NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bullfighting

Bullfighting or tauromachy (Spanish toreo, corrida de toros or tauromaquia; Portuguese tourada, corrida de touros or tauromaquia) is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, some cities in southern France, and several Latin American countries. Its origin is unknown, though it has been suggested that it was originally brought to Spain by the Visigoths^{[citation needed]}. A link to the old culture of Crete has also been proposed. Download high resolution version (2536x2115, 656 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2536x2115, 656 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Édouard Manet (portrait by Nadar) Édouard Manet (January 23, 1832 - April 30, 1883) was a noted French painter. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... A votive crown belonging to Reccesuinth (653â€“672) The Visigoths (Latin: ) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths being the other. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ...

The tradition, as it is practiced today, involves professional performers (in Spanish toreros or matadores, in Portuguese toureiros) who execute various formal moves with the goal of appearing graceful and confident, while masterful over the bull itself. Such maneuvers are performed at close range, and conclude with the death of the bull by a well-placed sword thrust as the finale. In Portugal the finale consists of a tradition called the pega, where men (Forcados) are dressed in a traditional costume of damask or velvet, with long knit hats as worn by the famous Ribatejo campinos (bull headers). Matador Antonio Barrera in the capote de paseo (dress cape) before a bullfight during the 2003 Aste Nagusia festival in Bilbao, Spain A torero (roughly bull handler) is the main performer in bullfighting events in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... For other uses, see Death (disambiguation), Dead (disambiguation), or Death (band). ... Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century Look up Sword in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Italian silk damask, 1300s. ... Swatch of black cotton velvet decorator fabric used for drapery Velvet is a type of tufted fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it its distinct feel. ... Ancient province of Ribatejo The Tagus river crossing Ribatejo. ...

Bullfighting generates heated controversy in many areas of the world, including Spain, where the "classic" bullfighting was born. Supporters of bullfighting argue that it is a culturally important tradition, while animal rights groups condemn it as a blood sport because of the suffering of the bull and horses during the bullfight. For the Wikipedia policy regarding controversial issues in articles, see Wikipedia:Guidelines for controversial articles. ... Animal liberation redirects here. ... For other uses, see Blood sport (disambiguation). ...

History

Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice. The killing of the sacred bull (tauromachy) is the essential central iconic act of Mithras, which was commemorated in the mithraeum wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. Many of the oldest bullrings in Spain are located on or adjacent to the sites of temples to Mithras.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Fresco of an acrobat on a bull with two female acrobats on either side {{Archaeological Museum of Herakleion}} File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Fresco of an acrobat on a bull with two female acrobats on either side {{Archaeological Museum of Herakleion}} File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Bull-leaping, fresco from the Great Palace at Knossos, Crete The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of knossos, crete. ... The worship of the Sacred Bull throughout the ancient world is most familiar in the episode of the idol of the Golden Calf made by Aaron and worshipped by the Hebrews in the wilderness of Sinai (Exodus). ... A sheep is led to the altar, 6th century BC Corinthian fresco. ... Tauromachy (tauromachia the killing of a bull) is a name for the cultural ritual of Bullfighting and also for the iconic central action of Mithras, the savior-god of Mithraism. ... This article or section contains too much jargon and may need simplification or further explanation. ... A mithraeum found in the ruins of Ostia Antica, Italy. ... Bullring in MÃ¡laga, Spain A bullring is the location where bullfighting is performed. ...

Bullfighting is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held as a warm-up for gladiatorial sports. Alternatively, it may have been introduced into Hispania by the Moors in the 11th century. There are also theories that it was introduced into Hispania a millennium earlier by the Emperor Claudius when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial games, as a substitute for those combats. The later theory was supported by Robert Graves. In its original Moorish and early Iberian form, the bull was fought from horseback using a javelin. (Picadors are the remnants of this tradition, but their role in the contest is now a relatively minor one limited to "preparing" the bull for the matador.) Bullfighting spread from Spain to its Central and South American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right. For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ... For other uses, see moor. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 â€“ 7 December 1985) was an English poet, scholar, and novelist. ... Picador is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers, a publisher owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ...

Another belief is that bullfighting as is in present times has its roots based largely in wars that occurred between Iberians and Moors. As history has it,^{[citation needed]} a common war strategy of the Moors was to set fire to the tails of bulls which would cause the herd to stampede into opposing armies in a frenzy. This tactic on the part of the Moors created a need to devise a way of overcoming the oncoming stampede on the part of the Iberian peninsula's previous inhabitants. According to this theory,^{[citation needed]} what we see today in modern bullfighting: swords, horses, Spanish style, muletas, facing the bull without weapons as is seen in Portugal's forcados, etc., was born from the necessity of survival in battles against the Moors. Download high resolution version (600x800, 61 KB)Bullring in Lima, Peru - the largest bullring in South America. ... Download high resolution version (600x800, 61 KB)Bullring in Lima, Peru - the largest bullring in South America. ... Image:Corrida de toros en la Plaza de Acho. ... This article is about Lima, Peru. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... Categories: Stub ... The Forcado is the third and final event in a typical Portuguese bullfight and it is a very old tradition. ...

Bullfighting was practiced by nobility as a substitute and preparation for war in the manner of hunting and jousting. Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the local plaza, where noblemen would ride competing for royal favor, and the populace enjoyed the excitement. In the 18th century, the Spanish introduced the practice of fighting on foot around 1726. Francisco Romero is generally regarded as having been the first to do this. As bullfighting developed, men on foot started using capes to aide the horsemen in positioning the bulls. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds. Thus the modern corrida, or fight, began to take form, as riding noblemen were substituted by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the Plaza de Armas, and later round, to discourage the cornering of the action. The modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to Juan Belmonte, generally considered the greatest matador of all time. Belmonte introduced a daring and revolutionary style, in which he stayed within a few inches of the bull throughout the fight. Although extremely dangerous (Belmonte himself was gored on many occasions), his style is still seen by most matadors as the ideal to be emulated. Today, bullfighting remains similar to the way it was in 1726, when Francisco Romero, from Ronda, Spain, used the estoque, a sword, to kill the bull, and the muleta, a small cape used in the last stage of the fight. Image File history File links Fresque_Mithra_Doura_Europos. ... Image File history File links Fresque_Mithra_Doura_Europos. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... â€œJoustâ€ redirects here. ... Plaza is a Spanish word related to field which describes an open urban public space, such as a city square. ... Francisco Romero (1700 - 1763) was a significant Spanish matador. ... The Plaza de Armas (Plaza of Arms) is the name for the main square in many Latin American cities. ... Cover of Time Magazine (January 5, 1925 Juan Belmonte y GarcÃa (April 14, 1892-April 8, 1962) was considered the greatest matador of all time, and he revolutionised the art of bullfighting. ...

Bullfighting has always been controversial in Spain and throughout history many of the ruling and better educated classes have considered it base and barbarous. Pope Pius V issued a bill titled De Salute Gregis in November 1567 which forbade fighting of bulls and any other beasts but it was abolished eight years later by his successor, pope Gregory XIII, at the request of king Philip II. Pope St. ... Pope Gregory XIII (January 7, 1502 â€“ April 10, 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope from 1572 to 1585. ... Philip II (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ) (May 21, 1527 â€“ September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England (as husband of Mary I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen Provinces (holding various titles for the...

During the 18th and 19th centuries there were several attempts to prohibit or limit bullfighting [1] but they proved impossible and it was during these two centuries that the bullfight acquired the form it has today. During the Franco dictatorship bullfights were supported by the state as something genuinely Spanish so that bullfights became associated with the regime and, for this reason, many thought they would decline after the transition to democracy but this did not happen. During this time the socialist governments have generally been more opposed to bullfighting, prohibiting children under 14 from attending and limiting or prohibiting the broadcast of bullfights on national TV. During the present (2007) socialist administration most bullfights are broadcast on regional TV stations. â€œFrancoâ€ redirects here. ...

The Spanish royal family is also divided on the issue, from queen Sophia who does not hide her dislike for bullfights [2], to king Juan Carlos who occasionally presides a bullfight from the royal box as part of his official duties [3][4] [5], to their daughter princess Elena who is well known for her liking of bullfights and who often accompanies the king in the presiding box or attends privately in the general seating [6]. ... Juan Carlos I (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso VÃctor MarÃa de BorbÃ³n y BorbÃ³n-Dos Sicilias; born January 5, 1938, Rome, Italy) is the reigning King of Spain. ... Her Royal Highness, Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (Elena MarÃa Isabel Dominica de los Silos de BorbÃ³n y de Grecia de Marichalar), styled HRH The Infanta Elena (born December 20, 1963, in Madrid), is the eldest daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen SofÃa, and third in...

Styles of bullfighting

Originally, there were at least five distinct regional styles of bullfighting practiced in southwestern Europe: Andalusia, Aragon-Navarre, Alentejo, Camargue, Aquitaine. Over time, these have evolved more or less into standardised national forms mentioned below. The "classic" style of bullfight, in which the bull is killed, is the form practiced in Spain, Southern France and many Latin American countries. For other uses, see Andalusia (disambiguation). ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47,719 kmÂ² 9. ... â€œNavarraâ€ redirects here. ... NUTS II Alentejo region. ... Shoreline of the Ã‰tang de VaccarÃ¨s For other uses, see Camargue (disambiguation). ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Atlantiques Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Statistics Land area1 41,308 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 6th) - January 1, 2006 est. ...

Spanish-style bullfighting

Spanish-style bullfighting is called corrida de toros (literally running of bulls) or fiesta brava (the ferocious festival). In traditional corrida, three toreros, or matadores, each fight two bulls, each of which is at least four years old and weighs 460–600 kg. Each matador has six assistants — two picadores ("lancers") mounted on horseback, three banderilleros ("flagmen"), and a mozo de espada ("sword page"). Collectively they comprise a cuadrilla ("entourage"). Starting a corrida (paseÃllo) Spanish-style bullfighting is called a corrida de toros (literally a running of bulls), or fiesta brava. ... Matador Antonio Barrera in the capote de paseo (dress cape) before a bullfight during the 2003 Aste Nagusia festival in Bilbao, Spain A torero (roughly bull handler) is the main performer in bullfighting events in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. ... Picador is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers, a publisher owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ...

The modern corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct stages or tercios, the start of each being announced by a trumpet sound. The participants first enter the arena in a parade to salute the presiding dignitary, accompanied by band music. Torero costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing, and matadores are easily distinguished by their spectacular "suit of lights" (traje de luces). Trumpeter redirects here. ...

Next, the bull enters the ring to be tested for ferocity by the matador and banderilleros with the magenta and gold capote ("dress cape").

In the first stage, the tercio de varas ("the lancing third"), the matador first confronts the bull and observes his behavior in an initial section called suerte de capote. Next, a picador enters the arena on horseback armed with a varas ("lance"). To protect the horse from the bull's horns, the horse is surrounded by a 'peto' — a protective cover. Prior to 1909, the horse did not wear any protection, and the bull would literally disembowel the horse during this stage.

At this point, the picador stabs a mound of muscle on the bull's neck, leading to the animal's first loss of blood. The manner in which the bull charges the horse provides important clues to the matador on which side the bull is favoring. If the picador does his job well, the bull will hold its head and horns lower during the following stages of the fight. This makes it slightly less dangerous while enabling the matador to perform the elegant passes of modern bullfighting.

In the next stage, the tercio de banderillas ("the third of flags"), the three banderilleros each attempt to plant two razor sharp barbed sticks (called banderillas) on the bull's flanks, ideally as close as possible to the wound where the picador drew first blood. These further weaken the enormous ridges of neck and shoulder muscle through loss of blood, while also frequently spurring the bull into making more ferocious charges.

In the final stage, the tercio de muerte ("the third of death"), the matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape (muleta) and a sword. It's a common myth that the color red is supposed to anger the bull, despite the fact bulls are colorblind (the real reason that a red colored cape is used is that any blood stains on it will be less noticeable). He uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes, both demonstrating his control over it and risking his life by getting especially close to it. The faena ("work") is the entire performance with the muleta, which is usually broken down into "tandas" or "series". The faena ends with a final series of passes in which the matador with a muleta attempts to maneuver the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The act of thrusting the sword is called an estocada. Categories: Stub ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ...

Occasionally, if the bull has fought bravely, and by petition of the public or the matador, the president of the plaza may grant the bull an indulto. This is when the bull’s life is spared and allowed to leave the ring alive and return to the ranch where it came from. However, few bulls survive the trip back to the ranch. With no veterinarian services at the plaza, most bulls die either while awaiting transportation or days later after arriving at their original ranch. Death is due to dehydration, infection of the wounds and loss of blood sustained during the fight.^[1]

Recortes

The conventional Spanish bullfight is mainly descended from the original Andalusian style where the cape was of prime importance. The Basque-Navarre style fell into a far second place and almost into oblivion but is now enjoying a resurgence in Spain where these events called "recortes" are very often shown on TV. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 528 pixelsFull resolution (1020 Ã— 673 pixel, file size: 131 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Goya The Speed and Daring of Juanito ApiÃ±ani in the Ring of Madrid 1815-16 Etching and aquatint, 245 x 355 mm Faithful reproductions of... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 528 pixelsFull resolution (1020 Ã— 673 pixel, file size: 131 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Goya The Speed and Daring of Juanito ApiÃ±ani in the Ring of Madrid 1815-16 Etching and aquatint, 245 x 355 mm Faithful reproductions of...

This style was quite common in the early 19th century and painter Francisco de Goya left some famous etchings depicting such events. This article is about Francisco Goya, a Spanish painter. ...

It is probable that these events will continue to grow in popularity^{[citation needed]} as they are less objectionable to those who find the suffering of the bull objectionable and they are less costly to produce as there are no horses, fancy dresses and other costly items. As of yet the performers are not professionals but this may change if the events continue to grow in popularity.

Portuguese

Most Portuguese bullfights are held in two phases: the spectacle of the cavaleiro, and the pega. In the cavaleiro, a horseman on a Portuguese Lusitano horse (specially trained for the fights) fights the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four bandeirilhas (small javelins) in the back of the bull. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 429 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 549 pixel, file size: 341 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 429 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 549 pixel, file size: 341 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // Horse breeds (1). ... For other uses, see Spear (disambiguation) and Spears (disambiguation). ...

In the second stage, called the pega (queso), the forcados, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The front man provokes the bull into a charge to perform a pega de cara or pega de caras (face grab). The front man secures the animal's head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued. ^[2] The Forcado is the third and final event in a typical Portuguese bullfight and it is a very old tradition. ...

The bull is not killed in the ring and, at the end of the corrida, leading oxen are let into the arena and two hey'campinos on foot herd the bull along them back to its pen. The bull is usually killed, away from the audience's sight, by a professional butcher. It can happen that some bulls, after an exceptional performance, are healed, released to pasture until their end days and used for breeding.

French

Since the 19th century Spanish-style corridas have been increasingly popular in Southern France where they enjoy legal protection in areas where there is an uninterrupted tradition of such bull fights, particularly during holidays such as Whitsun or Easter. Among France's most important venues for bullfighting are the ancient Roman arenas of Nîmes and Arles, although there are bull rings across the South from the Mediterrannean to the Atlantic coasts. The amphitheatre of Arles as photographed in May 1988 by Arjan de Weerd This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The amphitheatre of Arles as photographed in May 1988 by Arjan de Weerd This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. ... Coordinates Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-CÃ´te dAzur Department Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne (Subprefecture) Arrondissement Arles Canton Chief town of 2 cantons: Arles-Est and Arles-Ouest Intercommunality Agglomeration community of Arles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette Mayor HervÃ© Schiavetti (PS) (2001-2008) Statistics Altitude 0 mâ€“57 m (avg. ... This region consists of the southern part of France. ... The word Whitsun is another name for Pentecost It has that meaning in the following: Whitsun, a poem by Sylvia Plath The Whitsun Weddings, a poem by Philip Larkin A Whitsun Ale (esp. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ...

A more indigenous genre of bullfighting is widely common in the Provence and Languedoc areas, and is known alternately as "course libre," or "course camarguaise." This is a bloodless spectacle (for the bulls) in which the objective is to snatch a rosette from the head of a young bull. The participants, or raseteurs, begin training in their early teens against young bulls from the Camargue region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the course, an encierro — a "running" of the bulls in the streets — takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The course itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15–20 minutes, the raseteurs compete to snatch rosettes (cocarde) tied between the bulls' horns. They don't take the rosette with their bare hands but with a claw-shaped metal instrument called a raset in their hands, hence their name. Afterwards, the bulls are herded back to their pen by gardians (Camarguais cowboys) in a bandido, amidst a great deal of ceremony. The star of these spectacles are the bulls, who get top billing and stand to gain fame and statues in their honor, and lucrative product endorsement contracts. ^[3] Coat of arms of Provence Provence (ProvenÃ§al Occitan: ProvenÃ§a in classical norm or ProuvÃ¨nÃ§o in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... For the language called Langue doc, see Occitan language. ... Shoreline of the Ã‰tang de VaccarÃ¨s For other uses, see Camargue (disambiguation). ... NÃ®mes (ProvenÃ§al Occitan: Nimes in both classical and Mistralian norms) is a city and commune of southern France. ... For other uses, see Cowboy (disambiguation). ...

Another type of French bullfighting is the course landaise style, in which cows are used instead of bulls. This is a competition between teams named cuadrillas, which belong to certain breeding estates. A cuadrilla is made up of a teneur de corde, an entraîneur, a sauteur, and six écarteurs. The cows are brought to the arena in boxes and then taken out in order. Teneur de corde controls the dangling rope attached to cow's horns and the entraîneur positions the cow to face and attack the player. The écarteurs will try to dodge around the cow in the latest instance possible and the sauteur will leap over it. Each team aims to complete a set of at least one hundred dodges and eight leaps. This is the main scheme of the "classic" form, the course landaise formelle. However, different rules may be applied in some competitions. For example, competitions for Coupe Jeannot Lafittau are arranged with cows without ropes. A young razeteur flees from a bull, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A young razeteur flees from a bull, Arles, France Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Freestyle bullfighting

Freestyle bullfighting is a style of bullfighting developed in American rodeo. The style was developed by the rodeo clowns who protect bull riders from being trampled or gored by an angry bull. Freestyle bullfighting is a 70-second competition in which the bullfighter (rodeo clown) avoids the bull by means of dodging, jumping and use of a barrel. Competitions are organized in the US as the World Bullfighting Championship (WBC) and the Dickies National Bullfighting Championship under auspices of the Professional Bull Riders (PBR). It has been suggested that History of rodeo be merged into this article or section. ... A rodeo clowns job can be quite dangerous - here a rodeo clown is being gored by a bull. ... Bull Riding in Del Rio, Texas Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a large male bovine, and attempting to stay mounted for at least 8 seconds. ... Headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colo. ...

Hazards

Spanish-style bullfighting is normally fatal for the bull, and it is very dangerous for the matador. (Picadors and banderilleros are sometimes gored, but this is not common. They are paid less and noticed less, because their job takes less skill and, in particular, less courage.) The suertes with the capote are risky, but it is the faena that is supremely dangerous, in particular the estocada. A matador of classical style—notably, Manolete—is trained to divert the bull with the muleta but always come close to the right horn as he makes the fatal sword-thrust between the clavicles and through the aorta. At this moment, the danger is the greatest. A lesser matador can run off to one side and stab the bull in the lungs—and may even achieve a quick kill—but it will not be a clean kill, because he will have avoided the difficult target, and the mortal risk, of the classical technique. Such a matador will often be booed. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 386 pixelsFull resolution (2560 Ã— 1235 pixel, file size: 315 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bullfighting ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 386 pixelsFull resolution (2560 Ã— 1235 pixel, file size: 315 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bullfighting ... Édouard Manet (portrait by Nadar) Édouard Manet (January 23, 1832 - April 30, 1883) was a noted French painter. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 597 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 Ã— 603 pixel, file size: 191 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 597 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 Ã— 603 pixel, file size: 191 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Matador Antonio Barrera in the capote de paseo (dress cape) before a bullfight during the 2003 Aste Nagusia festival in Bilbao, Spain For other uses, see Matador (disambiguation). ... Manolete Manuel Laureano RodrÃguez SÃ¡nchez (July 4, 1917 in CÃ³rdoba, Spain - August 28, 1947 in Linares, Spain), better known as Manolete, was a famous Spanish bullfighter. ... The aorta (generally pronounced [eÉªËˆÉ”ËtÉ™] or ay-orta) is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...

Some matadors, notably Juan Belmonte, have been gored many times: according to Ernest Hemingway, Belmonte's legs were marred by many ugly scars. A special type of surgeon has developed, in Spain and elsewhere, to treat cornadas, or horn-wounds: they are well paid and well respected. The bullring normally has an infirmary with an operating room, reserved for the immediate treatment of matadors with cornadas. Cover of Time Magazine (January 5, 1925 Juan Belmonte y GarcÃa (April 14, 1892-April 8, 1962) was considered the greatest matador of all time, and he revolutionised the art of bullfighting. ... Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 â€“ July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ... This article is about the medical specialty. ...

The bullring has a chapel where a matador can pray before the corrida, and where a priest can be found in case an emergency sacrament is needed. The most relevant sacrament is now called "Anointing of the Sick"; it was formerly known as "Extreme Unction", or the "Last Rites". It is administered to Catholics who are in seriously ill or injured and in danger of death in the near future. Since bullfighting is a tradition in Spain and other Catholic countries, it is traditionally assumed that a matador is a Catholic. The traditional procedures don't allow for other possibilities, but special arrangements could be made by a matador who was willing to take the trouble—and to acknowledge his own mortality. This article is about religious workers. ... In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a rite that mediates divine grace, constituting a sacred mystery. ... Extreme Unction, part of The Seven Sacraments (1445) by Roger van der Weyden. ...

Although the course camarguaise does not end in the death of the bull, it is at least as dangerous to the human contestants as a corrida. At one point it resulted in so many fatalities that the French government tried to ban it, but had to back down in the face of local opposition. The bulls themselves are generally fairly small, much less imposing than the adult bulls employed in the corrida. Nonetheless, the bulls remain dangerous due to their mobility and vertically formed horns. Participants and spectators share the risk; it is not unknown for angry bulls to smash their way through barriers and charge the surrounding crowd of spectators. The course landaise is not seen as a dangerous sport by many, but écarteur Jean-Pierre Rachou died in 2003 when a bull's horn tore his femoral artery. Femoral artery and its major branches - right thigh, anterior view. ...

Cultural aspects of bullfighting

Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained, integral part of their national cultures. The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull. Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual which is judged by aficionados (bullfighting fans) based on artistic impression and command. Ernest Hemingway said of it in his 1932 non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour." Bullfighting is seen as a symbol of Spanish character. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 525 pixelsFull resolution (1350 Ã— 886 pixel, file size: 460 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bullfighting ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 525 pixelsFull resolution (1350 Ã— 886 pixel, file size: 460 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bullfighting ... Categories: Literature stubs | 1932 books | Ernest Hemingway works ... The culture of Spain has roots in Iberian and Latin influences, Catholicism, Moorish Islam, tension between the centralized Castilian state and its regions, and its minority peoples. ...

The bullfight is above all about the demonstration of style, technique and courage by its participants. While there is usually no doubt about the outcome, the bull is not viewed as a sacrificial victim — it is instead seen by the audience as a worthy adversary, deserving of respect in its own right. Bulls learn fast and their capacity to do so should never be underestimated. Indeed, a bullfight may be viewed as a race against time for the matador, who must display his bullfighting skills before the animal learns what is going on and begins to thrust its horns at something other than the cape. A hapless matador may find himself being pelted with seat cushions as he makes his exit.

The audience looks for the matador to display an appropriate level of style and courage and for the bull to display aggression and determination. For the matador, this means performing skillfully in front of the bull, often turning his back on it to demonstrate his mastery over the animal. The skill with which he delivers the fatal blow is another major point to look for. A skillful matador will achieve it in one stroke. Two is barely acceptable, while more than two is usually regarded as a botched job.

The moment when the matador kills the bull is the most dangerous point of the entire fight, as it requires him to reach between the horns, head on, to deliver the blow. Matadors are at the greatest risk of suffering a goring at this point. Gorings are not uncommon and the results can be fatal. Many bullfighters have met their deaths on the horns of a bull, including one of the most celebrated of all time, Manolete, who was killed by a bull named Islero, raised by Miura, and Paquirri, who was killed by the bull named Avispado. Islero was the name of the Miura bull that gored and killed the famous bullfighter Manolete. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In Spanish-speaking countries, when the bull charges through the cape, the crowd cheers saying Olé. If the matador has done exceptionally well, he will be given a standing ovation by the crowd, throwing hats and roses into the arena to show their appreciation. The successful matador will also receive one or two severed ears, and even the tail of the bull, depending on the quality of his performance. If the bull’s performance was also exceptional, the public may petition the president for a vuelta. This is when the crowd applauds as the dead bull is dragged once around the ring.

Some separatists despise bullfighting because of its association with the Spanish nation and its blessing by the Franco regime as the fiesta nacional. Despite the long history and popularity of bullfighting in Barcelona, that at one time had three bullrings,.^{[citation needed]} catalan nationalism played an important role in Barcelona's recent symbolic vote against bullfighting.^[4] However, even a former Basque Batasuna leader was a novillero before becoming a politician. â€œFrancoâ€ redirects here. ... Catalan nationalism, or Catalanism, is a political movement that advocates for an increased political autonomy of Catalonia, if not independence itself, from Spain and France. ... Language(s) Basque - few monoglots Spanish - 1,525,000 monoglots French - 150,000 monoglots Basque-Spanish - 600,000 speakers Basque-French - 76,000 speakers [4] other native languages Religion(s) Traditionally Roman Catholic The Basques (Basque: ) are an indigenous people[5] who inhabit parts of north-central Spain and southwestern... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Another current of criticism comes from aficionados themselves, who may despise modern developments such as the defiant style ("antics" for some) of El Cordobés or the lifestyle of Jesulín de Ubrique, a common subject of Spanish gossip magazines. His "female audience"-only corridas were despised by veterans, many of whom reminisce about times past, comparing modern bullfighters with early figures. Manuel BenÃtez PÃ©rez, born 4th May 1936 (probable date) in Palma del RÃo near CÃ³rdoba is known as El CordobÃ©s (The Cordobese), the famous matador of the 1960s, who brought to the bullring an unorthodox acrobatic and theatrical style, totally indifferent to his own safety. ... Confidential, July 1957 Gossip magazines, which featured scandalous gossip about the personal lives of celebrities, were at their peak in the 1950s. ...

Fin-de-siecle Spanish regeneracionista intellectuals protested against what they called the policy of pan y toros ("bread and bulls"), an analogue of Roman panem et circenses promoted by politicians to keep the populace content in its oppression. The phrase panem et circenses (bread and circuses) is attributed to Juvenal, a Roman satiric poet of the 1st century AD, to describe the primary pursuits of the Roman populace. ...

Popularity

A 2002 Gallup poll found that nearly 70% of Spaniards express "no interest" in bullfighting while the remaining 30% express "some" or "a lot" of interest. The poll also found significant generational variety, with over 50% of those 65 and older expressing interest, compared with less than a quarter of those 25–34 years of age.^[5].

Furthermore, bullfighting popularity varies a lot between different areas in countries like Spain or Mexico. In Spain, the fiesta is most popular in Andalusia and Madrid, while it has little following in Galicia or the Balearic Islands. In the Canary Islands, bullfighting is formally forbidden. For other uses, see Andalusia (disambiguation). ... Capital Madrid Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 12th 7 995 kmÂ² 1,6% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 3rd 5 964 143 13,5% 745,98/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Spanish Madrilenian madrileÃ±o/a Statute of Autonomy March 1, 1983 ISO 3166-2 M Parliamentary representation â€“ Congress seats... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official language(s) Spanish and Catalan Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th 4,992 kmÂ² 1. ... Anthem: ArrorrÃ³ Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th 7,447 kmÂ² 1. ...

Bullfighting and animal rights

Bullfighting is banned in many countries; people taking part in such activity would be liable for terms of imprisonment for animal cruelty. "Bloodless" variations, though, are permitted and have attracted a following in California, and France. In Spain, national laws against cruelty to animals have abolished most archaic spectacles of animal cruelty, but specifically exempt bullfighting. Over time, Spanish regulations have reduced the goriness of the fight, but only for the matadors and horses, introducing the padding for picadors' horses and mandating full-fledged operating rooms in the premises. In 2004, the Barcelona city council had a symbolic vote against bullfighting,^[6] but bullfighting in Barcelona continues to this day, against the majority of public opinion. It has been estimated that 70% of the attendees at Barcelona's Monumental bullring are tourists.^[7] Several other towns in Spain have banned bullfighting.^[8] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 327 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (454 Ã— 831 pixel, file size: 120 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bullfighting Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 327 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (454 Ã— 831 pixel, file size: 120 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Bullfighting Metadata This file contains additional... BogotÃ¡ (known officially in Spanish as BogotÃ¡ D.C., formerly SantafÃ© de BogotÃ¡ D.C.), is the capital and largest city in Colombia, with a population of roughly 7. ... Cruelty to animals refers to treatment which causes unacceptable suffering to animals. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... An operating theatre or operating room is a room within a hospital within which surgical operations are carried out. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001â€“08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ...

Bullfighting has been criticized by animal rights activists as a gratuitously cruel blood sport, because they believe that animals should not be tortured, killed or abused for entertainment. The bull suffers severe stress or a slow, painful death. A number of animal rights or animal welfare activist groups undertake anti-bullfighting actions in Spain and other countries. In Spanish, opposition to bullfighting is referred to as antitaurina. Animal liberation redirects here. ... For other uses, see Blood sport (disambiguation). ... Animal liberation redirects here. ... Animal welfare is the viewpoint that animals, especially those under human care, should not suffer unnecessarily, including where the animals are used for food, work, companionship, or research. ...

In August 2007, state-run Spanish TV cancelled live coverage of bullfights claiming that the coverage was too violent for children who might be watching, and that live coverage violated a voluntary, industry-wide code attempting to limit "sequences that are particularly crude or brutal." ^[9]

Encyclopedia > Bullfighting

Contents

History

Styles of bullfighting

Spanish-style bullfighting

Recortes

Portuguese

French

Freestyle bullfighting

Hazards

Cultural aspects of bullfighting

Popularity

Bullfighting and animal rights

See also

References

Further reading

External links