Carl Ritter (August 7, 1779 – September 28, 1859) was a German geographer. Along with Alexander von Humboldt, he is considered one of the founders of modern geography. From 1825 until his death, he occupied the first chair in geography at the University of Berlin. is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... An 1859 portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by the artist Julius Schrader, showing Mount Chimborazo in the background. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... There is no institution called the University of Berlin, but there are four universities in Berlin, Germany: Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin) Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der...

Biography

Sketch of Carl Ritter

Ritter was born in Quedlinburg, one of the six children of a well-respected doctor, F. W. Ritter. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Quedlinburg is a town located near the Harz mountains, in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. ...

Ritter's father died when he was two. At the age of five, he was enrolled in the Schnepfenthal Salzmann School, a school focused on the study of nature (apparently influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings on children's education). This experience would influence Ritter throughout his life, as he retained an interest in new educational modes, including those of Johann Pestalozzi. Indeed, much of Ritter's writing was based on Pestalozzi's three stages in teaching: the acquisition of the material, the general comparison of material, and the establishment of a general system. The Schnepfenthal Institution (Salzmannschule Schnepfenthal) is a school founded in 1784 by Christian Gotthilf Salzmann, originally for the purpose of raising the children of his large family and testing new educational theories. ... “Natural” redirects here. ... Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. ... Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (January 12, 1746 - February 17, 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer. ...

After completion of his schooling, Ritter was introduced to Bethmann Hollweg, a banker in Frankfort. It was arranged that Ritter should become tutor to Hollweg's children, but that in the meantime he should attend university at his patron's expense. His duties as tutor began in 1798 and continued for fifteen years. The years 1814-1819, which he spent at Göttingen in order still to watch over his pupils, were those in which he began to exclusively study geography. It was there that where he courted and married Lilli Kramer, from Duderstadt and that he wrote and published the first two volumes of his Erdkunde. Frankfort is the name of several places: Frankfort, Illinois Frankfort, Indiana Frankfort, Kentucky Frankfort, Michigan Village of Frankfort, New York Town of Frankfort, New York Frankfort, Ohio Frankfort, Wisconsin Frankfort, South Africa Today, Frankfurt, the name of two cities in Germany, is known as that in English. ... In British, Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer assigned to conduct a seminar for undergraduate students, often known as a tutorial. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Göttingen marketplace with old city hall, Gänseliesel fountain and pedestrian zone Göttingen ( ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Duderstadt is a city in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the district Göttingen. ...

In 1819 he became professor of history at Frankfurt, and in 1820 he received a teaching appointment in history at the University of Berlin. Ritter received his doctorate there in 1821, and was appointed professor extraordinarius in 1825. He also lectured at a nearby military college. He was particularly interested in the exploration of Africa and held constant contacts with British scholars and scientific circles like the Royal Geographical Society. He was one of the academic teachers of the explorer Heinrich Barth, who traveled in Northern and Western Africa on behalf of the British government to negotiate treaties that were to stop the Trans-Saharan slave trade. Carl Ritter himself was a dedicated anti-slavery and anti-racism propagandist in Germany. For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin (German Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) is Berlins oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin (Universität zu Berlin) by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt whose university model has strongly influenced... The Royal Geographical Society is a British learned society founded in 1830 with the name Geographical Society of London for the advancement of geographical science, under the patronage of King William IV. It absorbed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (founded by Sir Joseph... Heinrich Barth (1821-1865), German explorer, was born at Hamburg on February 16, 1821, and educated at Berlin University, where he graduated in 1844. ...

In 1822 Ritter was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1824 he became a corresponding member of the Société Asiatique de Paris. In 1828, he established the Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin (Berlin Geographical Society). In 1856, he was appointed curator of the Royal Cartographic Institute of Prussia. The Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: ) was an academy established in Berlin on July 11, 1700. ...

In 1865, a monument to Ritter was installed at the entrance to the Bruehl in Quedlinburg. The house where he was born, number 15 Steinbrücke, was torn down in 1955. There is a additional monument at the Mummental school honoring both Ritter and his teacher Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths. The Ritter Range in California is named for him.^[1] The Ritter Range is a small mountain range within Californias Sierra Nevada. ...

Works

Ritter's masterwork, the 19-volume Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen (The Science of the Earth in Relation to Nature and the History of Mankind), written 1817-1859, developed at prodigious length the theme of the influence of the physical environment on human activity. Despite its length, the work was left incomplete at the time of his death, covering only Asia and Africa. “Natural” redirects here. ... The title page to The Historians History of the World. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Ritter's impact on geography was especially notable because he brought forth a new conception of the subject. In his view, "geography was a kind of physiology and comparative anatomy of the earth: rivers, mountains, glaciers, &c., were so many distinct organs, each with its own appropriate functions; and, as his physical frame is the basis of the man, determinative to a large extent of his life, so the structure of each country is a leading element in the historic progress of the nation." This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Glacial and Glaciation redirect here. ...

"The earth is a cosmic individual with a particular organisation, an ens sui generis with a progressive development: the exploration of this individuality of the earth is the task of geography".

Ritter's writings thus also had implications for political theory. His organic conception of the state could be abused to justify the pursuit of lebensraum, even at the cost of another nation's existence, because conquest was seen as a biological necessity for a state’s growth. His ideas were adopted and transformed into an expansionist ideology by the German geostrategist Friedrich Ratzel. It is to be doubted, however, whether Carl Ritter can be held responsible for this interpretation, which was developed under the influence of Darwinism, which was to become a leading and popular ideology in Germany only after Ritter's death. Organic describes forms, methods and patterns found in living systems such as organisation of cells, to populations, communities, and ecosystems. ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... Lebensraum (German for habitat or living space) was one of the major political ideas of Adolf Hitler, and an important component of Nazi ideology. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Geostrategy is a subfield of geopolitics. ... Friedrich Ratzels photograph from the University of Leipzig Friedrich Ratzel (August 30, 1844, Karlsruhe, Baden – August 9, 1904, Ammerland) was a German geographer and ethnographer, notable for coining the term Lebensraum (living space). // Ratzels father was the head of the household staff of the Grand Duke of Baden. ... Charles Darwin Darwinism is a term for the underlying theory in those ideas of Charles Darwin concerning evolution and natural selection. ...

References

• James, Preston E. and Martin, Geoffrey J. (1981) "All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas (2^nd ed.) John Wiley, New York ISBN 0-471-06121-2
• Kramer, Fritz L. (1959) "A Note on Carl Ritter" Geographical Reviewffffffffgdetret6ijksjadpqeljdklj ljdifhn dsfhhfhhhjb'jhv'jv 49: hjvpjhvp. 406bv-409j

hbv*hvjLinkejhvb,hjb Max jh(b1981) jhhgfbh" ghfjCjhgfghf hbhgfghfarvcxkblds Rharfharfharf harf itter" Geographers Biobiharfharfharfharfharfaharfahrfharfharfghaharfahrfahrfaharfaharfatharbliographical Studies 5: pp. 99-108

• Linke, Max (2000) Ritters Leben und Werk: ein Leben für die Geographie Verlag Janos Stekharfharfharfharfharfharfhovics, Quedlinburg, Germany ISBN 3-932863-28-3 (Ritter's Life and Work: a Life [lived] for Geography in German)

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External links

• Matt Rosenberg on Ritter

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...