct identity shaped in the respective particular circumstances of political, economic, social and cultural evolution history. For instance, in the case of the Falkland Islanders that is explained by Lewis Clifton, Speaker of the Falklands Legislative Council as follows: Location of the British Overseas Territories The British Overseas Territories are fourteen[1] territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself. ... â€œCitizenâ€ redirects here. ... A judge swears in a new citizen. ... It has been suggested that Speakers of the House be merged into this article or section. ... The Legislative Council has 10 members, 8 of which are elected every 4 years and 2 members ex officio. ...

In the Commonwealth

New Zealand

A significant number of New Zealanders are of British ancestry.^[50] As late as the 1950s it was common for New Zealanders to refer to themselves as ethnically British, such as when Prime Minister Keith Holyoake described Sir Edmund Hillary's successful ascent of Mt. Everest as "[putting] the British race and New Zealand on top of the world".^[51] New Zealand passports described nationals as "British Subject and New Zealand Citizen" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand Citizen".^[52] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into PÄkehÄ. (Discuss) It has been suggested that PÄkehÄ be merged into this article or section. ... The Right Honorable Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake, KG, GCMG, CH, QSO was a New Zealand politician. ... Edmund Hillary on the New Zealand 5 dollar note Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (born July 20, 1919) is a New Zealand mountaineer and explorer, most famous for the first successful climb of Mount Everest. ... This article is about the Alpine mountain. ...

While "European" identity predominates political discourse in New Zealand today, the term "British" is still used by some to explain aspects of cultural affiliaiton. Others see the term as better describing previous generations; for instance, journalist Colin James referred to "we ex-British New Zealanders" in a 2005 speech.^[53] It remains a relatively uncontroversial descriptor of ancestry. Colin James is a New Zealand political journalist and commentator. ...

In an interview with the New Zealand Listener in 2006, the opposition leader of that time Don Brash made the following statement; The New Zealand Listener is a New Zealand magazine, published by APN Holdings (the publishers of The New Zealand Herald). ... Dr Donald Thomas Brash (born 24 September 1940), a former New Zealand politician, served as the Leader of the Opposition and parliamentary leader of the National Party (the countrys main Opposition party at that time) from 28 October 2003 to 27 November 2006. ...

Geographic distribution

British Americans are citizens of the British or partial British ancestry. ... English Canada is a term used to describe either: the anglophone residents of Canada or the Canadian provinces other than Quebec and, sometimes, New Brunswick, in which French is an official language of the provincial governments. ... Anglo-Celtic Australian is an ethnic or cultural category, used to describe the majority of Australians of North West European descent. ...

United States

Many British Americans have ancestry in America that dates back to colonial times in the 17th and 18th centuries. Those who went to New England are known as Yankees. With their roots being in America for such a long period, many British Americans and a significant number of Irish Americans have begun to think of themselves ancestrally simply as "Americans." This is especially true in the South. In American society, hyphenated-Americanism prevails because so much of the population has relatively recent roots elsewhere - for those with ancestry of older immigrant descent, it becomes increasingly irrelevant. Image File history File links English1346. ... Image File history File links Scottish1346. ... Image File history File links Scotch_irish1346. ... Image File history File links Welsh1346. ... English Americans (occasionally known as Anglo-Americans) are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. ... Scottish Americans or Scots Americans are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in the northwest European nation of Scotland. ... Scots-Irish (formerly Scotch-Irish) is a term used to describe inhabitants of the USA and Canada of Scots-Irish (particularly Ulster-Scots) descent, who formed distinctive communities and had distinctive social characteristics. ... Map showing the population density of Americans who declared Welsh ancestry in the census. ... By county. ... The New York Yankees are a Major League baseball team based in The Bronx, New York City. ...

These figures make British Americans the largest "ethnic" groups in the U.S. and would have natuarally increased in population with more people of British origin even though the census stats seem to be decreasing in population. It is said to be around 35% of the United States total population with 1 in every 5 people is of British origin, even a higher percentage of the White American population. The term white American (often used interchangeably and incorrectly with Caucasian American[2] and within the United States simply white[3]) is an umbrella term that refers to people of European descent residing in the United States. ...

British emigrants and descent communities are found across the world, and in some places, settled in significant numbers. Countries with significant numbers of people of English, Scottish, Ulster (Scots-Irish) and Welsh ancestry or ethnic origin include the United States (particularly Utah, New England, New York, California, Virginia and the Southern States), Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i. ... The term Ethnicity redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... This article is about the state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Historic Southern United States. ...

See also

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... This article is about terms applied to people some of which are controversial. ... . For the disagreement and different views on using the term British Isles, particularly in relation to Ireland, see British Isles naming dispute. ... British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom concerning British citizenship and other categories of British nationality. ... In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with English population statistics. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Highly Skilled Migrant Programme. ... There are people from various ethnic groups who reside in the United Kingdom. ... See : List of English people List of Scots List of Welsh people List of Northern Ireland people List of Cornish people List of Black Britons List of British Asians List of British Jews Outwith UK Bermudians BV Islanders Falkland Islanders Gibraltarians Pitcairners St Helenians Turks & Caicos Islanders See also: List... // This is a list of Black Britons. ... This article describes demographic and genetic flows into and around European populations, as a product of human migrations. ...

References

^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2007
^ Todd, M. Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth
^ Bradshaw, B. (1998), British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533-1707, Cambridge University Press.
^ Colley, L. (2005), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Yale University Press.
^ Weight, R. (2003) Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940-2000, Pan Books
^ Ward, P. (2004), Britishness Since 1870 Routledge
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 9 December 2005.
^ Definition of Briton. Merriam-Webster Online
^ Snyder 2003, p. 12, 68
^ Patrhenius, Love Stories 2, 30 [1]
^ Cunliffe 2002, p. 95,Encyclopedia of the Celts: Pretani
^ O'Rahilly 1946
^ Snyder 2003, p. 12
^ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caeser's first invasion, using terms which from IV.XX appear in Latin as arriving "tamen in Britanniam", the inhabitants being "Britannos", and on p30 "principes Britanniae" is translated as "chiefs of Britain".
^ Cunliffe 2002, pp. 94-95 In Book 1 of his Geography Strabo uses the "B" spelling, in his other books he uses the "P" spelling: Cunliffe suggests this may have been an error by a scribe.
^ http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=7817
^ Citizenship and Belonging: What is Britishness?PDF (597 KiB) Ethos, November 2005
^ Brown speech promotes Britishness BBC News, 14 January 2006.
^ The future of Britishness Fabian Society, 14 January 2006.
^ New Britishness must resolve the English question Fabian Society, 14 January 2006
^ "Brown pinning his hopes on a new regiment", The Herald, 2006-06-27. Retrieved on 2006-10-15.
^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
^ ^a ^b ^c Devolution, Public Attitudes and National IdentityPDF (86.2 KiB) (2006) in Devolution and Constitutional Change, ESRC list of authors
^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
^ ^a ^b ^c Northern Ireland Life & Times Survey 2006
^ Constitutional Change and IdentityPDF (211 KiB), the Institute of Governance, 2006
^ ^a ^b Northern Ireland Life & Times Survey 2004
^ Gene Expression article February 2005
^ British? Irish? Or what? from Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland (1968 to the Present) CAIN Web Service (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
^ UK: 25% of ethnic minority Scots have tried drugs, The Herald, Glasgow, 02 November 2001
^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738
^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738

"... unionist usage [of the term British Isles] is now frequently less sensitive than previously, producing, especially in Northern Ireland, the ultimate oxymoron, the ‘British mainland’." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is an American dictionary of the English language published by Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969. ... Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational publisher in the United States. ... Merriam-Webster, originally known as the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is a United States company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Websters An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles Mackintoshs Glasgow Herald building, now The Lighthouse The Herald is a national broadsheet newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland, with an audited circulation of 71,000, making it the best-selling national Scottish broadsheet newspaper. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... The Economic and Social Research Council is the main UK state funding agency for research and graduate studies in the social sciences. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Charles Mackintoshs Glasgow Herald building, now The Lighthouse The Herald is a national broadsheet newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland, with an audited circulation of 71,000, making it the best-selling national Scottish broadsheet newspaper. ...
^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
^ Krishan Kumar, 2003, The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
^ John Morrill, 1996, The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain, Oxford University Press: Oxford
^ Krishan Kumar, 2003, The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
^ Krishan Kumar, 2003, The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
^ Jonathan Tonge, 2006, Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change, Polity: Cambridge
^ Bernadette C. Hayes, Richard Sinnott, Tony Fahey, 2005, Conflict and Consensus: A Study of Values and Attitudes in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, Institute of Public Administration: Dublin
^ Laura O'Connor, "Neighborly Hostility and Literary Creoles: The Example of Hugh MacDiarmid" in Postmodern Culture, Volume 15, Number 2, January 2005 (The Johns Hopkins University Press)
^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738
^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738

"... unionist usage [of the term British Isles] is now frequently less sensitive than previously, producing, especially in Northern Ireland, the ultimate oxymoron, the ‘British mainland’."
^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
^ Clifton, Lewis. The Falkland Islands: Self-government with an emerging national identity? News and Journal 2004, The 21st Century Trust. London, 1999. pp. 16-19.
^ Te Ara: New Zealanders: New Zealand Peoples: Britons
^ Population Conference 1997, New Zealand: Panel Discussion 3c - Population Change And International Linkages, Phillip Gibson, Chief Executive, Asia 2000 Foundation
^ Carl Walrond. 'Kiwis overseas - Staying in Britain', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 13 April 2007.
^ The Pacific-ation of New Zealand. Colin James's speech to the Sydney Institute, 3 February 2005. Accessed 2007-06-05.
^ New Zealand Listener: So who do we keep out?, Bruce Ansley, September 2-8 2006

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