Cedric Henning Belfrage (born November 8, 1904 - died June 21, 1990) was a socialist, author, journalist, translator and co-founder of the radical US-weekly newspaper the National Guardian. Born in London, Belfrage started his writing career as a film critic at Cambridge University, where he published his first article in Kinematograph Weekly (1924). Jump to: navigation, search November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the Temptations album, see 1990 (Temptations album) MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... The Guardian was a radical independent weekly newspaper published between 1948 and 1992 in New York City. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... REDIRECT [1] ...

Literary and Political Development

In 1927, Belfrage went to Hollywood, where he was hired by the New York Sun and Film Weekly as a correspondent. Belfrage returned to London in 1930 as Sam Goldwyn's press agent. Returning to Hollywood, he became politically active, joining the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, co-editing a left literary magazine, The Clipper. Belfrage joined the US Communist Party in 1937, but withdrew his membership a few months later. Thereafter, he maintained a friendly but critical relationship. During World War II he worked in the British Security Coordination for the Western hemisphere. ... Samuel Goldwyn (August 17, 1879, Warsaw, Poland – January 31, 1974, Los Angeles, California, United States) was a major producer of motion pictures. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is one of several Marxist-Leninist groups in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... The British Security Coordination was authorized by Winston Churchill in 1940 as a highly secret organization in New York to supervise the activities of the British intellignece service -- MI5, Special Operations Executive, the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), & the Political Warfare Executive -- in the Western hemisphere. ...

In 1948, he wrote for and helped co-found---along with James Aronson and John McManus---the National Guardian (renamed the Guardian in 1967) to which he would remain affiliated until the late 1960s.

Repression during McCarthy-era

At the height of McCarthyism, Belfrage was summoned in 1953 to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). In 1955, he was deported by the US government back to his native England. Belfrage then travelled to Cuba in 1961, and in 1962, travelled throughout South America finally settling in Cuernavaca, Mexico. In 1973, Belfrage returned to the US for the first time since 1955, touring around the country with his new book, The American Inquisition (Bobbs Merrill, 1973, Siglo XXI, Mexico, Thunder' Mouth Press, 1989). Jump to: navigation, search McCarthyism took place during a period of intense suspicion in the United States primarily from 1950 to 1954, when the U.S. government was actively engaged in countering American Communist Party subversion, its leadership, and others suspected of being Communists or Communist sympathizers. ... Jump to: navigation, search HUAC hearings The House Committee on Un-American Activities or HUAC (or, rarely, HCUA) (1945-1975) was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: United States Wikinews has news related to this article: United States United States government CIA World Factbook Entry for United States House. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Exile Years

Belfrage later debuted as a Spanish-English translator, notably for the Latin American author Eduardo Galeano. Belfrage continued to write extensively until his last years. He died in Mexico on June 21, 1990. Eduardo Hughes Galeano (born September 3, 1940) is a radical Uruguayan journalist whose books have been translated into many languages. ...

Intelligence and Counter-intelligence Reputation

According to FBI files, Belfrage was questioned by the FBI in 1947 about his involvement with the Communist Party. The interview covered his relations with Earl Browder, Jacob Golos, V. J. Jerome, and surveillances and documents about Scotland Yard and the Vichy Government of France. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Jump to: navigation, search In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, a sociopolitical philosophy based on the particular interpretation of Marxism put forth by Vladimir Lenin. ... Earl Russell Browder (May 20, 1891–June 27, 1973) was an American socialist and leader of the Communist Party USA. // Early years Browder was born in Wichita, Kansas. ... Russian-born Jacob Golos (birth name Jacob Rasin orJacob Raisin) (died 1943) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet secret police operative in the USSR an longtime senior official of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) involved in icovert work and cooperation with Soviet intelligence agencies. ... V. J. Jerome was an American and longtime member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). ... Surveillance is close monitoring of behavior. ... New Scotland Yard, London New Scotland Yard, often referred to simply as Scotland Yard or The Yard, is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, responsible for policing Greater London (although not the City of London itself). ... Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later in Algiers. ...

In 1995, the decrypted VENONA intercepts--a project between the U.S. and British intelligence services to decipher Soviet wires--were made public. US intelligence identifies Un-named codename number 9 (UNC/9) as Belfrage. Venona also had a cover name “Charlie” that was not identified by the FBI. The 1948 Gorsky Memo, found in Soviet Archives, identifies Belfrage as having a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence as a member of the “Sound” and “Myrna” groups. Seven Venona decrpyts reference UNC/9 in passing conversations between Belfrage's bureau chief and Winston Churchill on to the Soviets. The VENONA project was a long-running and highly secret collaboration between the United States intelligence agencies and the United Kingdoms MI5 that involved the cryptanalysis of Soviet messages. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Soviet redirects here. ...

Bibliography

Books

• Away From It All. Gollancz, London, 1937; Simon and Schuster, 1937; Literary Guild, 1937 Penguin (Britain).
• Promised Land. Gollancz, London, 1937; Left Book Club, London, 1937; Republished by Garland, New York, Classics of Film Literature series, 1983.
• Let My People Go. Gollancz, London, 1937.
• South of God. Left Book Club, 1938.
• A Faith to Free the People. Modern Age, New York, 1942; Dryden Press, New York, 1944; Book Find Club, 1944.
• They All Hold Swords. Modern Age, New York, 1941.
• Abide With Me. Sloane Associates, New York, 1948; Secker and Warburg, London, 1948.
• Seeds of Destruction. Cameron and Kahn, New York, 1954.
• The Frightened Giant. Secker and Warburg, London, 1956.
• My Master Columbus. Secker and Warburg, 1961; Doubleday, New York, 1962; Editiones Contemporaneos, Mexico, (in Spanish).
• The Man at the Door With the Gun. Monthly Review, New York, 1963.
• The American Inquisition. Bobbs-Merrill, 1973; Siglo XXI, Mexico (in Spanish). Thunder's Mouth Press, 1989.
• Something to Guard. Columbia University Press, 1978.

References

• Cedric Belfrage interview, 8 June 1947, FBI Silvermaster file, serial 2522, pgs. 47-49 (pgs. 446, 447, 448 in original).
• Cedric Belfrage statement, 3 June 1947, FBI Silvermaster file, serial 2583, pgs. 50-56 (pgs. 318 - 324 in original).
• Elizabeth Bentley deposition, 30 November 1945, FBI file 65-14603
• Elizabeth Bentley (1988). Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley, New York: Ivy Books
• John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr (1999). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press

External links

• Guide to the Cedric Belfrage Papers - Includes historical biography and comprehensive bibliography.