NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Carnivorous plant

Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, most focusing on insects and other arthropods. Carnivorous plants usually grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients, especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings. Charles Darwin wrote the first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants in 1875.^[1] Download high resolution version (957x1449, 372 KB)Photograph of a pitcher plant on a rock face in Palau. ... Download high resolution version (957x1449, 372 KB)Photograph of a pitcher plant on a rock face in Palau. ... Binomial name Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organisms metabolism or physiology. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled creatures with nuclei that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... LÃ¼tt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

True facts is thought to have evolved in at least 10 separate lineages of plants, and these are now represented by more than a dozen genera in 5 families. These include about 625 species that attract and trap prey, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb the resulting available nutrients. Additionally, over 300 protocarnivorous plant species in several genera show some but not all these characteristics. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Mucilage-tipped bracts and immature flower of Passiflora foetida, a protocarnivorous plant. ...

Trapping mechanisms

Five basic trapping mechanisms are found in carnivorous plants. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 400 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (467 Ã— 700 pixel, file size: 130 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 400 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (467 Ã— 700 pixel, file size: 130 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Binomial name Heliamphora chimantensis Wistuba, Carow & Harbarth (2002) Heliamphora chimantensis (after Chimanta Tepui) is a species of Marsh Pitcher Plant endemic to Chimanta Tepui in Venezuela. ...

These traps may be active or passive, depending on whether movement aids the capture of prey. For example, Triphyophyllum is a passive flypaper that secretes mucilage, but whose leaves do not grow or move in response to prey capture. Meanwhile, sundews are active flypapers whose leaves undergo rapid growth, aiding in the retention and digestion of prey. Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Mucilage is a thick gluey substance, often produced by plants. ... Thigmonasty or seismonasty is the nastic response of a plant or fungus to touch, heat or vibration. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Trichomes, from the Greek meaning growth of hair, are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants and protists. ... Binomial name Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. ... This article is about the plant. ...

Pitfall traps

Pitfall traps are thought to have evolved independently on at least four occasions. The simplest ones are probably those of Heliamphora, the sun pitcher plant. In this genus, the traps are clearly derived evolutionarily from a simple rolled leaf whose margins have sealed together. These plants live in areas of high rainfall in South America such as Mount Roraima, and consequently have a problem ensuring their pitchers do not overflow. To counteract this problem, natural selection has favoured the evolution of an overflow, similar to that of a bathroom sink - a small gap in the zipped-up leaf margins allows excess water to flow out of the pitcher. Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. ... The genus Heliamphora contains approximately eight species of pitcher plants native to South America. ... Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Mount Roraima is the highest of the table-top mountains (called Tepuis) of the Guiana Highlands (or Guayana Highlands). ... For other uses, see Natural selection (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Sink (disambiguation). ...

Heliamphora is a member of the Sarraceniaceae, a New World family in the order Ericales (heathers and allies). Heliamphora is limited to South America, but the family contains two other genera, Sarracenia and Darlingtonia, which are endemic to Florida and California respectively. S. purpurea subsp. purpurea (the northern pitcher plant) has a more cosmopolitan distribution, found as far north as Canada. Sarracenia is the pitcher plant genus most commonly encountered in cultivation, because it is relatively hardy and easy to grow. Genera Darlingtonia Heliamphora Sarracenia Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Sarraceniaceae is the Pitcher plant family, belonging to order Ericales, previously Nepenthales. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmÃ©rique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... Families See text. ... Heather may be: In botany, the plant Calluna vulgaris, or, more loosely, various species of the closely related genera Erica and Cassiope, low evergreen shrubs (also called heaths). The term is also used to describe land which is vegetated with these plants; In apparel or textiles, interwoven yarns with a... Sarracenia range (all species) Species See text. ... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] kmÂ²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ... Purple Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia pupurea, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ...

In the genus Sarracenia, the problem of pitcher overflow is solved by an operculum, which is essentially a flared leaflet that covers the opening of the rolled-leaf tube, and protects it from rain. Possibly because of this improved waterproofing, Sarracenia species secrete enzymes such as proteases and phosphatases into the digestive fluid at the bottom of the pitcher; Heliamphora relies on bacterial digestion alone. The enzymes digest the proteins and nucleic acids in the prey, releasing amino acids and phosphate ions, which the plant absorbs. Darlingtonia californica, the cobra plant, possesses an adaptation also found in Sarracenia psittacina and to a lesser extent in Sarracenia minor: the operculum is balloon-like, and almost seals the opening to the tube. This balloon-like chamber is pitted with areolae, chlorophyll-free patches through which light can penetrate. Insects, mostly ants, enter the chamber via the opening underneath the balloon. Once inside, they tire themselves trying to escape from these false exits, until they eventually fall into the tube. Prey access is increased by the 'fish tails', outgrowths of the operculum that give the plant its name. Some seedling Sarracenia species also have long, overhanging opercular outgrowths; Darlingtonia may therefore represent an example of neoteny. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1349 KB) Summary Description: Darlingtonia californica Picture taken by: NoahElhardt Date: 7/8/05 Location: Rocky Creek Trail, OR Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Carnivorous plant Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1349 KB) Summary Description: Darlingtonia californica Picture taken by: NoahElhardt Date: 7/8/05 Location: Rocky Creek Trail, OR Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Carnivorous plant Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... In botany, operculum may be used to describe any of the following: A flap of the sporangium of a moss, covering the peristome (appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule). ... Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... A phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphorylates its substrate; i. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Look up nucleic acid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the class of chemicals. ... A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. ... Egyptian Cobra, Naga haje This article is about snakes. ... Cross section of the breast of a human female. ... Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... Neoteny describes a process by which paedomorphism is achieved, and is a subject studied in the field of developmental biology. ...

The second major group of pitcher plants are the monkey cups or tropical pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. In the hundred or so species of this genus, the pitcher is born at the end of a tendril, which grows as an extension to the midrib of the leaf. Most species catch insects, although the larger ones, particularly N. rajah, also occasionally take small mammals and reptiles. These pitchers represent a convenient source of food to small insectivores. N. bicalcarata possesses two sharp thorns that project from the base of the operculum over the entrance to the pitcher, providing some protection from raids by freeloading mammals. Download high resolution version (480x640, 82 KB)Brocchinea reducta, photographed at the 2003 Hampton Court flower show File links The following pages link to this file: Carnivorous plant Brocchinia reducta ... Download high resolution version (480x640, 82 KB)Brocchinea reducta, photographed at the 2003 Hampton Court flower show File links The following pages link to this file: Carnivorous plant Brocchinia reducta ... Brocchinia reducta is one of few carnivorous bromeliads. ... The term Monkey cup is based on the fact monkeys have been seen drinking rainwater from the pitcher cups of the Nepenthaceae family of tropical plants, which are a species of Carnivorous Plant. ... Species See text The genus Nepenthes (Tropical Pitcher Plants or Monkey Cups) in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae contains roughly 80-100 species, (depending on author), several natural and many cultivated hybrids. ... In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape that is used by climbing plants for support and attachment, generally by twining around whatever it touches. ... line in the center of a petal ... Binomial name Hook. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... Orders Crocodilia - Crocodilians scary crocodiles. ...

The pitfall trap has evolved independently in at least two other groups. The Albany pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis is a small pitcher plant from Western Australia, with moccasin-like pitchers. The rim of its pitcher's opening (the peristome) is particularly pronounced (both secrete nectar) and provides a thorny overhang to the opening, preventing trapped insects from climbing out. The lining of most pitcher plants is covered in a loose coating of waxy flakes, which are slippery for insects, prey that are often attracted by nectar bribes secreted by the peristome, and by bright flower-like anthocyanin patterning. In at least one species, Sarracenia flava, the nectar bribe is laced with coniine, a toxic alkaloid also found in hemlock, which probably increases the efficiency of the traps by intoxicating prey. Binomial name Cephalotus follicularis Cephalotus is a monotypic genus of southwest Australian pitcher plants, containing the single species Cephalotus follicularis, commonly called the Albany Pitcher Plant or the Western Australian Pitcher Plant. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 15 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06) - Product ($m) $107,910 (4th) - Product per capita $53,134/person... The word moccasin was first introduced into English in 1612, from a Virginia Algonquian language, most likely Powhatan (makasin â€˜shoeâ€™), though similar words exist in Narragansett (mokussin), Micmac (mâ€™kusun), and Ojibwa (makasin). ... In bryophyte mosses, the peristome is a specialed structure in the sporangium that allows for gradual spore discharge, instead of releasing them all at once. ... In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ... candle wax This page is about the substance. ... Plants with abnormally high anthocyanin quantities are popular as ornamental plants - here, a selected purple-leaf cultivar of European Beech Anthocyanins (from Greek: (anthos) = flower + (kyanos) = blue) are water-soluble vacuolar flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH. They are synthesized exclusively by organisms of the plant... Coniine or 2-propylpiperidine is a poisonous alkaloid found in poison hemlock. ... Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... Species Conium chaerophylloides (Thunb. ...

The final carnivore with a pitfall-like trap is the bromeliad, Brocchinia reducta. Like most relatives of the pineapple, the tightly-packed, waxy leaf bases of the strap-like leaves of this species form an urn. In most bromeliads, water collects readily in this urn, and may provide habitats for frogs, insects and more usefully for plant, diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) bacteria. In Brocchinia, the urn is a specialised insect trap, with a loose, waxy lining and a population of digestive bacteria. Genera See text Bromeliads include epiphytes, such as Spanish moss, and ground plants, such as the Pineapple. ... Brocchinia reducta is one of few carnivorous bromeliads. ... For other uses, see Pineapple (disambiguation). ... Maya funerary urn For the computing term, see Uniform Resource Name. ... Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Diazotrophs are microorganisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas in to a more usable form such as ammonia. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...

Flypaper traps

The flypaper trap is based on a sticky mucilage, or glue. The leaf of flypaper traps is studded with mucilage-secreting glands, which may be short and nondescript (like those of the butterworts), or long and mobile (like those of many sundews). Flypapers have evolved independently at least five times. Mucilage is a thick gluey substance, often produced by plants. ... Species See text The genus Pinguicula, or butterworts, is a group of 79 carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... This article is about the plant. ...

In the genus Pinguicula, the mucilage glands are quite short (sessile), and the leaf, whilst shiny (giving the genus its common name of 'butterwort'), does not appear carnivorous. However, this belies the fact that the leaf is an extremely effective trap of small flying insects (such as fungus gnats), and whose surface responds to prey by relatively rapid growth. This thigmotropic growth may involve rolling of the leaf blade (to prevent rain from splashing the prey off the leaf surface), or 'dishing' of the surface under the prey, to form a shallow digestive pit. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 710 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (800 Ã— 676 pixel, file size: 176 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: A plant bug on a Pinguicula gigantea. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 710 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (800 Ã— 676 pixel, file size: 176 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: A plant bug on a Pinguicula gigantea. ... Binomial name A. Lau Pinguicula gigantea is a tropical species of carnivorous plant in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... Species See text The genus Pinguicula, or butterworts, is a group of 79 carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... Look up sessile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species See text The genus Pinguicula, or butterworts, is a group of 79 carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... Fungus gnats are small, dark, short-lived flies, of the families Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae (order Diptera), whose larvae feed on plant roots or fungi and aid in the decomposition of organic matter. ... Thigmotropism is a tropism in which an organism moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. ...

The sundew genus (Drosera) consists of over 100 species of active flypapers, whose mucilage glands are borne at the end of long tentacles, which frequently grow fast enough in response to prey (thigmotropism) to aid the trapping process. The tentacles of D. burmanii can bend 180° in a minute or so. Sundews are extremely cosmopolitan, and are found on all the continents except the Antarctic mainland. They are most diverse in Australia, the home to the large subgroup of pygmy sundews such as D. pygmaea, and to a number of tuberous sundews such as D. peltata, which form tubers that aestivate during the dry summer months. These species are so dependent on insect sources of nitrogen that they generally lack the enzyme nitrate reductase, which most plants require to assimilate soil-borne nitrate into organic forms. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (786x1067, 580 KB) Summary Photo Information Description: The leaf of a Drosera capensis bending in response to the trapping of an insect. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (786x1067, 580 KB) Summary Photo Information Description: The leaf of a Drosera capensis bending in response to the trapping of an insect. ... Binomial name Drosera capensis L. The Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... This article is about the plant. ... Categories: Plant stubs | Carnivorous plants | Magnoliopsida ... Tentacles can refer to the elongated flexible organs that are present in some animals, especially invertebrates, and sometimes to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous plants. ... Thigmotropism is a tropism in which an organism moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. ... For other uses, see Antarctica (disambiguation). ... Estivation or aestivation (from Latin aestas, summer) is a state of dormancy similar to hibernation. ... Nitrate reducatse are group of enzymes which reduce nitrate to nitrite This article belongs in one or more categories. ...

Closely related to Drosera is the Portuguese dewy pine, Drosophyllum, which differs from the sundews in being passive. Its leaves are incapable of rapid movement or growth. Unrelated, but similar in habit, are the Australian rainbow plants (Byblis). Drosophyllum is unusual in that it grows under near-desert conditions; almost all other carnivores are either bog plants or grow in moist tropical areas. Categories: Plant stubs | Carnivorous plants | Magnoliopsida ... Binomial name Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link Drosophyllum is a genus of carnivorous plants containing the single species Drosophyllum lusitanicum or Dewy pine. ... Species See text. ... This article is about arid terrain. ... LÃ¼tt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ...

Recent molecular data (particularly the production of plumbagin) indicate that the remaining flypaper, Triphyophyllum peltatum, a member of the Dioncophyllaceae, is closely related to Drosophyllum, and forms part of a larger clade of carnivorous and non-carnivorous plants with the Droseraceae, Nepenthaceae, Ancistrocladaceae and Plumbaginaceae. This plant is usually encountered as a liana, but in its juvenile phase, the plant is carnivorous. This may be related to a requirement for specific nutrients for flowering. Plumbagin is a plant-derived naphthoquinone possessing a number of pharmacological activities. ... Flypaper is paper coated with an extremely sticky substance that traps flies and other flying insects when they land upon it. ... Binomial name Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. ... Genera Dioncophyllum Triphyophyllum Habropetalum The Dioncophyllaceae is a small family of angiosperms previously placed in the Theales, but now placed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group into the Caryophyllales. ... A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... Genera Nepenthes Anurosperma Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Nepenthaceae is a family of pitcher plants. ... Genera Ancistrocladus Ancistrocladaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. ... Genera (examples) Armeria Ceratostigma Limonium Plumbago The Plumbaginaceae are a family of flowering plants that includes a number of popular garden species, which are grown world wide for their attractive flowers. ... Liana tangle across a forest in the Western Ghats Woman swinging on a liana in Aokigahara forest, Japan A canopy that has formed over Monkey Ladder Vine A liana is a woody climber [1] that starts at ground level, and uses trees to climb up to the canopy where it...

Snap traps

The only two active snap traps – the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) and the waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) – are believed to have had a common ancestor with similar adaptations. Their trapping mechanism has also been described as a 'mouse trap' or 'man trap', based on their shape or rapid movement. However, the term snap trap is preferred as other designations are misleading, particularly with respect to the intended prey. Aldrovanda is aquatic, and specialised in catching small invertebrates; Dionaea is terrestrial and catches a variety of arthropods, including spiders.^[2] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1527x1670, 761 KB) Summary Description: The trap of a Venus fly trap, showing trigger hairs. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1527x1670, 761 KB) Summary Description: The trap of a Venus fly trap, showing trigger hairs. ... For other uses, see Venus Flytrap (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Venus Flytrap (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Dionaea muscipula Soland. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Missing link is a term for a transitional form from the fossil record that connects an earlier species to a later one, or which connects two different species to an earlier ancestor. ...

The traps are very similar, with leaves whose terminal section is divided into two lobes, hinged along the midrib. Trigger hairs (three on each lobe in Dionaea, many more in the case of Aldrovanda) inside the trap lobes are sensitive to touch. When the trigger hairs are bent, stretch-gated ion channels in the membranes of cells at the base of the trigger hair open, generating an action potential that propagates to cells in the midrib.^[3] These cells respond by pumping out ions, which may either cause water to follow by osmosis (collapsing the cells in the midrib) or cause rapid acid growth.^[4] The mechanism is still debated, but in any case, changes in the shape of cells in the midrib allow the lobes, held under tension, to snap shut,^[3] flipping rapidly from convex to concave^[5] and interring the prey. This whole process takes less than a second. In the Venus flytrap, spurious closure in response to raindrops and blown-in debris is prevented by the leaf's having a simple memory: for the lobes to shut, two stimuli are required, 0.5 to 30 seconds apart. Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient that exists across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see cell potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. ... Look up cell membrane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ... Acid growth refers to the ability of plant cells to quickly stretch. ... In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. ...

The snapping of the leaves is a case of thigmonasty (undirected movement in response to touch). Further stimulation of the lobe's internal surfaces by the struggling insects causes the lobes to grow together towards the prey: thigmotropism, sealing the lobes hermetically, and forming a stomach in which digestion occurs over a period of one to two weeks. Leaves can be reused three or four times before they become unresponsive to stimulation. Thigmonasty or seismonasty is the nastic response of a plant or fungus to touch, heat or vibration. ... Thigmotropism is a tropism in which an organism moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. ... A hermetic seal is an airtight seal. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...

Bladder traps

Bladder traps are exclusive to the genus Utricularia, or bladderworts. The bladders (vesicula) pump ions out of their interiors. Water follows by osmosis, generating a partial vacuum inside the bladder. The bladder has a small opening, sealed by a hinged door. In aquatic species, the door has a pair of long trigger hairs. Aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia touch these hairs and deform the door by lever action, releasing the vacuum. The invertebrate is sucked into the bladder, where it is digested. Many species of Utricularia (such as U. sandersonii) are terrestrial, growing on waterlogged soil, and their trapping mechanism is triggered in a slightly different manner. Bladderworts lack roots, but terrestrial species have anchoring stems that resemble them. Temperate aquatic bladderworts generally die back to a resting turion during the winter months, and U. macrorhiza appears to regulate the number of bladders it bears in response to the prevailing nutrient content of its habitat. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1504x1132, 232 KB) A strand of UK pond bladderwort, probably . ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1504x1132, 232 KB) A strand of UK pond bladderwort, probably . ... Species See text The genus Utricularia contains the 200 or more species of bladderworts, belonging to the Bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 71 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Genlisea violacea unearthed to show subterranean traps. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 71 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Genlisea violacea unearthed to show subterranean traps. ... Binomial name A.St. ... Species See text The genus Utricularia contains the 200 or more species of bladderworts, belonging to the Bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae). ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high solvent potential to an area of low solvent potential, up a solute concentration gradient. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species Subgenus Daphnia Subgenus Hyalodaphnia D. galeata Subgenus Ctenodaphnia Daphnia are small, mostly planktonic, crustaceans, between 0. ... Levers can be used to exert a large force over a small distance at one end by exerting only a small force over a greater distance at the other. ... A terrestrial plant is one that grows on land. ... For other uses, see Root (disambiguation). ... A turion (from Latin turio=shoot) is a specialised overwintering bud produced by aquatic herbs, especially in the genera Potamogeton, Aldrovanda and Utricularia. ...

Lobster-pot traps

A lobster pot trap is a chamber that is easy to enter, and its exit either difficult to find or obstructed by inward-pointing bristles. Lobster pots are the trapping mechanism in Genlisea, the corkscrew plants. These plants appear to specialise in aquatic protozoa. A Y-shaped modified leaf allows prey to enter but not exit. Inward-pointing hairs force the prey to move in a particular direction. Prey entering the spiral entrance that coils around the upper two arms of the 'Y' are forced to move inexorably towards a 'stomach' in the lower arm of the 'Y', where they are digested. Prey movement is also thought to be encouraged by water movement through the trap, produced in a similar way to the vacuum in bladder traps, and probably evolutionarily related to it. Species See text Genlisea (corkscrew plants), is a genus of approximately 15 species of carnivorous plant in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... For other uses, see Corkscrew (disambiguation). ... Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoan) in a bone marrow cell Protozoa (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are one-celled eukaryotes (that is, unicellular microbes whose cells have membrane-bound nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, mobility and heterotrophy. ...

Outside of Genlisea, features reminiscent of lobster-pot traps can be seen in Sarracenia psittacina, Darlingtonia californica, and, some horticulturalists argue, Nepenthes aristolochioides. Binomial name Sarracenia psittacina Michx. ... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... Binomial name Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek (1997) Distribution of . ...

Borderline carnivores

To be a fully fledged carnivore, a plant must attract, kill, and digest prey;^[6]^[7] and it must benefit from absorbing the products of the digestion (mostly amino acids and ammonium ions).^[8] To many horticulturalists, these distinctions are a matter of taste. There is a spectrum of carnivory found in plants: from completely non-carnivorous plants like cabbages, to borderline carnivores, to unspecialised and simple traps, like Heliamphora, to extremely specialised and complex traps, like that of the Venus flytrap. Mucilage-tipped bracts and immature flower of Passiflora foetida, a protocarnivorous plant. ... For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. ... Prey can refer to: Look up Prey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A prey animal eaten by a predator in an act called predation. ... This article is about the class of chemicals. ... A ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...

The borderline carnivores include Roridula and Catopsis berteroniana. Catopsis is a borderline carnivorous bromeliad, like Brocchinia reducta. However, unlike the phosphatase of B. reducta, C. berteroniana has not been shown to produce digestive enzymes.^[9] In these pitfall traps, prey simply fall into the urn, assisted by the waxy scales located on the rim. Roridula has a more intricate relationship with its prey. The plants in this genus produce sticky leaves with resin-tipped glands, and look extremely similar to some of the larger sundews. However, they do not directly benefit from the insects they catch. Instead, they form a mutualistic symbiosis with species of assassin bug (genus Pameridea), which eat the trapped insects. The plant benefits from the nutrients in the bugs' faeces.^[10] Roridula gorgonias, photographed at Kew Gardens, April 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Carnivorous plant Roridula ... Roridula gorgonias, photographed at Kew Gardens, April 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Carnivorous plant Roridula ... Roridula distribution Species Roridula dentata Roridula gorgonias Roridula is a South African genus of plants that, whilst having many of the adaptations of a carnivorous plant, such as the possession of insect-trapping sticky hairs, does not directly digest the animals it traps. ... Roridula distribution Species Roridula dentata Roridula gorgonias Roridula is a South African genus of plants that, whilst having many of the adaptations of a carnivorous plant, such as the possession of insect-trapping sticky hairs, does not directly digest the animals it traps. ... Binomial name Catopsis berteroniana Catopsis berteroniana is an epiphytic bromeliad thought to be a possible carnivorous plant, similar to Brocchinia reducta, although the evidence is equivocal. ... Brocchinia reducta is one of few carnivorous bromeliads. ... A phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphorylates its substrate; i. ... In biology, mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where both species derive benefit. ... For other uses, see Symbiosis (disambiguation). ... Subfamilies Harpactorinae Peiratinae Tegeinae Triatominae etc. ... Species Pameridea marlothi Pameridea roridulae Pameridea is a genus of insects comprising two species. ... Horse feces Feces, faeces, or fÃ¦ces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animals digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ...

A number of species in the Martyniaceae (previously Pedaliaceae), such as Ibicella lutea, have sticky leaves that trap insects. However, these plants have not been shown conclusively to be carnivorous.^[11] Likewise, the seeds of Shepherd's Purse,^[11] urns of Paepalanthus bromelioides,^[12] bracts of Passiflora foetida,^[13] and flower stalks and sepals of triggerplants (Stylidium)^[14] appear to trap and kill insects, but their classification as carnivores is contentious. Martyniaceae is a family of flowering plants in order Lamiales that are restricted to the New World. ... Genera Ceratotheca Dicerocaryum Harpagophytum Holubia Josephinia Linariopsis Pedaliodiscus Pedalium Pterodiscus Rogeria Sesamothamnus Sesamum - sesame Uncarina Pedaliaceae (pedalium family or sesame family) is a flowering plant family classified in the order Scrophulariales in the Cronquist system and Lamiales in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. ... Binomial name Ibicella lutea (Lindl. ... Binomial name Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. ... Binomial name Paepalanthus bromelioides Silv. ... Binomial name Passiflora foetida L. The Foetid Passion Flower or Stinking Passion Flower (Passiflora foetida), also known as the Wild Maracuja, is a creeping vine which has an edible fruit and leaves that have a mildly rank aroma. ... Species See text. ...

The production of specific prey-digesting enzymes (proteases, ribonucleases, phosphatases, etc.), is sometimes used as a criterion for carnivory. However, this would probably discount Byblis,^[10] Heliamphora,^[15] and Darlingtonia,^[16] all of which appear to rely on the enzymes of symbiotic bacteria to break down their prey, but are generally considered as carnivores. However, discounting the enzyme-based definition leaves open the question of Roridula. There is no reason why a plant's possession of symbiotic bacteria that allow it to benefit from trapped prey should allow the plant to be considered carnivorous, whilst possession of symbiotic bugs should not. Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... Ribonuclease (RNase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of RNA into smaller components. ... A phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphorylates its substrate; i. ... Byblis Categories: Plant stubs | Carnivorous plants | Lamiales ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...

Evolution

The evolution of carnivorous plants is obscured by the paucity of their fossil record. Very few fossils have been found, and then usually only as seed or pollen. Carnivorus plants are generally herbs and their traps primary growth. They generally do not form readily fossilisable structures such as thick bark or wood. The traps themselves would probably not be preserved in any case. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 413 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1377 Ã— 2000 pixel, file size: 1,011 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carnivorous plant... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 413 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1377 Ã— 2000 pixel, file size: 1,011 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carnivorous plant... Binomial name Archaeamphora longicervia Li (2005) Archaeamphora longicervia is an extinct species of pitcher plant bearing close affinities to extant members of the family Sarraceniaceae. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Fossil. ... For other uses, see Fossil (disambiguation). ... A ripe red jalapeÃ±o cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...

Still, much can be deduced from the structure of current traps. Pitfall traps are quite clearly derived from rolled leaves. The vascular tissues of Sarracenia is a case in point. The keel along the front of the trap contains a mixture of leftward and rightward facing vascular bundles, as would be predicted from the fusion of the edges of an adaxial (stem-facing) leaf surface. Flypapers also show a simple evolutionary gradient from sticky, non-carnivorous leaves, through passive flypapers to active forms. Molecular data show the Dionaea-Aldrovanda clade is closely related to Drosera,^[17] but the traps are so dissimilar that the theory of their origin -- very fast-moving flypapers became less reliant on glue -- remains rather speculative. Cross section of celery stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

There are over a quarter of a million species of flowering plants. Of these, only around five hundred are known to be carnivorous. True carnivory has probably evolved independently at least ten times; however, some of these 'independent' groups probably descended from a recent common ancestor with a predisposition to carnivory. Some groups (the Ericales and Caryophyllales) seem particularly fertile ground for carnivorous preadaptation, although in the former case, this may be more to do with the ecology of the group than its morphology, as most of the members of this group grow in low-nutrient habitats such as heath and bog. Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Families See text. ... Families See text. ... In evolutionary biology, preadaptation describes a situation where an organism uses a preexisting anatomical structure inherited from an ancestor for a potentially unrelated purpose. ... For the journal, see Ecology (journal). ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... Heath comes from Old English hÃ¦Ã° tract of wasteland, from Proto-Germanic *khaiÃ¾ijo (cognate with Old Irish ciad; see also heather, heathen) refers to a wild meadow or open, unploughed country, see Heath (habitat). ... LÃ¼tt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ...

It has been suggested that all trap types are modifications of a similar basic structure - the hairy leaf.^[18] Hairy (or more specifically, stalked-glandular) leaves can catch and retain drops of rainwater, especially if shield-shaped or peltate, thus promoting bacteria growth. Insects land on the leaf, become mired by the surface tension of the water, and suffocate. Bacteria jumpstart decay, releasing from the corpse nutrients that the plant can absorb through its leaves. This foliar feeding can be observed in most non-carnivorous plants. Plants that were better at retaining insects or water therefore had a selective advantage. Rainwater can be retained by cupping the leaf, leading to pitfall traps. Alternatively, insects can be retained by making the leaf stickier by the production of mucilage, leading to flypaper traps. Chart illustrating leaf morphology terms cordate leaf elliptic leaf deltoid leaf In botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: Acicular (acicularis): Slender and pointed, needle-like Acuminate (acuminata): Tapering to a long point Aristate (aristata): Ending in a stiff, bristle-like point Bipinnate (bipinnata... Surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes that layer to behave as an elastic sheet. ... Suffocation can mean two things: Suffocation, or Asphyxia, is a medical condition where the body is depraved of oxygen. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... For other uses, see Body (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Foliar spraying be merged into this article or section. ... Mucilage is a thick gluey substance, often produced by plants. ...

The pitfall traps may have evolved simply by selection pressure for the production of more deeply cupped leaves, followed by 'zipping up' of the margins and subsequent loss of most of the hairs, except at the bottom, where they help retain prey.

The lobsterpot traps of Genlisea are difficult to interpret. They may have developed from bifurcated pitchers that later specialised on ground dwelling prey. Or perhaps the prey-guiding protrusions of bladder traps became more substantial than the net-like funnel found in most aquatic bladderworts. Whatever their origin, the helical shape of the lobsterpot is an adaptation that displays as much trapping surface as possible in all directions when buried in moss. For other uses, see Moss (disambiguation). ...

The traps of the bladderworts may have derived from pitchers that specialised in aquatic prey when flooded, like Sarracenia psittacina does today. Escaping prey in terrestrial pitchers have to climb or fly out of a trap, and both of these can be prevented by wax, gravity and narrow tubes. However, a flooded trap can be swum out of, so in Utricularia, a one-way lid may have developed to form the door of a proto-bladder. Later, this may have become active by the evolution of a partial vacuum inside the bladder, tripped by prey brushing against trigger hairs on the door of the bladder. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Catopsis berteroniana Catopsis berteroniana is an epiphytic bromeliad thought to be a possible carnivorous plant, similar to Brocchinia reducta, although the evidence is equivocal. ...

Flypaper traps include the various true flypapers and the snap traps of Aldrovanda and Dionaea. The production of sticky mucilage is found in many non-carnivorous genera, and the passive glue traps in Byblis and Drosophyllum could easily have evolved.

The active glue traps use rapid plant movements to trap their prey. Rapid plant movement can result from actual growth, or from rapid changes in cell turgor, which allow cells to expand or contract by quickly altering their water content. Slow-moving flypapers like Pinguicula exploit growth, but the Venus flytrap uses such rapid turgor changes that glue became unnecessary. The stalked glands that once made it and which are so evident in Drosera have become the teeth and trigger hairs - an example of natural selection hijacking preexisting structures for new functions. Rapid plant movement encompasses movement in plant structures occurring over a very short period of time, usually under one second. ... Turgor (also called turgor pressure or osmotic pressure) is the pressure that can build in a space that is enclosed by a membrane that is permeable to a solvent of a solution such as water but not to the solutes of the soluton. ... In evolutionary biology, preadaptation describes a situation where an organism uses a preexisting anatomical structure inherited from an ancestor for a potentially unrelated purpose. ...

Recent taxonomic analysis^[19] of the relationships within the Caryophyllales indicate that the Droseraceae, Triphyophyllum, Nepenthaceae and Drosophyllum, whilst closely related, are embedded within a larger clade that includes non-carnivorous groups such as the tamarisks, Ancistrocladaceae, Polygonaceae and Plumbaginaceae. Interestingly, the tamarisks possess specialised salt-excreting glands on their leaves, as do several of the Plumbaginaceae (such as the sea lavender, Limonium), which may have been co-opted for the excretion of other chemical, such as proteases and mucilage. Some of the Plumbaginaceae (e.g. Ceratostigma) also have stalked, vascularised glands that secrete mucilage on their calyces and aid in seed dispersal and possibly in protecting the flowers from crawling parasitic insects. These are probably homologous with the tentacles of the carnivorous genera. Perhaps carnivory evolved from a protective function, rather than a nutritional one. The balsams (such as Impatiens), which are closely related to the Sarraceniaceae and Roridula similarly possess stalked glands. Families See text. ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... Binomial name Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. ... Genera Nepenthes Anurosperma Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Nepenthaceae is a family of pitcher plants. ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... Species See text The genus Tamarix (tamarisk) comprises about 50-60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa. ... Genera Ancistrocladus Ancistrocladaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. ... Genera See text The Polygonaceae, or the Knotweed Family, are a group of dicots including buckwheat, sorrel (but not wood sorrel), rhubarb, and knotgrass. ... Genera (examples) Armeria Ceratostigma Limonium Plumbago The Plumbaginaceae are a family of flowering plants that includes a number of popular garden species, which are grown world wide for their attractive flowers. ... Species About 120-150 species; see text Sea-lavender (also Sea Lavender, Sealavender) or Statice is a genus Limonium of flowering plants with about 120 species. ... Tetramerous flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal (from Latin separatus separate + petalum petal) is a part of the flower of angiosperms or flower plants. ... Species See text Impatiens namchabarwensis Impatiens rosulata Impatiens parviflora Impatiens is a genus of about 900-1000 species of flowering plants in the family Balsaminaceae. ... Genera Darlingtonia Heliamphora Sarracenia Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Sarraceniaceae is the Pitcher plant family, belonging to order Ericales, previously Nepenthales. ... Roridula distribution Species Roridula dentata Roridula gorgonias Roridula is a South African genus of plants that, whilst having many of the adaptations of a carnivorous plant, such as the possession of insect-trapping sticky hairs, does not directly digest the animals it traps. ...

The only traps that are unlikely to have descended from a hairy leaf or sepal are the carnivorous bromeliads (Brocchinia and Catopsis). These plants use the urn - a fundamental part of a bromeliad - for a new purpose, and build on it by the production of wax and the other paraphernalia of carnivory.

Ecology and modelling of carnivory

Carnivorous plants are widespread but rather rare. They are almost entirely restricted to habitats such as bogs, where soil nutrients are extremely limiting, but where sunlight and water are readily available. Only under such extreme conditions is carnivory favoured to an extent that makes the adaptations obvious. Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ... LÃ¼tt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ... Sol redirects here. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

The archetypal carnivore, the Venus flytrap, grows in soils with almost immeasurable nitrate and calcium levels. Plants need nitrogen for protein synthesis, calcium for cell wall stiffening, phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis, and iron for chlorophyll synthesis. The soil is often waterlogged, which favours the production of toxic ions such as ammonium, and its pH is an acidic 4 to 5. Ammonium can be used as a source of nitrogen by plants, but its high toxicity means that concentrations high enough to fertilise are also high enough to cause damage. For other uses, see Archetype (disambiguation). ... Trinitrate redirects here. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... Plant cells separated by transparent cell walls. ... Look up nucleic acid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... Waterlogging is a verbal noun meaning the saturation of such as ground or the filling of such as a boat with water. ... A ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...

However, the habitat is warm, sunny, constantly moist, and the plant experiences relatively little competition from low growing Sphagnum moss. Still, carnivores are also found in very atypical habitats. Drosophyllum lusitanicum is found around desert edges and Pinguicula valisneriifolia on limestone (calcium rich) cliffs.^[20] Drosophyllum in the wild This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Drosophyllum in the wild This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Binomial name Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link Drosophyllum distribution Drosophyllum is a genus of carnivorous plants containing the single species Drosophyllum lusitanicum (Portuguese Sundew or Dewy pine). ... Species See text. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...

In all the studied cases, carnivory allows plants to grow and reproduce using animals as a source of nitrogen, phosphorus and possibly potassium.^[21]^[22]^[23] However, there is a spectrum of dependency on animal prey. Pygmy sundews are unable to use nitrate from soil because they lack the necessary enzymes (nitrate reductase in particular).^[24] Common butterworts (Pinguicula vulgaris) can use inorganic sources of nitrogen better than organic sources, but a mixture of both is preferred.^[21] European bladderworts seem to use both sources equally well. Animal prey makes up for differing deficiencies in soil nutrients. Nitrate reducatse are group of enzymes which reduce nitrate to nitrite This article belongs in one or more categories. ...

Plants use their leaves to intercept sunlight. The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water, to make sugars (and other biomass), and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis. Leaves also respire, in a similar way to animals, by burning their biomass to generate chemical energy. This energy is temporarily stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which acts as an energy currency for metabolism in all living things. As a waste product, respiration produces carbon dioxide. For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... See biomass (ecology) for the use of the term in ecology, where it refers to the cumulation of living matter Switchgrass, a tough plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States Rice chaff. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ... Cellular respiration was discovered by mad scientist Mr. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ...

For a plant to grow, it must photosynthesise more than it respires. Otherwise, it will eventually exhaust its biomass and die. The potential for plant growth is net photosynthesis, the total gross gain of biomass by photosynthesis, minus the biomass lost by respiration. Understanding carnivory requires a cost-benefit analysis of these factors.^[8] Cost-benefit analysis is an important technique for project appraisal: the process of weighing the total expected costs against the total expected benefits of one or more actions in order to choose the best or most profitable option. ...

In carnivorous plants, the leaf is not just used to photosynthesise, but also as a trap. Changing the leaf shape to make it a better trap generally makes it less efficient at photosynthesis. For example, pitchers have to be held upright, so that only their opercula directly intercept light. The plant also has to expend extra energy on non-photosynthetic structures like glands, hairs, glue and digestive enzymes.^[25] To produce such structures, the plant requires ATP and respires more of its biomass. Hence, a carnivorous plant will have both decreased photosynthesis and increased respiration, making the potential for growth small, and the cost of carnivory high.

Being carnivorous allows the plant to grow better when the soil contains little nitrate or phosphate. In particular, an increased supply of nitrogen and phosphorus makes photosynthesis more efficient, because photosynthesis depends on the plant being able to synthesise very large amounts of the nitrogen-rich enzyme RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), the most abundant protein on Earth. Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, most commonly known by the shorter name RuBisCO, is an enzyme (EC 4. ... Fischer projection of D-ribulose Ribulose is a ketopentose â€” a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. ... Carboxylation in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is introduced in a substrate. ... An oxygenase is any enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring the oxygen from molecular oxygen O2 (as in air) to it. ...

It is intuitively clear that the Venus flytrap is more carnivorous than Triphyophyllum peltatum. The former is a full-time moving snap-trap, the second is a part-time, non-moving flypaper. The energy 'wasted' by the plant in building and fuelling its trap is a suitable measure of the carnivory of the trap.

Using this measure of investment in carnivory, a model can be proposed.^[8] Above is a graph of carbon dioxide uptake (potential for growth) against trap respiration (investment in carnivory) for a leaf in a sunny habitat containing no soil nutrients at all. Respiration is a straight line sloping down under the horizontal axis (respiration produces carbon dioxide). Gross photosynthesis is a curved line above the horizontal axis: as investment increases, so too does the photosynthesis of the trap, as the leaf receives a better supply of nitrogen and phosphorus. Eventually another factor (such as light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration) will become more limiting to photosynthesis than nitrogen or phosphorus supply. As a result, increasing the investment will not make the plant grow better. The net uptake of carbon dioxide, and therefore the plant's potential for growth, must be positive for the plant to survive. There is a broad span of investment where this is the case, and there is also a non-zero optimum. Plants investing more or less than this optimum will take up less carbon dioxide than an optimal plant, and hence growing less well. These plants will be at a selective disadvantage. At zero investment the growth is zero, because a non-carnivorous plant cannot survive in a habitat with absolutely no soil borne nutrients. Such habitats do not exist, so for example, Sphagnum absorbs the tiny amounts of nitrates and phosphates in rain very efficiently, and also forms symbioses with diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Download high resolution version (801x546, 12 KB)Modelling carnivory in plants: gross photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthesis as a function of the plants investment in carnivorous adaptations. ... Download high resolution version (801x546, 12 KB)Modelling carnivory in plants: gross photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthesis as a function of the plants investment in carnivorous adaptations. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... In mathematics, the term optimization, or mathematical programming, refers to the study of problems in which one seeks to minimize or maximize a real function by systematically choosing the values of real or integer variables from within an allowed set. ... Species See text. ... Cyanobacteria (Greek: cyanos = blue) are a phylum of aquatic bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. ...

In a habitat with abundant soil nutrients but little light (as shown above), the gross photosynthesis curve will be lower and flatter, because light will be more limiting than nutrients. A plant can grow at zero investment in carnivory; this is also the optimum investment for a plant, as any investment in traps reduces net photosynthesis (growth) to less than the net photosynthesis of a plant that obtains its nutrients from soil alone. Download high resolution version (801x546, 12 KB)Modelling carnivory in plants: gross photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthesis as a function of the plants investment in carnivorous adaptations. ... Download high resolution version (801x546, 12 KB)Modelling carnivory in plants: gross photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthesis as a function of the plants investment in carnivorous adaptations. ...

Carnivorous plants exist between these two extremes: the less limiting light and water are, and the more limiting soil nutrients are, the higher the optimum investment in carnivory, and hence the more obvious the adaptations will be to the casual observer.

The most obvious evidence for this model is that carnivorous plants tend to grow in habitats where water and light are abundant, and where competition is relatively low: the typical bog. Those that do not tend to be even more fastidious in some other way. Drosophyllum lusitanicum grows where there is little water, but it is even more extreme in its requirement for bright light and low disturbance than most other carnivores. Pinguicula valisneriifolia grows in soils with high levels of calcium, but requires strong illumination and lower competition than many butterworts.^[26] Competition is the act of striving against others for the purpose of achieving gain, such as income, pride, amusement, or dominance. ...

In general, carnivorous plants are poor competitors, because they invest too heavily in structures that have no selective advantage in nutrient-rich habitats. They succeed only where other plants fail. Carnivores are to nutrients what cacti are to water. Carnivory only pays off when the nutrient stress is high and where light is abundant.^[27] When these conditions are not met, some plants give up carnivory temporarily. Sarracenia spp. produce flat, non-carnivorous leaves (phyllodes) in winter. Light levels are lower than in summer, so light is more limiting than nutrients, and carnivory does not pay. The lack of insects in winter exacerbates the problem. Damage to growing pitcher leaves prevent them from forming proper pitchers, and again, the plant produces a phyllode instead. Subfamilies Cactoideae Maihuenioideae Opuntioideae Pereskioideae See also taxonomy of the Cactaceae A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses or cactus) is any member of the succulent plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. ... Phyllodes are modified petioles or leaf stems. ...

Many other carnivores shut down in some season. Tuberous sundews die back to tubers in the dry season, bladderworts to turions in winter, and non-carnivorous leaves are made by most butterworts and Cephalotus in the less favourable seasons. Utricularia macrorhiza varies the number of bladders its produces based on the expected density of prey.^[28] Part-time carnivory in Triphyophyllum peltatum may be due to an unusually high need for potassium at a certain point in the life cycle, just before flowering. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Binomial name Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. ... A turion (from Latin turio=shoot) is a specialised overwintering bud produced by aquatic herbs, especially in the genera Potamogeton, Aldrovanda and Utricularia. ... Binomial name Cephalotus follicularis Cephalotus is a monotypic genus of southwest Australian pitcher plants, containing the single species Cephalotus follicularis, commonly called the Albany Pitcher Plant or the Western Australian Pitcher Plant. ... Binomial name Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. ...

The more carnivorous a plant is, the more conventional its habitat is likely to be. Venus flytraps live in a very stereotypical, and very specialised habitat, whereas less carnivorous plants (Byblis, Pinguicula) are found in more unusual habitats (i.e. those typical for non-carnivores). Byblis and Drosophyllum both come from relatively arid regions, and are both passive flypapers, arguably the lowest maintenance form of trap. Venus flytraps filter their prey using the teeth around the trap's edge, so as not to waste energy on hard-to-digest prey. In evolution, laziness pays, because energy can be used for reproduction, and short term benefits in reproduction will outweigh long-term benefits in anything else. For other uses, see Stereotype (disambiguation). ...

Carnivory rarely pays, so even carnivorous plants avoid it when there is too little light, or an easier source of nutrients, and they use as few carnivorous features as are required at a given time or for a given prey item. There are very few habitats stressful enough to make investing biomass and energy in trigger hairs and enzymes worthwhile. Many plants occasionally benefit from animal protein rotting on their leaves, but carnivory that is obvious enough for the casual observer to notice is rare.

Bromeliads seem very well preadapted to carnivory, but only one or two species can be classified as truly carnivorous. By their very shape, bromeliads will benefit from increased prey-derived nutrient input. In this sense, bromeliads are probably carnivorous, but their habitats are too dark for more extreme, recognisable carnivory to evolve. Most bromeliads are epiphytes, and most epiphytes grow in partial shade on tree branches. Brocchinia reducta, on the other hand, is a ground dweller. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...

Classification

The classification of all flowering plants is currently in a state of flux. In the Cronquist system, the Droseraceae and Nepenthaceae were placed in the order Nepenthales, based on the radial symmetry of their flowers, and their possession of insect-traps. The Sarraceniaceae was placed either in the Nepenthales, or in its own order, the Sarraceniales. The Byblidaceae, Cephalotaceae, and Roridulaceae were placed in the Saxifragales; and the Lentibulariaceae in the Scrophulariales (now subsumed into the Lamiales^[29]). This list of carnivorous plants is a comprehensive listing of all known carnivorous plant species. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or angiosperms). ...

In more modern classification, such as that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the families have been retained, but they have been redistributed amongst several disparate orders. It is also recommended that Drosophyllum be considered in a monotypic family outside the rest of the Droseraceae, probably more closely allied to the Dioncophyllaceae. The current recommendations are shown below (only carnivorous genera are listed): The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group is an international group of systematic botanists who have come together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants in the light of the rapid rise of molecular systematics. ...

Dicots

class="preview" id="pv364"> Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3146x2136, 2292 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Triggerplant Stylidium turbinatum ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3146x2136, 2292 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Triggerplant Stylidium turbinatum ... Binomial name Stylidium turbinatum Lowrie & Kenneally Stylidium turbinatum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus Stylidium (family Stylidiaceae). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 537 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1040 Ã— 1162 pixel, file size: 149 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aldrovanda vesiculosa habitus Author: Jan Wieneke The author gave permission to distribute the photo as GNU-FDL in an email-correspondence with the... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 537 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1040 Ã— 1162 pixel, file size: 149 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aldrovanda vesiculosa habitus Author: Jan Wieneke The author gave permission to distribute the photo as GNU-FDL in an email-correspondence with the... Binomial name Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. Distribution Aldrovanda vesiculosa, known as the waterwheel plant, is the sole extant species in the flowering plant genus Aldrovanda of the family Droseraceae. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 582 pixel Image in higher resolution (1199 Ã— 873 pixel, file size: 915 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Byblis liniflora habitus Author: Denis Barthel File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 582 pixel Image in higher resolution (1199 Ã— 873 pixel, file size: 915 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Byblis liniflora habitus Author: Denis Barthel File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Binomial name Salisb. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x640, 136 KB) Cephalotus follicularis Author: Alexander Fisch --> http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x640, 136 KB) Cephalotus follicularis Author: Alexander Fisch --> http://www. ... Binomial name Cephalotus follicularis Labill. ... Families Alseuosmiaceae Argophyllaceae Asteraceae - Daisies Calyceraceae Campanulaceae (incl. ... For other uses, see Sunflower (disambiguation). ... Look up Daisy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Genera Forstera Levenhookia Oreostylidium Phyllachne Stylidium The family Stylidiaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants. ... Species See text. ... Families See text. ... Binomial name L. The carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is a flowering plant native to the Near East and has been cultivated for the last 2,000 years. ... Genera Dioncophyllum Triphyophyllum Habropetalum The Dioncophyllaceae is a small family of angiosperms previously placed in the Theales, but now placed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group into the Caryophyllales. ... Binomial name Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. ... A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ... Liana tangle across a forest in the Western Ghats Woman swinging on a liana in Aokigahara forest, Japan A canopy that has formed over Monkey Ladder Vine A liana is a woody climber [1] that starts at ground level, and uses trees to climb up to the canopy where it... Binomial name Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link Drosophyllum is a genus of carnivorous plants containing the single species Drosophyllum lusitanicum or Dewy pine. ... Binomial name Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link Drosophyllum is a genus of carnivorous plants containing the single species Drosophyllum lusitanicum or Dewy pine. ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... This article is about the plant. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Dionaea muscipula The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant. ... For other uses, see Venus Flytrap (disambiguation). ... Categories: Plant stubs | Carnivorous plants | Magnoliopsida ... This article is about the plant. ... Species Droserapollis gemmatus (type) Droserapollis taiwanensis Droserapollis is a genus of extinct plants in the family Droseraceae. ... Species Droserapites clavatus Huang (1978) Droserapites is a genus of extinct plants of somewhat uncertain droseracean affinity. ... Species Droseridites baculatus Droseridites echinosporus Droseridites parvus Droseridites senonicus Droseridites spinosus (type) Droseridites is a genus of extinct plants in the family Droseraceae. ... Species Fischeripollis sp. ... Binomial name Palaeoaldrovanda splendens Knobloch & Mai (1984) Palaeoaldrovanda splendens is an extinct species of carnivorous plant. ... Binomial name Saxonipollis saxonicus Krutzsch (1970) Saxonipollis saxonicus is an extinct plant species. ... Genera Nepenthes Anurosperma Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Nepenthaceae is a family of pitcher plants. ... Species See text The genus Nepenthes (Tropical Pitcher Plants or Monkey Cups) in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae contains roughly 80-100 species, (depending on author), several natural and many cultivated hybrids. ... Binomial name Nepenthes pervillei Bl. ... Families See text. ... Heather may be: In botany, the plant Calluna vulgaris, or, more loosely, various species of the closely related genera Erica and Cassiope, low evergreen shrubs (also called heaths). The term is also used to describe land which is vegetated with these plants; In apparel or textiles, interwoven yarns with a... Species See text Roridula is a South African genus of plants that, whilst having many of the adaptations of a carnivorous plant, such as the possession of insect-trapping sticky hairs, does not derive any nutrients directly from the animals it traps. ... Roridula distribution Species Roridula dentata Roridula gorgonias Roridula is a South African genus of plants that, whilst having many of the adaptations of a carnivorous plant, such as the possession of insect-trapping sticky hairs, does not directly digest the animals it traps. ... Genera Darlingtonia Heliamphora Sarracenia Families of Flowering Plants as of 2002-10-20 Sarraceniaceae is the Pitcher plant family, belonging to order Ericales, previously Nepenthales. ... Binomial name Archaeamphora longicervia Li (2005) Archaeamphora longicervia is an extinct species of pitcher plant bearing close affinities to extant members of the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Sarracenia range (all species) Species See text. ... Binomial name Darlingtonia californica Torr. ... The genus Heliamphora contains approximately eight species of pitcher plants native to South America. ... Families See text The Order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. ... â€œMintâ€ redirects here. ... Byblis Categories: Plant stubs | Carnivorous plants | Lamiales ... Byblis Categories: Plant stubs | Carnivorous plants | Lamiales ... For other uses, see Rainbow (disambiguation). ... Genera Genlisea Pinguicula Utricularia Lentibulariaceae is a family of carnivorous plants containing three genera: Genlisea, the corkscrew plants, Pinguicula, the butterworts, and Utricularia, the bladderworts. ... Species See text The genus Utricularia contains the 200 or more species of bladderworts, belonging to the Bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae). ... Species See text The genus Pinguicula, or butterworts, is a group of 79 carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... Species See text The genus Pinguicula, or butterworts, is a group of 79 carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... Species See text Genlisea (corkscrew plants), is a genus of approximately 15 species of carnivorous plant in the family Lentibulariaceae. ... Species See below or separate list. ... Species See text The genus Utricularia contains the 200 or more species of bladderworts, belonging to the Bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae). ... The genus Polypompholyx, the pink petticoats, contains just two species of carnivorous plant, Polypompholyx tenella and Polypompholyx multifida, previously distinguished from the otherwise similar genus Utricularia by their possession of four calyx lobes rather than two. ... The genus Biovularia, contains just two species of carnivorous plant, Biovularia olivacea (also known as or ) and Biovularia cymbantha. ... Martyniaceae is a family of flowering plants in order Lamiales that are restricted to the New World. ... Binomial name Sesamum indicum L. Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. ... Binomial name Ibicella lutea (Lindl. ... Species See text Oxalis is the largest genus in the wood sorrel family Oxalidaceae. ... Binomial name Cephalotus follicularis Cephalotus is a monotypic genus of southwest Australian pitcher plants, containing the single species Cephalotus follicularis, commonly called the Albany Pitcher Plant or the Western Australian Pitcher Plant. ... Albany, (IPA: }, is the largest regional city in WA situated on the south coast of Western Australia south-southeast of Perth. ...

Monocots

families see text Poales is a botanical name at the rank of order. ... For other uses, see Grass (disambiguation). ... Subfamiles Bromelioideae Pitcairnioideae Tillandsioideae Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) is a large family of flowering plants native to the tropical and warm temperate New World. ... Genera See text Bromeliads include epiphytes, such as Spanish moss, and ground plants, such as the Pineapple. ... For other uses, see Pineapple (disambiguation). ... Brocchinia reducta is one of few carnivorous bromeliads. ... Genera See text Bromeliads include epiphytes, such as Spanish moss, and ground plants, such as the Pineapple. ... Binomial name Catopsis berteroniana Catopsis berteroniana is an epiphytic bromeliad thought to be a possible carnivorous plant, similar to Brocchinia reducta, although the evidence is equivocal. ... Genera See text The Eriocaulaceae or pipewort family is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales. ... Species See text Eriocaulon (pipewort) is a genus of about 400 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Eriocaulaceae. ... Binomial name Paepalanthus bromelioides Silv. ...

Cultivation

Although different species of carnivorous plants have different requirements in terms of sunlight, humidity, soil moisture, etc., there are commonalities. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 615 KB) Summary Cultivated 4 year old N. rajah grown in pure LFS and in a 24 inch pot. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 615 KB) Summary Cultivated 4 year old N. rajah grown in pure LFS and in a 24 inch pot. ... Binomial name Hook. ...

Most carnivorous plants require rain water, or water that has been distilled, deionised by reverse osmosis, or acidified to around pH 6.5 using sulfuric acid. Common tap or drinking water contains minerals (particularly calcium salts) that will quickly build up and kill the plant. This is because most carnivorous plants have evolved in nutrient-poor, acidic soils and are consequently extreme calcifuges. They are therefore very sensitive to excessive soil-borne nutrients. Since most of these plants are found in bogs, almost all are very intolerant of drying. There are exceptions: tuberous sundews require a dry (summer) dormancy period, and Drosophyllum requires much drier conditions than most. This article is about precipitation. ... Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points. ... Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... A calcifuge is a plant that does not tolerate alkaline (basic) soil. ... Estivation or aestivation (from Latin aestas, summer) is a state of dormancy similar to hibernation. ...

Outdoor-grown carnivorous plants generally catch more than enough insects to keep themselves properly fed. Insects may be fed to the plants by hand to supplement their diet; however, carnivorous plants are generally unable to digest large non-insect food items; bits of hamburger, for example, will simply rot, and this may cause the trap, or even the whole plant, to die. A carnivorous plant that catches no insects at all will rarely die, although its growth may be impaired. In general, these plants are best left to their own devices: after underwatering with tap-water, the most common cause of Venus flytrap death is prodding the traps to watch them close and feeding them cheese and other inappropriate items.

Most carnivorous plants require bright light, and most will look better under such conditions, as this encourages them to synthesise red and purple anthocyanin pigments. Nepenthes and Pinguicula will do better out of full sun, but most other species are happy in direct sunlight. Plants with abnormally high anthocyanin quantities are popular as ornamental plants - here, a selected purple-leaf cultivar of European Beech Anthocyanins (from Greek: (anthos) = flower + (kyanos) = blue) are water-soluble vacuolar flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH. They are synthesized exclusively by organisms of the plant...

Carnivores mostly live in bogs, and those that do not are generally tropical. Hence, most require high humidity. On a small scale, this can be achieved by placing the plant in a wide saucer containing pebbles that are kept permanently wet. Small Nepenthes species grow well in large terraria. A terrarium is a clear container (often plastic or glass) used to grow plants and to examine or hold small creatures. ...

Many carnivores are native to cold temperate regions and can be grown outside in a bog garden year-round. Most Sarracenia can tolerate temperatures well below freezing despite most species being native to the southeastern United States. Species of Drosera and Pinguicula also tolerate subfreezing temperatures. Nepenthes species, which are tropical, require temperatures from 20 to 30°C to thrive.

Carnivorous plants require appropriate nutrient-poor soil. Most appreciate a 3:1 mixture of Sphagnum peat to sharp horticultural sand (coir is an acceptable, and more ecofriendly substitute for peat). Nepenthes will grow in orchid compost, or in pure Sphagnum moss. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 667 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1052 Ã— 946 pixel, file size: 255 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carnivorous plant Sarracenia... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 667 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1052 Ã— 946 pixel, file size: 255 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Carnivorous plant Sarracenia... Sarracenia range (all species) Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Coir (from Malayalam kayar, cord) is a coarse fibre extracted from the fibrous outer shell of a coconut. ... Species See text. ...

Ironically, carnivorous plants are themselves susceptible to infestation by parasites such as aphids or mealybugs. Although small infestations can be removed by hand, larger infestations necessitate use of an insecticide. Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) is effective as a topical insecticide, particularly on scale insects. Diazinon is an excellent systemic insecticide that is tolerated by most carnivorous plants. Malathion and Acephate (Orthene) have also been reported as tolerable by carnivorous plants. Families Adelgidae Aphididae Pemphigidae Phylloxeridae and several more Aphids (superfamily Aphidoidea) are small plant-sucking insects. ... Mealybug is the common name of insects in Pseudococcidae, a family of unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... Isopropyl alcohol (also isopropanol or rubbing alcohol) is a common name for propan-2-ol, a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. ... Families Aclerdidae Asterolecaniidae Beesoniidae Carayonemidae Cerococcidae Coccidae Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae Diaspididae Electrococcidae Eriococcidae Grimaldiellidae Halimococcidae Inkaidae Jersicoccidae Kermesidae Kerriidae Kukaspididae Labiococcidae Lecanodiaspididae Margarodidae Micrococcidae Ortheziidae Phenacoleachiidae Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Putoidae Stictococcidae The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, notable for their habit of secreting a waxy covering that covers... Diazinon Diazinon (O,O-diethyl 0-2-isopropyl-6-methyl(pyrimidine-4-yl) phosphorothioate), a colorless to dark brown liquid, is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide used to control cockroaches, silverfish, ants, and fleas in residential, non-food buildings. ... Malathion is a organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. ... ACEPHATE is an organophosphate foliar insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10-15 days at the recommended use rate. ...

Although insects can be a problem, by far the biggest killer of carnivorous plants (besides human maltreatment) is grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). This thrives under warm, humid conditions, and can be a real problem in winter. To some extent, temperate carnivorous plants can be protected from this pathogen by ensuring that they are kept cool and well ventilated in winter, and that any dead leaves are removed promptly. If this fails, a fungicide is in order. Binomial name Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel 1945 Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that affects many plant species, although its most economically important hosts are wine grapes[]. In viticulture, it is commonly known as botrytis bunch rot; in horticulture, it is usually called grey mould or gray mold. ... A Fungicide is one of three main methods of pest control- chemical control of fungi in this case. ...

The easiest carnivorous plants for beginners are those from the cool temperate zone. These plants will do well under cool greenhouse conditions (minimum 5°C in winter, maximum 25°C in summer) if kept in wide trays of acidified or rain water during summer, and kept moist during winter:

Venus flytraps will do well under these conditions, but are actually rather difficult to grow: even if treated well, they will often succumb to grey mould in winter unless well ventilated. Some of the lowland Nepenthes are very easy to grow, as long as they are provided with relatively constant, hot and humid conditions. Binomial name Drosera capensis L. The Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... Binomial name Drosera binata Labill. ... Binomial name Sarracenia flava L. The Yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. ... Binomial name Pinguicula grandiflora Lam. ... A hibernaculum is the location chosen by an animal for hibernation. ... Binomial name Pinguicula moranensis Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth Pinguicula moranensis is the most common Pinguicula species in Mexico. ...

Cultural depictions

Carnivorous plants have long been the subject of popular interest and exposition, much of it highly inaccurate. Depiction of a native being consumed by a Ya-te-veo (I can see you) carnivorous tree of Central America, from Land and Sea by J.W. Buel, 1887. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

A large man-eating tree consumed a young woman in Madagascar in 1878, as witnessed by Dr Carl Liche, or so he reported in the September 26, 1920 issue of The American Weekly. The woman was supposed to have been a member of the Mkodos, a 'little known but cruel tribe'. The woman was pictured in an accompanying artwork. In 1925 the same paper offered another carnivorous plant story, of a tree species on Mindanao, in the Philippines. There is no evidence that either of these plants is more than a fanciful story. Depiction of a native being consumed by a Ya-te-veo (I can see you) carnivorous tree of Central America, from Land and Sea by J.W. Buel, 1887. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The American Weekly was a United States magazine published by the Hearst Corporation from 1 November 1896 until 1963. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ...

A fanciful carnivorous plant called Audrey Junior (called Audrey II in the musical) with an insatiable appetite was the central theme of the 1960 black comedy The Little Shop of Horrors. Little Shop of Horrors is a 1982 off-Broadway musical comedy by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman, about a nerdy florist shop worker who raises a plant that feeds on human blood. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Black comedy and List of black comedies, accessible from a disambiguation page. ... The Little Shop of Horrors is a 1960 black comedy film directed by Roger Corman. ...

Cartoons frequently make use of monstrous plants; examples include, but certainly are not limited to Inspector Gadget, Darkwing Duck, The Simpsons and Zetsu, a villain character in the manga series, Naruto. Image File history File links Little_Shop_of_Horrors_gore. ... Image File history File links Little_Shop_of_Horrors_gore. ... A cult film is a film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. ... For the 1999 live-action film, see Inspector Gadget (film). ... Darkwing Duck is an Emmy-nominated American animated television series produced by The Walt Disney Company that ran from 1991-1995 on both the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon and Saturday mornings on ABC. It featured an eponymous superhero anthropomorphic duck with the alter ego of Drake Mallard (voiced... Simpsons redirects here. ... The Akatsuki roster as of Naruto manga Chapter 317. ... This article is about the comics published in East Asian countries. ... Serialized in Weekly Shonen Jump Shonen Jump BANZAI! Shonen Jump Weekly Comic Original run November 1999 â€“ Ongoing No. ...

The triffids presented in John Wyndham's book, The Day of the Triffids, are plants which can uproot themselves, move, and can kill with a poisonous, whip-like tail. The book leaves open the question of whether the triffids are intelligent. The Triffid is a highly venomous fictional species of plant that appears to have limited intelligence and survival instincts. ... John Wyndham (July 10, 1903 â€“ March 11, 1969) was the pen name used by the often post-apocalyptic British science fiction writer John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris. ... The Day of the Triffids is a post-apocalyptic novel (categorised by author Brian Aldiss as a cosy catastrophe) written in 1951 by the English science fiction author John Wyndham. ...

In Life of Pi by Yann Martel, Pi encounters an island of algae which he later discovers to be carnivorous. Life of Pi is a novel by Canadian author Yann Martel. ... Yann Martel (born June 25, 1963 in Salamanca, Spain) is a Canadian author best known for the Man Booker Prize-winning novel Life of Pi. ...

The movie Jumanji features various fictional carnivorous plants, one being large enough to capture and devour an entire automobile with its huge tentacles and mouth. Jumanji is a 1995 feature film directed by Joe Johnston and based on Chris Van Allsburgs popular 1982 book, Jumanji. ...

Nintendo's Super Mario video games feature the Piranha Plant, a Venus fly trap-like enemy. They are almost always portrayed as a leafy green stalk topped with a white-spotted green or red globe, almost bisected by a toothy white mouth. Nintendo Company, Limited (ä»»å¤©å ‚ or ãƒ‹ãƒ³ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ¼ NintendÅ; NASDAQ: NTDOY, TYO: 7974 usually referred to as simply Nintendo, or Big N ) is a multinational corporation founded on September 23, 1889[1] in Kyoto, Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards. ... For nearly two decades, Mario has been the official video game mascot for Nintendo. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into List of Mario series enemies. ... Binomial name Dionaea muscipula The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant. ...

The movie Minority Report features a greenhouse full of Sarracenia and Nepenthes in one scene. Also within the area of science fiction, Roger Wilco encounters man eating fungi and plants after crashing on an alien planet in Space Quest 2. Minority Report is a 2002 science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg, loosely based on the Philip K. Dick short story of the same name. ... Roger Wilco Senior (right) chatting with Junior (left). ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...

Some plants in the Edanna Age of the computer game Myst III: Exile are able to trap animals. One of the puzzles that need to be solved in order to win the game involves setting a bird-like creature free from a plant that resembles the trap found in the Nepenthes genus. Myst franchise Games Myst Riven Myst III: Exile Myst IV: Revelation Myst V: End of Ages Uru: Ages Beyond Myst Ages of: Myst Riven Myst III: Exile Myst IV: Revelation Uru Novels Myst: The Book of Atrus Tiana Dni Comic Books #0 #1 Miscellaneous Dni Ages The... Myst franchise Games Myst Riven Myst III: Exile Myst IV: Revelation Myst V: End of Ages Uru: Ages Beyond Myst Ages of: Myst Riven Myst III: Exile Myst IV: Revelation Uru Novels Myst: The Book of Atrus Tiana Dni Comic Books #0 #1 Miscellaneous Dni Ages The...

A generic species of pitcher plant appears in the The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion. Unlike similar plants, however, it does not produce harvestable ingredients. The reasons for this, and the presence of plants with no purpose in the game, are unclear. Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. ... The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is a game currently under development by Bethesda Softworks for the PC, Xbox 2, and Playstation 3. ...

The cult Killer Tomato series often hints to the fact that the tomatoes eat people, despite not having mouths until the third film and TV series.

In the computer game expansion Age of Mythology: The Titans, there is a myth unit that can be summoned called Carnivora which is a carnivorous plant resembling a giant Venus Flytrap that attacks with tentacle-like vines and can ensnare and eat prey as big as a horse. An aquatic version of it can also be summoned. Age of Mythology (AoM) is a real-time strategy computer game in the popular Age of Empires series. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ...

The CRPG game Fallout 2 man-eating weed can be found and fought. These plants can not only move and bite, they also throw sharp spores at distant opponents. As an in-joke, an intelligent specimen called Seymour can be found. CRPG may refer to: Console role-playing game Computer role-playing game This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Fallout 2 is a critically-acclaimed computer role-playing game published by Interplay in 1998. ... Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ... Little Shop of Horrors is a title that can mean: The Little Shop of Horrors, the 1960 Roger Corman cult classic. ...

In the MMORPG World of Warcraft, there are Carnivorous Plant enemies called Lashers. They have a tall stalk with a toothed, flower-like bulb at the end, move on a mess of roots and vines beneath them, and attack with two whip-like vines which grow directly from their main stalk and are almost like arms. They are mostly found in the prehistoric jungle themed area, Un'Goro Crater, but can be found in a few instances, including Maraudon and the Wailing Caverns. Various other Carnivorous Plants feature in other MMORPGs. An image from World of Warcraft, one of the largest commercial MMORPGs as of 2004, based on active subscriptions. ... World of Warcraft (commonly abbreviated as WoW) is a massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Blizzard Entertainment and is the fourth game in the Warcraft series, excluding expansion packs and the cancelled Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans. ...

The ultimate power of the Plant Control powerset in the MMORPG City of Villains summons a sentient, mobile, giant carnivorous plant, fittingly called Fly Trap. An image from World of Warcraft, one of the largest commercial MMORPGs as of 2004, based on active subscriptions. ... City of Villains is a massively multiplayer online role-playing computer game based on the superhero comic book genre, developed by Cryptic Studios and published by NCSoft. ...

In the Deltora Quest book series by Emily Rodda, Carnivorous Plants called Grippers are present. They resemble toothed mouths growing in the ground, and are covered with cabbage like leaves which open up to let prey fall in when stepped on. They are dangerous to Humans. Deltora Quest is a series of childrenâ€™s fantasy books, written by Australian author Emily Rodda. ... Emily Rodda is an author of childrens books. ...

In the Harry Potter series, there are at least two plants that will attack humans aggressively, the Venomous Tentacula and Devil's Snare. The Whomping Willow, a tree on the campus of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is also known to attack humans, animals, and anything else in its path (including flying cars).

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