Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Burschenschaft German Burschenschaften (abbreviated: B! , plural: B!B! ) are a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities). Burschenschaften were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. Image File history File links Information. ...
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Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ...
A Studentenverbindung (the umbrella term that includes the Burschenschaften, Landsmannschaften, Corps, Turnerschaften, Sängerschaften, Catholic Corporations, Wingolf and Ferialverbindungen) is a German student corporation equivalent to fraternities in the US or Canada. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...
The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stÅdÄ“rÄ•, meaning to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ...
Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ...
History
Beginnings 1815- c. 1918 The first one, called Urburschenschaft (original B!), was founded on June, 12, 1815 at Jena as an association of all German university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas. Its original colors were red-black-red with a golden oak leaves cluster, which were based on the Lützow Free Corps. The colors were the basis of the German national colors. Even today, these colors are worn by many Burschenschaften. The Urburschenschaft was founded in 1815 in Jena, Saxony, in Germany. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
This article is about the German town of Jena. ...
Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...
The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stÅdÄ“rÄ•, meaning to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ...
Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ...
The Lützow Free Corps (German: Lützowsches Freikorps) was a voluntary force of the Prussian army during the Napoleonic Wars. ...
The Burschenschaften engaged in numerous social functions. However, their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. They were banned by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria when he issued the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees in 1819. Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein (May 15, 1773 – June 11, 1859) was an Austrian politician, statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era. ...
The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of social restrictions introduced in Germany by Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria on September, 20 1819. ...
Many Burschenschafter took part in the Hambacher Fest in 1832 and the democratic Revolution in 1848/49. After this revolution had been suppressed, plenty of leading Burschenschafter, such as Friedrich Hecker and Carl Schurz, went abroad. After the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the Burschenschaften movement faced a severe crisis, as one major goal had been attempted to some extent - German unification. In the 1880s, a renaissance movement, the Reformburschenschaften, led by the ideas of Küster, raised and many new B!B! were founded. Procession to Hambach Castle The Hambacher Fest was a national democratic festival, similar to the Wartburg festival of 1817, celebrated at Hambach Castle near Neustadt an der Weinstraße (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), on May 27-May 30, 1832 with about 30 000 participants. ...
Carl Schurz Carl Schurz (March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionist, American statesman and reformer, and Union Army general in the American Civil War. ...
1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
1918-1945 In 1935, all Burschenschaften were dissolved by the Nazi government and transformed and fused with other Studentenverbindungen into so-called Kameradschaften (comradeships). Both some Nazis (e.g. Ernst Kaltenbrunner) and Nazi opponents (Karl Sack) were members of Burschenschaften. SS-Obergruppenführer Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner Ernst Kaltenbrunner (October 4, 1903 – October 16, 1946) was a senior Nazi official during World War II. He was executed for war crimes and crimes against humanity. ...
German jurist and resister 1896-1945 Karl Sack (born June 9, 1896 in Bosenheim (now Bad Kreuznach), executed April 9, 1945 in Flossenbürg concentration camp) was a German jurist and member of the resistance movement during World War II. Karl Sack studied law in Heidelberg and after an time...
Postwar In the 1950s, most B!B! were refounded and some of them had to be transferred into other cities, since Germany lost great parts of its territories after the Second World War. The allied victors had forbidden refounding B!B! originally, but this could not be upheld. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Burschenschaften, as many other student fraternities, underwent a crisis: a lack of new members and strong attacks by the liberal student community due alleged Neo-Nazi affiliations. In the 1990s, however, these attacks decreased in frequency.
Today Roughly 160 Burschenschaften still exist today and most of them are organised in the 'Deutsche Burschenschaft'-organisation in the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria. The are also some Burschenschaften in Chile, organized in the BCB (Bund Chilenischer Burschenschaften), in contact with the German and Austrian organizations. Most Burschenschaften are pflichtschlagend, i.e. their members must absolve a number of Mensuren. Academic fencing is still an important part of their self-understanding as well as political education. Academic fencing or Mensur fencing is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by certain types of Studentenverbindungen in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. ...
Former US interior secretary Carl Schurz was a famous Burschenschafter. Carl Schurz Carl Schurz (March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionist, American statesman and reformer, and Union Army general in the American Civil War. ...
Controversy Burschenschaften in general are often accused of being at the extreme right end of the political spectrum. It is affirmed that members of Burschenschaften are often affiliated with conservative parties. Burschenschaften themselves do not tend to a single party or group of parties.
See also // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ...
External links - English information about the German Burschenschaften
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