Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of Gas (actually as, part of the Gnu Binutils package) is the default Gcc Back-end. It runs and assembles on and for a number of different architectures. External Links GNU Binutils homepage (http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/) Categories: Stub ... gases that may surround a material body of sufficient For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. It is a central concept of classical mechanics and related subjects. Strictly speaking, there are two different quantities called mass: Inertial mass is a measure of an... mass. The gases are attracted by the This article covers the physics of gravitation. See also gravity (disambiguation). Gravitation is the tendency of masses to move toward each other. The first mathematical formulation of the theory of gravitation was made by Sir Isaac Newton and proved astonishingly accurate. He postulated the force of universal gravitational attraction. Newton... gravity of the body, and held fast if gravity is sufficient and the atmosphere's temperature is low. Some For other uses, see Planet (disambiguation). A planet (from the Greek πλανήτης, planetes or wanderers) is a body of considerable mass that orbits a star and that produces very little or no energy through nuclear fusion. Prior to the 1990s only nine were... planets consist mainly of various gases, and thus have very deep atmospheres (see A gas giant is a large planet that is not composed mostly of rock or other solid matter. Gas giants may still have a rocky or metallic core—in fact, it is expected that such a core is probably required for a gas giant to form—but the... gas giant).

For other uses, see Earth (disambiguation). Earth The Blue Marble, taken from Apollo 17 Human Social statistics Largest Agglomerations Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, São Paulo, Bombay Languages (2000 est.) Mandarin Chinese 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2... Earth, Venus Click image for description Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 108,208,926 km 0.723 331 99 AU Orbital circumference 0.680 Tm 4.545 AU Eccentricity 0.006 773 23 Perihelion 107,476,002 km 0.718 432 70 AU Aphelion 108,941,849 km 0... Venus, Mars A composite image of Mars. Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 227,936,637 km 1.523 662 31 AU Orbital circumference 1.429 Tm 9.553 AU Eccentricity 0.093 412 33 Perihelion 206,644,545 km 1.381 333 46 AU Aphelion 249,228,730 km... Mars, Pluto Click image for description Discovery Discovered by Clyde W. Tombaugh Discovered on February 18, 1930 Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 5,906,376,272 km 39.481 686 77 AU Orbital circumference 36.530 Tm 244.186 AU Eccentricity 0.248 807 66 Perihelion 4,436,824... Pluto, and three of the satellites of the outer planets - This page is about the moon of Saturn. For other meanings, see Titan (disambiguation). Titan is the largest moon of Saturn. It was discovered on March 25, 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, and was the first satellite in the Solar System to be discovered after the Galilean moons... Titan, Enceladus larger version Discovery Discovered by William Herschel Discovered in 1789 Orbital characteristics Semimajor axis 238,020 km Eccentricity 0.0045 Orbital period 32h 53m 07s Inclination 0.02° Satellite of Saturn Physical characteristics Mean diameter 498.8 km Mass 8.6x1019 kg Mean density 1.3 g/cm3 Surface... Enceladus (moons of Saturn), and Triton Discovery Discovered by William Lassell Discovered on October 10, 1846 Orbital characteristics Semimajor axis 354,800 km Eccentricity 0.0000 Orbital period 5.877 d (retrograde) Inclination 156.834° Satellite of Neptune Physical characteristics Mean diameter 2706.8 km Mass 2.147×1022 kg Mean density 2.05 g... Triton (a moon of Neptune) have atmospheres that envelop their surfaces. In addition, the giant planets of the outer solar system - Jupiter Click image for description Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 778,412,027 km 5.203 363 01 AU Orbital circumference 4.888 Tm 32.675 AU Eccentricity 0.048 392 66 Perihelion 740,742,598 km 4.951 558 43 AU Aphelion 816,081,455 km 5... Jupiter, Saturn Click image for description Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 1,426,725,413 km 9.537 070 32 AU Orbital circumference 8.958 Tm 59.879 AU Eccentricity 0.054 150 60 Perihelion 1,349,467,375 km 9.020 632 24 AU Aphelion 1,503,983... Saturn, Uranus Click image for description Discovery Discovered by William Herschel Discovered on March 13, 1781 Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 2,870,972,220 km 19.191 263 93 AU Orbital circumference 18.029 Tm 120.515 AU Eccentricity 0.047 167 71 Perihelion 2,735,555,035... Uranus, and Neptune Click image for description Discovery Discovered by Urbain Le Verrier John Couch Adams Johann Galle Discovered on September 23, 1846 Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semi-major axis 4,498,252,900 km 30.068 963 48 AU Orbital circumference 28.263 Tm 188.925 AU Eccentricity 0.008 585... Neptune - are composed predominantly of gases. Other bodies in the solar system possess extremely thin atmospheres. Such bodies are the For other moons in the solar system see natural satellite. For other uses see Moon (disambiguation). Moon The Moon as seen from Earth Orbital characteristics Semi-major axis 384,400 km (0.0026 AU) Orbital circumference 2,413,402 km (0.016 AU) Eccentricity 0.0554 Perigee 363,104 km... Moon ( sodium – magnesium Li Na K       Full table General Name, Symbol, Number sodium, Na, 11 Series alkali metal Group, Period, Block 1 (IA), 3 , s Density, Hardness 968 kg/m3, 0.5 Appearance silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 22.989770 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 180... sodium gas), Mercury Click image for description Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) Semimajor axis 57,909,176 km 0.387 098 93 AU Orbital circumference 0.360 Tm (2.406 AU) Eccentricity 0.205 630 69 Perihelion 46,001,272 km 0.307 499 51 AU Aphelion 69,817,079 km 0.466... Mercury (sodium gas), Europa Click image for description Discovery Discovered by S. Marius G. Galilei Discovered in 1610 Orbital characteristics Mean radius 670,900 km Eccentricity 0.0101 Revolution period 3d 13h 14.6m Inclination 0.470° Is a satellite of Jupiter Physical characteristics Mean diameter 3,121.6 km Surface area 3... Europa ( carbon – nitrogen – oxygen   N P       Full table General Name, Symbol, Number Nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15 (VA), 2 , p Density 1.2506 kg/m3 Hardness NA Appearance colorless Atomic properties Atomic weight 14.0067 amu Atomic radius (calc... oxygen) and Io Click image for description Discovery Discovered by S. Marius G. Galilei Discovered in 1610 Orbital characteristics Mean radius 421,600 km Eccentricity 0.041 Revolution period 1 d 18 h 27.6 min Inclination 0.040° Is a satellite of Jupiter Physical characteristics Mean diameter 3643.2 km Surface... Io ( phosphorus – sulfur – chlorine O S Se       Full table General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16 (VIA), 3 , p Density, Hardness 1960 kg/m3, 2 Appearance Lemon yellow at STP Atomic properties Atomic weight 32.065 amu Atomic... sulfur).

Initial atmospheric makeup is generally related to the chemistry and temperature of the local In cosmogony, the solar nebula is the gaseous cloud (or accretion disc) from which our solar system is believed to have formed. This nebular hypothesis was first proposed in 1755 by Immanuel Kant, who argued that nebulae slowly rotate, gradually condensing and flattening due to gravity, eventually forming stars and... solar nebula during planetary formation and the subsequent escape of interior gases. These original atmospheres underwent much evolution over time, with the varying properties of each planet resulting in very different outcomes.

First, surface gravity, the force that holds down an atmosphere, differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet Jupiter is able to retain light gases such as hydrogen – helium   H Li       Full table General Name, Symbol, Number Hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1 (IA), 1 , s Density, Hardness 0.0899 kg/m3, NA Appearance colorless Atomic properties Atomic weight 1.00794 amu Atomic radius (calc) 25 (53... hydrogen and hydrogen – helium   He Ne       Full table General Name, Symbol, Number Helium, He, 2 Atomic weight 4.002602(2) Chemical series Noble gases Group, Period, Block 18 (VIIIA), 1, p Density (0 °C, 1 atm (101.325 kPa)) 0.179 g/L Appearance colorless Thermal... helium that escape from lower gravity objects. Second, the distance from the sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's Escape Velocity means two things: the term escape velocity in physics the computer game Escape Velocity This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and... escape velocity, the speed at which gas molecules overcome a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, the distant and cold Titan, Triton, and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheres despite relatively low gravities.

Since a gas at any particular temperature will have molecules moving at a wide range of velocities, there will almost always be some slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal Kinetic energy (also called vis viva, or living force) is energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. The kinetic energy of a body is equal to the amount of work needed to establish its velocity and rotation, starting from rest. Contents // 1 Equations 1.1 Definition 1... kinetic energy, and so gases of low The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). The molecular mass can be calculated... molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have both lost much of their water when, after being photodissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength shorter than that of the visible region, but longer than that of soft X-rays. It can be subdivided into near UV (380–200 nm wavelength... ultraviolet, the hydrogen escaped. For other uses, see Earth (disambiguation). Earth The Blue Marble, taken from Apollo 17 Human Social statistics Largest Agglomerations Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, São Paulo, Bombay Languages (2000 est.) Mandarin Chinese 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2... Earth's The ozone layer is that part of the For other uses, see Earth (disambiguation). Earth The Blue Marble, taken from Apollo 17 Human Social statistics Largest Agglomerations Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, São Paulo, Bombay Languages (2000 est.) Mandarin Chinese 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61... ozone layer helps to prevent this.

Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are A solar wind is a stream of particles (mostly high-energy protons ~ 500 keV) which are ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star (in the case of a star other than the Earths Sun, it may be called a stellar wind instead). Contents // 1 History 2 Properties 3... solar wind-induced Sputtering is a physical process whereby atoms in a solid target material are ejected into the gas phase due to bombardment of the material by energetic ions. Sputtering is largely driven by momentum exchange between the ions and atoms in the material, due to collisions. The process can be thought... sputtering, Artists impression of a major impact event. The collision between Earth and an asteroid a few kilometers in diameter may release as much energy as several million nuclear bombs detonating. Impact events are caused by the collision of large meteoroids, asteroids or comets (generically: bolides) with Earth and may... impact erosion, Weathering is the process of decomposition and/or disintegration of rocks in situ, that is, in place. It is not to be confused with erosion, which is the movement of rocks and/or weathering products by water, wind, ice or gravity. The breakdown products, after chemical weathering of rock and... weathering, and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the Regolith is a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock. Regolith is present on Earth, the Moon, some asteroids, and other planets. The causes of regolith on Earth are erosion, weathering and biological processes. On Earth, regolith is mainly composed of sedimentary rock. On bodies without an atmosphere, regolith... regolith and polar caps.

Moreover, on Earth, atmospheric composition is largely governed by the by-products of the very life that it sustains.

From the perspective of the planetary geologist, atmospheres are important in the ways they shape planetary surfaces. Wind can transport particles, both eroding the surface and leaving deposits ( Eolian (or aeolian) processes pertain to the activity of the winds. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Although water is much more powerful than wind, eolian processes are important in arid environments such... eolian processes). FROST is an Australian pop-rock band formed in 1997 in Melbourne. Although the band has change several drummers since its inception, they are becoming an increasingly popular independent group in Australia. Lee Lemon Trevena is the singer, Tim Porn Powne plays bass guitar, and Benny Bishop plays keyboards; as... Frost and In meteorology, precipitation is rain, snow and other material falling from the sky. In chemistry, precipitation is the condensation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction. In geology, precipitation is the sum of runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... precipitation can leave direct and indirect marks on a planetary surface. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying surface geology leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet - both its present state and its past.

An interstellar planet is a hypothetical type of rogue planet that has been ejected from its solar system by a proto-gas giant to become an outcast, drifting in interstellar space. Theoretical ideas on the atmospheres of interstellar exoplanets In 1998, David J. Stevenson authored a paper entitled Possibility of... Interstellar planets, theoretically, may also retain thick atmospheres.

See also: Earth's atmosphere, Different stars have different atmospheres. All stars possess a so-called photosphere, which is the lowest and coolest part of the stars atmosphere - and as the photosphere is the part which we see with our eyes (hence the name) you can think of it as the surface of the... stellar atmosphere