NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Canadian Armed Forces

The Canadian Forces (CF) (Fr: Forces canadiennes (FC)) are the combined branches of the military of Canada. The Canadian Forces are comprised of: the Canadian Forces Land Force Command, (which is the army branch); the Canadian Forces Maritime Command, (the naval branch); and the Canadian Forces Air Command, (the air force branch). This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Canadian dollar, CAD or C$, is the unit of currency of Canada. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ( This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Canadian Forces Land Force Command (LF) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. ... The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. ... The Leopard is the primary post-WWII German tank design, a design that has been in use as the primary main battle tank for most European countries in various versions since the early 1960s. ... A Warrior vehicle with UN markings, during the making of the eponymous film. ... The M113, one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the Vietnam War Armoured personnel carriers (APCs) are light armoured fighting vehicles for the transport of infantry. ... ( This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Flag ship HMCS Algonquin, HMCS , and HMCS Protecteur. ... HMS Vanguard, a Vanguard class nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) submarine HMCS Windsor, a Victoria class diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine HMAS Rankin, a Collins class diesel-electric guided missile (SSG) submarine USS Virginia, a Virginia class nuclear attack (SSN) submarine A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate... USS Lassen, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range attackers (originally torpedo boats, later submarines and aircraft). ... Frigate is a name which has been used for several distinct types of warships at different times. ... ( This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... A McDonnell-Douglas CF-18A/B Hornet The CH-149 Cormorant Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM) is the air force branch of the Canadian Armed Forces. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... Canadian Forces Land Force Command (LF) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. ... Army (from French armÃ©e) can, in some countries, refer to any armed force. ... Flag ship HMCS Algonquin, HMCS , and HMCS Protecteur. ... A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... A McDonnell-Douglas CF-18A/B Hornet The CH-149 Cormorant Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM) is the air force branch of the Canadian Armed Forces. ... An air force is a military organization that primarily operates in air-based war. ...

The Canadian Forces was formed on February 1, 1968, when the Government of Canada merged the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force into a unified structure. Canada remains one of the few modern military forces in the world to be organized like this. February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... System of government Canada is a constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth Realm (see Monarchy in Canada) with a federal system of parliamentary government, and strong democratic traditions. ... The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 until 1968 when the three branches of the Canadian military were merged into the Canadian Armed Forces. ... The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) was the air force of Canada from 1924 until 1968 when the three branches of the Canadian military were merged into the Canadian Armed Forces. ...

The Commander-in-Chief of Canadian Forces is the Queen of Canada. Also, the Governor-General of Canada, being the Queen's representative in Canada, has the powers of the Commander-in-Chief of Canadian Forces. The military head of the Canadian Forces is the Chief of Defence Staff (Canada). The cabinet post in charge of the Canadian Forces is the Minister of National Defence (MND). Although the HM Queen Elizabeth II is the Colonel-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces, the Governor General of Canada in the name of the Queen is the official and cermonial head of the Canadian Forces. ... Elizabeth II in an official portrait as Queen of Canada (on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee in 2002, wearing the Sovereigns badges of the Order of Canada and the Order of Military Merit) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) (born 21 April 1926), styled HM The... The Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada, normally simply known as the Governor General of Canada in French, Gouverneur(e) général(e) is the Canadian representative of the monarch (presently Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II). ... Although the HM Queen Elizabeth II is the Colonel-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces, the Governor General of Canada in the name of the Queen is the official and cermonial head of the Canadian Forces. ... The Canadian Forces (CF) (Fr: Forces canadiennes (FC)) are the combined branches of the military of Canada. ... The Chief of the Defence Staff is the senior member of the Canadian Forces and reports directly to the Minister of National Defence. ... The Minister of National Defence is the Canadian politician within the Cabinet of Canada responsible for the Department of National Defence which oversees the military of Canadas Canadian Forces. ...

The Canadian Forces are headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. Canadian Forces serve in NATO exercises, and in support of United Nations peacekeeping efforts. Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Advance Ottawa/Ottawa en avant City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canadas Location. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 kmÂ² (4th) â€¢ Land 917,741 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 158,654 kmÂ² (14. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4... The examples and perspective in this article do not represent a worldwide view. ...

History

See main article at: Military history of Canada The military history of Canada comprises millennia of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, and the role of the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide. ...

Early days

Canadian troops in colonial times served as regular members of British forces and in local militia groups. After Confederation in 1867, Canada's forces remained under British command until the turn of the 20th century. Canadian militia defended their homeland in the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and in the Fenian Raids. A Canadian expeditionary force assisted Britain in the Boer War. The American Revolution is the series of events, ideas, and changes that resulted in the political separation of thirteen colonies in North America from the British Empire and the creation of the United States of America. ... The War of 1812 was a conflict fought on land in North America and at sea around the world between the United States and United Kingdom from 1812 to 1815. ... The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts, customs posts and other targets in Canada in order to bring pressure on Britain to withdraw from Ireland, between 1866 and 1871. ... Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War There were two Boer wars, one from December 16, 1880-March 23, 1881 and the second from October 11, 1899-May 31, 1902 both between the British and the settlers of Dutch, French and German origin (called Boers, Afrikaners or Voortrekkers) in South...

The Canadian Forces date to the War of 1812 when Canadian militia units were formed to assist in defending British North America from the invasions by the United States. The Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910 and the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924. By 1763, British North America included 19 British colonies and territories on the continent of North America. ... 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Canadian soldiers, sailors and aviators came into their own through conspicuous service in World War I, World War II and the Korean War. World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations and... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... The Korean War (Korean: í•œêµì „ìŸ/éŸ“åœ‹æˆ°çˆ), from June 25, 1950 to cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (technically speaking, the war has not yet ended), was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ...

Operations

The Canadian Forces or its component regiments have fought in the War of 1812, the Fenian Raids (1866-1871), North-West Rebellion (1885), the Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the First Gulf War, and have contributed to UN and other peacekeeping missions and undeclared wars, notably the Suez Crisis, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, and the War on Terrorism (Afghanistan). Canada is a charter member of NATO and a member of the North American Air Defence treaty (NORAD). Image File history File links Canadian soldiers from 3PPCLI move into the hills to search for Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters after an air assault onto an objective north of Qualat, Afghanistan. ... Image File history File links Canadian soldiers from 3PPCLI move into the hills to search for Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters after an air assault onto an objective north of Qualat, Afghanistan. ... The War of 1812 was a conflict fought on land in North America and at sea around the world between the United States and United Kingdom from 1812 to 1815. ... The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts, customs posts and other targets in Canada in order to bring pressure on Britain to withdraw from Ireland, between 1866 and 1871. ... The Battle of Batoche begins The North-West Rebellion (or North-West Resistance or the Saskatchewan Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful attempt by the MÃ©tis people of Saskatchewan to establish their own sovereign nation independent of the Dominion of Canada. ... Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War There were two Boer wars, one from December 16, 1880-March 23, 1881 and the second from October 11, 1899-May 31, 1902 both between the British and the settlers of Dutch, French and German origin (called Boers, Afrikaners or Voortrekkers) in South... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations and... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... The Korean War (Korean: í•œêµì „ìŸ/éŸ“åœ‹æˆ°çˆ), from June 25, 1950 to cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (technically speaking, the war has not yet ended), was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... See also: 2003 invasion of Iraq and Gulf War (disambiguation) C Company, 1st Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK Armoured Division The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. ... Combatants Israel, France, United Kingdom Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan (CoS of the IDF), General Sir Charles Keightley (C-in-C), Vice-Admiral Pierre Barjot (Deputy) Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 45,000 British, 34,000 French, 175,000 Israeli 300,000 Egyptians Casualties 200 Israelis, 107 British, 43 French dead or... Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... George W. Bush. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4... NORAD is short for: North American Aerospace Defense Command Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge in World War I and, in World War II, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Normandy Landings, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, and the strategic bombing of German cities. At the end of World War II Norway and the part of the Netherlands North of the rivers Rhine and Lek were liberated almost solely by the Canadian Forces from the Nazi-German occupying forces. After restoring law and order they left the countries within several months. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was one of the opening battles in a larger British campaign of the First World War known as the Battle of Arras. ... Dieppes pebble beach and cliff immediately following the raid on 19 August 1942. ... The Battle of Ortona (December 20, 1943 to December 27, 1943) was a small yet extremely fierce battle fought between German FallschirmjÃ¤ger (paratroops), and assaulting Canadians forces from the 1st Canadian Division. ... The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German forces occupying Western Europe and the invading Allied forces as part of the larger conflict of World War II. Sixty years later, the Normandy invasion, codenamed Operation Overlord, remains the largest seaborne invasion in history, involving almost three million... The Battle of the Scheldt was a military operation which took place in northern Belgium and south-western Netherlands during the Second World War. ... A major campaign of World War II, the Battle of Britain is the name for the attempt by Germanys Luftwaffe the German airforce to gain air superiority of British airspace and the Royal Air Force (RAF). ... HMS Repulse (British battlecruiser, 1916-1941) leading HMS Renown and other ships during maneuvers. ... Strategic Bombing during World War II was unlike anything the world had previously witnessed. ...

Since 1947, the CF has undertaken 73 operations worldwide. In 2002, nearly 3000 Canadian troops were on active duty in 11 additional operations including the international war on terrorism in Afghanistan and the NATO stabilization force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Categories: Historical stubs | History of Bosnia and Herzegovina ...

Canadian regular and reserve troops are a visible and respected force at home as well. In 2001 alone, the Canadian Forces responded to more than 8,000 search and rescue incidents and helped to save more than 4,500 lives.

Postwar developments

At the end of World War II, Canada possessed the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded (conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2400 conscripts actually made it into battle). Defence spending and personnel remained high during the early years of Cold War, but began to decline in the 1960s and 1970s as the perceived threat from the Warsaw Pact diminished. Throughout the 1990s, successive budget cuts forced further reductions in the personnel, number of bases, and fighting ability of the Canadian Forces. Sizable Canadian air and land forces were maintained in West Germany under NATO command from the end of World War II until the early 1990s. For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ... Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

Modern reorganization

Unlike the armed forces of Canada's closest allies -- the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and New Zealand -- the Canadian Forces is a single organization with a unified command structure. "The March 1964 White Paper on Defence outlined a major restructuring of the separate services. The White Paper described a reorganization that would include the integration of operations, logistics support, personnel and administration of the separate services under a functional command system."[2] March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ...

On February 1, 1968, Bill C-243, The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act became law and the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) were combined into one service - the Canadian Forces. While unification was ostensibly undertaken for cost savings, it has also been suggested that Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Defence Minister Paul Hellyer did not care for the traditions behind each service and that the new Canadian Forces (in Canada's post-war modernist fashion) was easily translated to French and eliminated inconvenient monarchist references during a contentious period in Canadian history. The reorganization has been criticized, for example by J. L. Granatstein in Who Killed the Canadian Military? Image File history File links Airbone_cadets_large. ... Image File history File links Airbone_cadets_large. ... Airborne means carried by air, (e. ... This article refers to the general definition of cadet. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 until 1968 when the three branches of the Canadian military were merged into the Canadian Armed Forces. ... The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) was the air force of Canada from 1924 until 1968 when the three branches of the Canadian military were merged into the Canadian Armed Forces. ... The Right Honourable Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC, CC, CH, QC, MA, LL.D, FRSC (October 18, 1919 â€“ September 28, 2000) was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 3, 1979, and from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984. ... The Honourable Paul Theodore Hellyer, PC (born August 6, 1923 in Waterford, Ontario) is a Canadian politician and commentator who has had a long and varied career. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... Jack Lawrence Granatstein (born 1939) is a prolific and renowned Canadian historian who specializes in political and military history. ...

The Canadian Forces remains a single service, but each member belongs to one of three "environments": navy, army, or air. The environment is usually determined by the individual member's trade: for example, a pilot is automatically in the air environment. However, for environmentally non-specific or "purple" trades, such as medical technician or military police, the environment is assigned more or less at random. The environment remains unchanged throughout the member's career, regardless of the member's unit or base.

Command structure

Land Force Command (LF)

Canadian army brigades are administered through four geographically determined area commands: Canadian Forces Land Force Command (LF) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... The Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD) is an armoured dragoon regiment of the Canadian Army. ...

In each command (except Atlantic), regular force troops comprising a mechanized brigade group (CMBG) are supported by reserve forces in nine brigade groups. Regular forces in the Atlantic command are based in the Combat Training School at CFB Gagetown. Land Force Atlantic Area is responsible for army operations of Canadian Forces Land Force Command in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. ... Land Force Quebec Area (LFQA) is responsible for all Canadian army operations and administration in the region within the province of Quebec. ... Land Force Central Area (LFCA) is responsible for all Canadian army operations and administration in the province of Ontario, from the Quebec border to the northern Lakehead region. ... Land Force Western Area is responsible for all Canadian army operations and administration in western Canada from the northern Lakehead region of Ontario to the Pacific Ocean. ...

Each brigade contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers and three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), as well as a service battalion (logistics), a headquarters/signals squadron, and several minor organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are collocated with each brigade but not part of the brigade's command structure.

Major training establishments and non-brigaded troops exist at CFB Gagetown and ASU St-Jean (now attached to CFB Montreal.) Well-known regiments in the army include Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) and Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry in 1 Brigade, The Royal Canadian Regiment in 2 Brigade, and the Royal 22^e Régiment or the "Van Doos" in 5 Brigade. Each area also has an Area Training Centre. Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, also referred to as CFB Gagetown, is a large Canadian Forces Base located in southwestern New Brunswick. ... Lord Strathconas Horse (Royal Canadians) (LdSH [RC]) is a regular armoured regiment of the Canadian Forces. ... Cap Badge Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry is one of the most decorated regiments in the Canadian Armed Forces. ... Crest of the Royal Canadian Regiment The Royal Canadian Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Canadian Forces. ... Badge of Le Royal 22e RÃ©giment The Royal 22e RÃ©giment is an infantry regiment and the most famous francophone organization of the Canadian Forces. ...

Maritime Command (MARCOM)

Canada's naval forces are deployed in two fleets, Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at CFB Halifax on the east coast. There is no permanent naval presence on the Arctic coast at this time. The Canadian fleet comprises: Flag ship HMCS Algonquin, HMCS , and HMCS Protecteur. ... © This image is copyrighted. ... © This image is copyrighted. ... The HMCS Halifax is the lead ship of the Halifax-class line of frigates, the culmination of the Canadian Patrol Frigate project which began in 1977. ... CFB Esquimalt is Canadas West Coast (Pacific) naval base. ... Canadian Forces Base Halifax (CFB Halifax) is the name for an amalgamation of Canadian Armed Forces properties located in the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia. ...

The Halifax Class Multi-Role Patrol Frigate (hull designation FFH) is a class of Canadian Navy frigates launched between 1992 and 1996. ... Frigate is a name which has been used for several distinct types of warships at different times. ... Iroquois-class destroyers are helicopter-carrying, anti-submarine warfare destroyers of the Canadian Navy. ... USS Lassen, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range attackers (originally torpedo boats, later submarines and aircraft). ... HMCS Moncton, a Canadian Kingston Class Patrol Vessel The Kingston class consists of 12 naval vessels of Canadian Forces Maritime Command constructed under the Maritime Coastal Defense Vessel (MCDV) project. ... Protecteur-class Auxiliary Oiler Replenishment (AOR) ships are used by the Canadian Navy to resupply ships at sea with food, munitions, fuel and spare parts. ... The Victoria class consists of four diesel-powered Canadian Navy submarines acquired from the Royal Navy (formerly known as the Upholder class) and replacing the old Oberon-class subs. ... HMS Vanguard, a Vanguard class nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) submarine HMCS Windsor, a Victoria class diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine HMAS Rankin, a Collins class diesel-electric guided missile (SSG) submarine USS Virginia, a Virginia class nuclear attack (SSN) submarine A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate...

Air Force Command (AIRCOM)

Canada's air force is deployed at 13 bases across Canada under the overall direction of 1 Canadian Air Division and constitutes the Canadian NORAD Region. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador while administrative and command-control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is based in Geilenkirchen, Germany. Wings vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand. A McDonnell-Douglas CF-18A/B Hornet The CH-149 Cormorant Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM) is the air force branch of the Canadian Armed Forces. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... The NORAD shield. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 kmÂ² (5th) â€¢ Land 925,186 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 19,549 kmÂ² (2. ... Motto: Fortis et Liber (Strong and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ralph Klein (PC) Area 661,848 kmÂ² (6th) â€¢ Land 642,317 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 19,531 kmÂ² (2. ... Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (From many peoples, strength) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Lieutenant-Governor Lynda M. Haverstock Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Area 651,036 kmÂ² (7th) â€¢ Land 591,670 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 59,366 kmÂ² (9. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 kmÂ² (4th) â€¢ Land 917,741 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 158,654 kmÂ² (14. ... The first European explorer of what is now Quebec was Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in the GaspÃ© in 1534 or at Old Fort Bay on the Lower North Shore and sailed into the St. ... | TotalArea = 55,283 | LandArea = 53,338 | WaterArea = 1,946 | PercentWater = 3. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital St. ... Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Unum Cum Virtute Multorum (One With the Strength of Many) City of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canadas Location. ... North Bay (46Â°32â€² N 79Â°46â€² W, time zone EST) is a city in Northeastern Ontario, Canada (2001 population 52,771). ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4...

Canadian Forces reserve force

The CF reserve force is comprised of the Primary and Supplementary Reserves, the Canadian Rangers and the Cadet Instructor Cadre and is represented, though not commanded, at the national level by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets (a Major General or Rear Admiral). Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ...

Primary Reserve The primary reserve is comprised of citizen soldiers, sailors, and aircrew who train and are posted to CF operations or duties on a casual or on-going basis. Each reserve force is operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command. Reservists number approximately 23,000 (all ranks, all services). The CF maintains a "total force" policy as outlined in the 1994 Defence White Paper, where reservists are (in theory) trained to the level of and interchangeable with their regular force counterparts. It would be difficult to overstate the importance of the reserves to sustaining CF operations, particularly following the defence budget cuts and increased operational tempo of the 1990s. A white paper can be an authoritative report on a major issue, as by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or a short treatise whose purpose is to educate (contrast position paper) industry customers. ...

Naval Reserve The Naval Reserve (NAVRES) has divisions (shore-based training locations known as NRDs) located in 24 cities across the country. Full-time training is conducted year-round with regular-force counterparts at the three Fleet Schools and personnel frequently deploy on regular-force missions to supplement ships' crews. The Naval Reserve supplies all personnel (except two regular force electricians) for the 12 Kingston Class Maritime Coastal Defence Vessels (MCDVs), which are used for patrol, minesweeping and bottom-inspection operations. The Naval Reserve has a funded manning level of 4,000, though it currently opts to retain only 3,400 and use the excess money to train individuals to a relatively high standard. HMCS Moncton, a Canadian Kingston Class Patrol Vessel The Kingston class consists of 12 naval vessels of Canadian Forces Maritime Command constructed under the Maritime Coastal Defense Vessel (MCDV) project. ... In military tactics, to patrol, or conduct a patrol, is to conduct reconnaissance of a designated area or route. ... A minesweeper is a military ship designed to locate and destroy naval mines placed in the sea by enemies. ...

Air Reserve The Air Reserve is organized into flights or squadrons, integrated into "total force" Wings, at locations across the country where personnel conduct training and support Wing operations. Units are specialized in various areas of surveillance, engineering, and airfield construction. Personnel also conduct further training at AIRCOM bases and can deploy with regular force AIRCOM crews around the world in support of CF missions. Unlike the Naval and Land Force Reserves, the Air Reserve is composed principally of former members of the regular force, though this does not reflect any official policy. A flight is a military unit in an air force, naval air service, or army air corps. ... A Squadron is a small unit or formation of cavalry, aircraft (including balloons), or naval vessels. ... Wing is a term used by different air forces for a unit of command. ...

Army Reserve The reserve element of Land Force Command is known as the Army Reserve, and is often referred to by its former name, the Militia. It is organized into under-strength brigades (for purposes of administration) along geographic lines. The Army Reserve is very active and has participated heavily in all Canadian army deployments in the last decade, in some cases contributing as much as 40 per cent of each deployment in either individual augmentation, as well as occasional formed sub-units (companies). Reserve regiments have the theoretical administrative capacity to support an entire battalion, but typically only having the deployable manpower of one or two platoons. They are perpetuated as such for the timely absorption of recruits during times of war. Current strength is approximately 15,000, and DND committed to an increase to 18,500 in 2000. A militia is a group of citizens organized to provide paramilitary service. ... Brigade is a term from military science which refers to a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an artillery battery and additional logistic support). ... // US Army In the United States military, infantry companies are usually made up of three rifle platoons and a heavy weapons platoon; tank companies are usually made up of three tank platoons and a command element. ... Symbol of the Austrian 14th Armoured Battalion in NATO code In military terminology, a battalion consists of two to six companies typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. ... Platoon is a term from military science. ... Recruit (from the French recrue, from the verb recroÃ®tre to grow again, i. ... War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of lethal violence between combatants or upon civilians. ... The Department of National Defence, frequently referred to by its acronym DND, is the department within the government of Canada with responsibility for Canadas military, the Canadian Armed Forces. ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

Communication Reserve The Communication Reserve is the primary reserve element responsible to the regular forces of the now defunct Canadian Forces Communication Command (now DND's Information Management Group). Communication reserve units are organized according to geographical region into Communication Groups (similar to the Army brigades). These Groups are divided into Communication Regiments (battalions), Squadrons (companies), and Troops (platoons), located in urban centres across the country. "Comms" reservists are involved in radio communications, data transmission, and installation and maintenance of tactical cable networks. The 712 Communication Squadron unofficial website can be found at 712 Comms .

Health Services Reserve The 1500-strong Health Services Reserve provides essential health services in the Canadian Forces. Health services reservists serve the Canadian Forces in a wide range of health care professions, including medicine, nursing and social work. Reserve paramedical personnel who are not civilian trained and employed are trained, as a minimum, to the level of emergency medical responder (EMR). Medicine on the Web Medical Alarm & Use Medical Marijuana NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Information- medical news, links and resources. ... Nursing is a discipline focused on assisting individuals, families and communities in attaining, re-attaining and maintaining optimal health and functioning. ... Social Work is a helping profession focused on psychosocial problems, and largely (though not exclusively) concerned with disadvantaged populations, such as the poor, the disabled, the elderly, and persons diagnosed with mental illness. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Supplementary reserve The supplementary reserve is part of the CF reserve and comprises a voluntary call-up list for former CF regular- and reserve-force personnel who can be considered for reactivation in the event of a national emergency.

The Canadian Rangers The Canadian Rangers are part of the CF reserve, provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's Arctic and other remote areas, and are an essential component to Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its territory. Canadian Rangers The Canadian Rangers are part-time reservists who provide a military presence in remote, isolated and coastal communities of Canada. ... The red line indicates the 10Â°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border The Arctic is the area around the Earths North Pole. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region, group of people or oneself. ...

Cadet Instructors Cadre Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) personnel are commissioned officers who are instructors in the various army, air and sea cadet corps across the country. The Cadet Instructors Cadre (French: Cadre des instructeurs de cadets) is a component of the Canadian Forces Reserve. ... This article refers to the general definition of cadet. ...

Current deployments

As of July 2005, Canadian Forces are in operations throughout the world, as part of Canada's obligations to NATO and the United Nations, as well as in support of its international allies. Ongoing events â€¢ 2005 Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes â€¢ 2005 Maharashtra floods â€¢ 2005 Gujarat Flood â€¢ Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan â€¢ Fuel prices â€¢ Gomery Comm. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4... The examples and perspective in this article do not represent a worldwide view. ...

As well as these deployments, small detachments of Canadian military are based in different countries for assistance and logistical work. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Official Picture Poster for Operation Enduring Freedom by the DoD Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) is the military response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States . ... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4... Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... Sites on the Golan in blue are Israeli settlement communities. ...

Canadian Forces bases

The Canadian Forces have a number of active installations across the country with some being branch-specific. There are also a number of facilities which have closed in various defence cutbacks since the 1970s -- for further info, consult Canadian Forces Bases. CFB Goose Bay, Labrador File links The following pages link to this file: CFB Goose Bay Categories: GFDL images ... CFB Goose Bay, Labrador File links The following pages link to this file: CFB Goose Bay Categories: GFDL images ... CFB Goose Bay, Labrador Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay, also referred to as CFB Goose Bay or 5 Wing Goose Bay, is an air force base in northeastern Canada, located in the town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador. ... The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ... A Canadian Forces Base or CFB (fr. ...

Navy Motto: Fortis et Liber (Strong and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ralph Klein (PC) Area 661,848 kmÂ² (6th) â€¢ Land 642,317 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 19,531 kmÂ² (2. ... Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, also referred to as CFB Gagetown, is a large Canadian Forces Base located in southwestern New Brunswick. ... Motto: Spem reduxit (Hope was restored) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Fredericton Largest city Saint John Lieutenant Governor HermÃ©nÃ©gilde Chiasson Premier Bernard Lord (PC) Area 72 908 kmÂ² (8th) â€¢ Land 71 450 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 1 458 kmÂ² (2. ... Canadian Forces Base Kingston (also CFB Kingston or 1 Wing Kingston) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Kingston, Ontario. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 kmÂ² (4th) â€¢ Land 917,741 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 158,654 kmÂ² (14. ... The first European explorer of what is now Quebec was Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in the GaspÃ© in 1534 or at Old Fort Bay on the Lower North Shore and sailed into the St. ... CFB Petawawa is a Canadian Forces military base located in Petawawa, Ontario, Canada. ... Canadian Forces Base Suffield (also CFB Suffield), is the largest Canadian Forces Base and one of the largest military training bases in the world. ... Canadian Forces Base Shilo (or CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Armed Forces located 35 km East of Brandon, Manitoba. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Glorious and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Area 647,797 kmÂ² (8th) â€¢ Land 553,556 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 64,241 kmÂ² (14. ... Canadian Forces Base Valcartier is located 25 km west of Quebec City. ...

Air Force CFB Esquimalt is Canadas West Coast (Pacific) naval base. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 kmÂ² (5th) â€¢ Land 925,186 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 19,549 kmÂ² (2. ... Canadian Forces Base Halifax (CFB Halifax) is the name for an amalgamation of Canadian Armed Forces properties located in the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia. ... | TotalArea = 55,283 | LandArea = 53,338 | WaterArea = 1,946 | PercentWater = 3. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital St. ... Canadian Forces Maritime Experimental Test Range A test facility located on the east side of Vancouver Island, off Nanoose Bay. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 kmÂ² (5th) â€¢ Land 925,186 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 19,549 kmÂ² (2. ...

Air Command and CF Northern Area also maintain a chain of Forward Operating Locations at various points across northern Canada, capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these FOLs for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols. Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, also known as CFB Bagotville or 3 Wing Bagotville, is a Canadian Forces Base located approximately 4. ... Canadian Forces Base Comox, commonly referred to as CFB Comox, 19 Wing Comox or Comox Airport, is a Canadian Forces Base located 2. ... CFB Cold Lake Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, commonly referred to as CFB Cold Lake or 4 Wing Cold Lake, is a Canadian Forces Base located in Cold Lake, Alberta. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital St. ... CFB Goose Bay, Labrador Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay, also referred to as CFB Goose Bay or 5 Wing Goose Bay, is an air force base in northeastern Canada, located in the town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital St. ... Canadian Forces Base Greenwood (CFB Greenwood), also referred to as 14 Wing Greenwood is a Canadian Forces Base located in Greenwood, a village in Nova Scotias Annapolis Valley. ... Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (From many peoples, strength) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Lieutenant-Governor Lynda M. Haverstock Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Area 651,036 kmÂ² (7th) â€¢ Land 591,670 kmÂ² â€¢ Water 59,366 kmÂ² (9. ... CFB North Bay (22 Wing) is a Canadian Forces Base located in North Bay, Ontario, Canada. ... Canadian Forces Base Shearwater (CFB Shearwater) is a Canadian Forces base located in Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia on the eastern shore of Halifax harbour. ... Canadian Forces Base Trenton, also referred to as CFB Shitstorm CFB Trenton, 8 Wing Trenton or Loser Airport is a Canadian Forces Base located in Trenton, Ontario. ...

Raising the Canadian flag at Camp Mirage Camp Mirage is a Canadian Forces forward logistics base on Minhad Air Force Base, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. ... Dubai or Dubayy (in Arabic: Ø¯Ø¨ÙŠÙ‘, IPA , generally in English) refers to either one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Peninsula, or that emirates main city, sometimes called Dubai City to distinguish it from the emirate. ... Canadian Forces Station Alert, also CFS Alert, is a Canadian Armed Forces signals intelligence intercept facility located in Alert, Nunavut on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island. ... Motto: Nunavut Sannginivut (Inuktitut, Nunavut our strength / Our land our strength) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Iqaluit Largest city Iqaluit Commissioner Ann Meekitjuk Hanson Premier Paul Okalik (independent) Area 2,093,190 kmÂ² (1st) Land 1,936,113 kmÂ² Water 157,077 kmÂ² (7. ... Canadian Forces Station Leitrim, also referred to as CFS Leitrim, is a small Canadian Forces Base located in Ottawa Ontario. ... Sherman tank displayed outdors in Worthington Tank Museum at CFB Borden Canadian Forces Base Borden (also CFB Borden or 16 Wing Borden) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Borden, Ontario. ... Motto: none Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Commissioner Jack Cable Premier Dennis Fentie (Yukon Party) Area 482,443 km² (9th) - Land 474,391 km² - Water 8,052 km² (1. ... Motto: None Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Yellowknife Largest city Yellowknife Commissioner Tony Whitford Premier Joe Handley (Consensus government - no party affiliations) Area 1,346,106 kmÂ² (3rd) Land 1,183,085 kmÂ² Water 163,021 kmÂ² (12. ...

Uniforms

Unification

Prior to unification in 1968, the uniforms of the Army, RCN and RCAF were similar to their counterparts in the forces of the UK and other Commonwealth countries, save for national identifiers and some regimental accoutrements. Shortly following unification, these service-specific uniforms (navy blue, khaki, and light blue) were abandoned in favour of a rifle green, single-breasted, four-button tunic and pants, with beret or service cap, known as the Canadian Forces uniform, commonly referred to as "CFs" or "CF greens". Though accommodation was made for army regiments' ceremonial uniforms (kilts for Highland Regiments, for example), no allowance was made for the Navy and Air Force, with the exception of a rifle-green wedge cap for optional wear by the latter. The traditional Navy and Air Force rank names were replaced by their army equivalents, with naval-style rank badges for officers and army-style for non-commissioned members. Navy rank names were restored a few years later. However, the Air Force retains what had formerly been considered "army" rank (but which is similar to that used by the air forces of many other nations). ImageMetadata File history File links Canadian_soldier. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Canadian_soldier. ... Black beret A beret (UK: , US: ; IPA) is a soft round cap with a flat crown which is worn by both men and women. ... A Combination Cap is a form of military headgear worn with dress uniforms. ... The kilt is seen as an item of traditional Scottish Highland dress, although the origin of that tradition is more recent than is commonly believed. ... Gen. ...

For everyday work wear, in environments or occasions where the CF greens would not be appropriate, personnel were issued the Work Dress uniform. This consisted of rifle-green work trousers; a zippered rifle-green work jacket; a "lagoon green" work shirt; and beret. The jacket collar was worn open; the shirt was either worn with a tie, or with the collar open and over the jacket collar. For a brief period in the 1980s, ascots or "dickies" in regimental or branch colours were worn inside the open shirt collar. This uniform, derisively referred to as a "bus driver's uniform", was generally unpopular. An ascot tie, or ascot, is a narrow neckband with wide pointed wings, traditionally made of pale gray patterned silk. ...

A notable exception was the Canadian Airborne Regiment, who wore a camouflage jump smock, regimental maroon T-shirt, maroon beret, and high-top paratrooper boots, with work dress or combat trousers as applicable. The Canadian Airborne Regiment was a Canadian Forces formation created on April 8, 1968. ... Anolis caroliensis showing blending camouflage and counter-shading. ...

Distinct Environmental Uniform

In an effort to restore morale, the CF introduced the Distinct Environmental Uniform (DEU), which restored some of the traditional uniforms of the pre-unification Forces. While the term "DEU" refers to all the different environmental uniforms, in general usage it refers solely to what is more properly known as "No 3 (Service) Dress".

Navy. Sea element personnel were issued a navy blue (which is actually a tone of black according to CFP 265 - CF Dres Instructions), double breasted tunic, navy blue trousers, and white peaked cap; with the exception of colour, it is very similar to the service dress of officers in the American navy (I have deleted Royal Navy because officers no longer wear an 8 button jacket; all members and officers that wear the Canadian naval uniform, wear a 6 button NCO jacket, like in the USN). For the summer periods, the optional white uniform may be worn by naval personnel. It is interesting to note that officers' and non-commissioned members' uniforms are identical, differing only in insignia and accoutrements; the old naval "square rig" or "Donald Duck" uniform for non-commissioned members was not resurrected. Naval personnel are also issued No 4 (Base) Dress, which consists of a jacket and trousers similar to old CF work dress, but in black. It is worn with a white dress shirt — open necked or with necktie — or with the Naval blue work shirt (actually, this uniform does not exist anymore, and has been replaced by the Naval Combat Dress - No. 5). Baseball caps (with ship's designations and numbers) similar to those worn by United States Navy personnel are authorized for shipboard wear.

No. 2 - Navy blue mess uniform, with "tradition" RCN ranks for officers, bow tie, and gold lacing on the trousers.

No. 2A - White mess uniform, with "tradition" RCN shoulder boards for officers below Flag officer ranks.

No. 2B - Normal service dress, however with a bow tie instead of the neck tie, and ribbons only (without medals).

No. 2C - Shipboard mess order. Like 3Bs, however, with a tuxedo belt, and without ribbons, specialist skill insingias, and name tags. "Tradition" RCN shoulder boards must not be worn.

No. 2D - Canadian Forces Standard (the midnight blues). Resembles a lot like the Canadian Air Forces No. 2, which was worn by all members of the CF, during the unified uniform period (1970s to 1986).

No. 3B - White, short-sleeve shirt, with navy blue or white trousers and oxfords (black with navy blue pants, white with white pants).

No. 3C - Navy blue wool sweater, with either the long sleeve shirt or short sleeve shirt. (If worn with the LS shirt, must wear neck tie).

No. 3D - Tropical common "peanut butter" uniform. Only members of the CF that need it will get it.

No. 5 - Navy combat jacket, with beret (or baseball cap), trousers, ankel boots, and naval combat shirt.

Army. Land personnel were issued new tunics and trousers similar in style to the old CF greens, but with the addition of epaulets. They were issued in rifle green (worn with the old CF green dress shirt) for winter wear, and tan for summer; unfortunately in the latter case, headgear, neckties, belts and badges were still rifle-green or on rifle-green backing. The unpopular work dress was replaced with "No. 4 (Garrison) Dress", which consisted of the old-style work dress pants, a disruptive-pattern jacket, a black web belt, a short-sleeve summer Service Dress shirt with the collar open and over the jacket collar, and high paratrooper-style garrison boots. Due to concerns over the number of uniforms Army personnel had to carry with them on postings and taskings, the tan summer DEU was eventually retired, and the winter uniform mandated for year-round wear. The garrison dress uniform was never popular with the combat arms, who generally eschewed it for the combat uniform, even in garrison; Land Force Command soon stopped altogether and authorized combat uniform for all occasions where garrison dress was deemed appropriate, and eventually this authorization was extended to Land environment personnel in other commands. Recently, the peaked service cap was retired for Land personnel, and the beret became the universal Army headdress.

Air Force. Personnel in the Air element were issued a uniform similar to the old CF greens, but in "postman blue", with a light-blue shirt, black necktie, and postman-blue wedge cap. No 4 (Base) Dress consists of postman-blue work pants, light blue dress shirt (open-necked or with necktie), and optional V-neck sweater. Air personnel were eventually authorized to wear the Navy's work shirt, which was similar in colour to postman blue, though this was recently replaced by a camoflage uniform similar to the Land combat uniform. Air personnel were issued a postman-blue beret for wear with combat uniform where appropriate; it was soon authorized for use with work dress, then with service dress; the wedge cap is still popular.

The "Purple" Trades. For military occupations that are not specifically designated to a particular element (e.g. clerks, military police, medical personnel, etc), an element is usually assigned or may be requested on enrolment. Due to the way that members of these "purple" trades frequently have environments different from their current assignments, many units of the Canadian Forces, when on parade in dress uniform, will display a somewhat odd mix of navy, army, and air force uniforms. As various specialty courses become more widely available, no longer restricted only to "soldiers" or "sailors", for example, it is not unheard-of to see a Navy clerk in a tactical air squadron with parachutist's wings, or an Air Force medic in a tank regiment with a submariner's "dolphins" badge. Chromaticity diagram. ...

Combat uniform

Until well into the post-World War II era, the Army battle dress uniform was worn both on parades and in combat. It was common to maintain traditional regimental distinctions, such as kilts for Highland regiments, even in the thick of battle. World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ...

In the early 1960s, this was replaced by the combat uniform, often referred to merely as "combats". It was issued as a standard order of dress for Regular Force "army" personnel in field units of Forces Mobile Command and for personnel in field units or detachments in Canadian Forces Communication Command, as well as for personnel in other organizations as required for employment in a land combat environment. It was not issued to Reservists until 1972, although they were permitted to wear it if they purchased it themselves (usually at war surplus stores).

The combat uniform consisted of a long-sleeve olive-drab (OD) shirt, with two voluminous cargo pockets at the hip and two slanted pockets (designed for the 20-round FNC1 rifle magazine) at the breast, and drawstrings at the waist and hem; OD trousers, with regular pockets at the front and back and a large cargo patch pocket on each thigh, and drawstrings at the cuff; an OD V-neck undershirt; and black combat boots, with trouser cuffs bloused over. The beret was often worn, but could be replaced by a soft OD field cap or the American M1 steel helmet as the tactical situation dictated (oddly, while the Canadian combat uniform was universally olive green, the cloth helmet cover was a camouflaged woodland pattern).

Officers displayed their rank on slip-ons on the epaulets of the shirt or jacket; NCMs wore small OD versions of their rank insignia stitched in the centre of the upper sleeve, although for a period in the 1980s these were stitched onto slip-ons, ostensibly to save wear-and-tear on the uniforms. The national identifier consisted of a "CANADA" flash stitched on the upper shoulder just below the sleeve seam, and unit or trade identifiers were worn on slip-ons on the shirt's epaulettes; however, personnel belonging to Canadian Forces Europe and other overseas missions wore full-colour Canadian flag patches on the upper sleeve. In the 1990s, the "CANADA" flash was replaced with a subdued olive-drab canadian flag, worn on the upper left sleeve below the epaulette. Interestingly, these flag badges showed up in full-colour red-and-white when illuminated by a blue light.

Lightweight coats, rain suits, parkas, and other tactical clothing (in OD) were issued to deal with different weather conditions. For winter conditions, personnel were issued white mukluks and mitts, as well as white camouflage covers for their parkas, trousers, and helmets.

In the late 1980s, the CF experimented with an alternative combat shirt designed by an Air Command officer: it had flat breast pockets and lacked the hip cargo pockets and drawstrings. It was designed to be tucked in to the trousers like a regular shirt if desired, or worn untucked like the older style shirt; it proved rather unpopular from an operational standpoint due to its lack of storage capacity, and was considered to look sloppier than the older style; it disappeared within a few years as the stock was depleted. After the initial purchase, the original shirt was reinstated.

CADPAT and the "Clothe the Soldier" Program

In September 1996, the Treasury Board of the Canadian government approved the "Clothe the Soldier" project to address the deficiencies in the Army's operational clothing and personal protective equipment. By the 1990s, it was realized by the Forces that the combat uniform and personal protective equipment was becoming outmoded and obsolete. Over the years a number of specific deficiencies with various items had been identified; it was also noted that many items were not fully compatible with each other, reducing their overall effectiveness. In September 1996, the Treasury Board of the Canadian government approved the "Clothe the Soldier" project to address these deficiencies. Since that time, the Clothe the Soldier project has begun an ambitious task of issuing new items of compatible clothing, ballistic protection, and load-carriage systems. New combat clothing would be issued in an integrated system to deal with any weather or environmental conditions, from tropical to arctic and from arid to wet.

The project was initially mandated to support 40,000 members of the Land Force, Regular and Reserve. In July 2000 the project was expanded to cover 50,000 members, to include all CF personnel conducting land operations (the additional 10,000 members from "entitled units", for example the Communication Reserve).

In 1997, CADPAT (Canadian Disruptive Pattern) was officially adopted as the standard Canadian Army camouflage pattern. CADPAT is a computer-designed pixellated pattern, based loosely on traditional disruptive pattern camouflage. The very first CADPAT item issued was the camouflage cover for the new ballistic helmet. Other than the unique digital pattern, the new CADPAT uniform is very similar in design to the former combat uniform: trousers with cuff drawstrings and side-of-leg cargo pockets, and jacket with two breast patch pockets and two large hip cargo pockets. Rank insignia, however, is now worn on a single slip-on on a epaulette midway down the shirt, in line with the breastbone of the individual. The Canadian Flag is worn on the left shoulder as a national identifier; it is attached by a hook-and-loop system. A name tape is similarly attached over the right breast pocket; the tape bears the member's name, preceded by a symbol denoting the member's environment: crossed swords for Land, an eagle for Air, and an anchor for Sea. Members who wear an Air Force DEU have their rank insignia and nametag stitched in dark blue, and wear blue shirts with the CADPAT instead of the standard green ones. The old-style field cap was replaced by a broad-brimmed hat with a deployable neck covering. Velcro is a brand name of fabric hook-and-loop fasteners used for connecting objects. ...

Navy Combat Uniform

The only exception to this is the combat dress of the Navy. Referred to as "Naval Combat Dress" or "NCD's", both officers and non-commissioned members of the Navy wear a denim colored work/dress shirt (combat shirt) with rank epaulettes on both shoulders along with black work trousers. Combat jackets are worn over the combat shirts which also sports epaullettes for rank flashes on each shoulder, along with name tags and ship's crest over the right chest area. Depending on current situation or operation, headdress will either be a black beret or a ship's ballcap, and footwear will be either black ankle/parade boots, or black steel-toed sea boots. A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Militaries are composed of two main types of personnel: enlisted men and women and officers. ... A Non-commissioned member (NCM) is the Canadian Forces equivalent to Other Ranks or Enlisted. ...

Military Police

After unification, military police (MPs) wore the same uniforms as other personnel, distinguished only by a few unique accoutrements: a white vinyl cover over the service cap, a gold-coloured police-style badge on the breast pocket, and/or a brassard or armlet bearing the title "MP" or "MILITARY POLICE MILITAIRE". The Canadian Forces Military Police provide military police services to the Canadian Forces. ... A brassard is a roughly triangular piece of fabric designed to be worn around the upper arm, held in place by a shoulder strap on the clothing underneath. ...

With the introduction of DEU, these accoutrements (except the brassards) were replaced. Now the main identifying feature of the military police was the addition of the colour red: a red service cap band for Naval and Air Force personnel, a red beret for army MPs and red backing for the cap badges of air force and navy MPs. In 2005, the dress regulations were amended so that all MPs wore red berets regardless of their element, with any order of dress that permits the wearing of a beret.

In 2001, the CF formally introduced the Military Police Operational Patrol Dress (MP OPD), a marked departure from standard military uniforms: it is immediately recognisable as a police uniform as opposed to a military one. It consists of black trousers, short-sleeved shirts for summer wear, long-sleeved collared shirts for winter, the naval pattern sweater, patrol jacket, body armour, police equipment belt and MP Gore-Tex boots, with a red beret for all MPs. It is designed for wear on patrol duties only, by members up to and including the rank of Warrant Officer.

Berets

The beret is still the most widely worn headgear, and is worn with almost all orders of dress with the exception of the more formal orders of Naval and Air Force dress (i.e. Ceremonial, Mess, and Service Dress). A regimental or branch badge is worn centred over the wearer's left eye, and the beret is worn so that it drapes over the right ear. The colour of the beret is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission, as follows:

Contents

History

Early days

Operations

Postwar developments

Modern reorganization

Command structure

Land Force Command (LF)

Maritime Command (MARCOM)

Air Force Command (AIRCOM)

Canadian Forces reserve force

Current deployments

Canadian Forces bases

Uniforms

Unification

Distinct Environmental Uniform

Combat uniform

CADPAT and the "Clothe the Soldier" Program

Navy Combat Uniform

Military Police

Berets

See also

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Early days

Operations

Postwar developments

Modern reorganization

Command structure

Land Force Command (LF)

Maritime Command (MARCOM)

Air Force Command (AIRCOM)

Canadian Forces reserve force

Current deployments

Canadian Forces bases

Uniforms

Unification

Distinct Environmental Uniform

Combat uniform

CADPAT and the "Clothe the Soldier" Program

Navy Combat Uniform

Military Police

Berets

See also

External links

History