Cheyenne Mountain Directorate
Part of North American Aerospace Defense Command
Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
Type	Air Force Station
Coordinates	38.744281, -104.846806
Built	June 1961 - February 1966
Construction materials	Steel, 3/8-inch continuously welded low carbon steel plates, reinforced concrete bulkheads, baffled steel
In use	April 20, 1966 - present
Current condition	"warm stand-by" July 28, 2006
Controlled by	United States Air Force

Cheyenne Mountain is a mountain located on the southwest side of Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA, and is home to the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station^[1] and its Cheyenne Mountain Directorate, formerly known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC). This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The City of Colorado Springs is the second most populous city in the State of Colorado and the 49th most populous city in the United States. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 608 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (800 × 789 pixel, file size: 94 KB, MIME type: image/png) Emblem of Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center. ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. ... A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ... The Himalaya as seen from the International Space Station A mountain range is a group of mountains bordered by lowlands or separated from other mountain ranges by passes or rivers. ... The Front Range is shown highlighted on a map of the western United States The Front Range is a mountain range in the United States on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, and on the western edge of the Great Plains. ... The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... The City of Colorado Springs is the second most populous city in the State of Colorado and the 49th most populous city in the United States. ...

During its Cold War-era reign, the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center collected data from a worldwide system of satellites, radars, and other sensors and processed that information in real-time. Operations were conducted 24 hours a day, 365 days a year in the Air Warning Center, Missile Warning Center, Space Control Center, Operational Intelligence Watch, Systems Center, Weather Center, and the Command Center.

While most of the day-to-day operations have since moved to nearby Peterson Air Force Base, NORAD still maintains the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate for use in the event of an emergency. Peterson Air Force Base (Peterson AFB) is a base of the United States Air Force located in El Paso County, Colorado near Colorado Springs. ... NORAD is short for: North American Aerospace Defense Command Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The facility is one of the most unusual installations in the world - apart from the fact that it is housed 2,000 feet (600 m) underground, it is also remarkable in that it was a joint and bi-national military organization comprising over 200 men and women from the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Canadian Forces. A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The metre (American English:meter) is a measure of length. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... {{ USN redirects here. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States military responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[1] utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. ... The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. ... The Canadian Forces (French: Forces canadiennes), abbreviated as CF (French: FC), are the unified armed forces of Canada. ...

The mountain is also home to several civilian facilities, including the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo and the Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun. Cheyenne Mountain Zoo is a mountainside zoo, located southwest of Colorado Springs, Colorado on Cheyenne Mountain in the United States. ... Spencer Penrose tomb, taking the rather unique form of an 80-foot hilltop observation tower which overlooks the resort. ...

History

The Cheyenne Mountain complex traces its origins to 1956, when General Earle E. Partridge, commander of the Continental Air Defense Command, proposed construction of a new underground combat operations center to replace the outgrown and vulnerable above-ground facility at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado. General Earle Everard Partridge was one of the first U.S. Air Force 4-star generals, and a veteran of three wars. ... The NORAD logo. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ...

Cheyenne Mountain viewed from just outside of Fort Carson

The launch of Sputnik I, the world's first man-made satellite, on October 4, 1957, demonstrated not only the accomplishments of the Soviet Union’s space program, but also the capability to launch nuclear warheads from one continent to another. In response, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was established on May 12, 1958. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixel Image in higher resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 777 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cheyenne Mountain Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixel Image in higher resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 777 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cheyenne Mountain Metadata... Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be launched into orbit, on October 4, 1957. ... An Earth observation satellite, ERS 2 For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation). ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

The Department of Defense starting researching potential sites, and determined that Cheyenne Mountain was an ideal site due to its location in the center of the continent, lack of earthquake activity, and proximity to the Air Force Academy and Fort Carson, Colorado. Excavation for the facility began three years later in May of 1961, and was completed in May 1964. The NORAD Combat Operations Center became operational on February 6, 1966, and operations were transferred from Ent Air Force Base on April 20, 1966. The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department, is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ... An earthquake is the result from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves. ... Air Force Academy can refer to. ... Fort Carson is a census-designated place and United States Army post located in El Paso County, Colorado, outside of Colorado Springs. ... The NORAD logo. ...

The original requirement for an operations center in Cheyenne Mountain was to provide command and control in support of the air defense mission against the Soviet manned bomber threat, but several events and emerging technologies drove this mission to evolve beyond those initial needs. American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ...

The development of the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in the 1960s presented a new threat, and evolved into missile warning and air sovereignty missions taking precedence in the 1960s and 70s. For a brief period in the mid-1970s, the Ballistic Missile Defense Center operated within the Mountain. A Minuteman III ICBM test launch from Vandenberg AFB, California, United States. ...

Faced with the threat of ballistic attack, and with the advent of larger computer processing capabilities, NORAD developed a series of warning and assessment systems that resulted in the launch of the 427M in 1979. Then, NORAD and the Air Defense Command jointly developed individual acquisition problems that were supposed to resolve operational and sustainment problems.^[clarify] ...

NORAD command center

The Air Force continued to modernize into the 1980s, and had commissioned five acquisition programs to be completed by 1987 at a cost of $968 million. However, it was soon determined that a consolidated upgrade would be much more effective, and the Air Force initiated the Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) program in 1989. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1152x922, 251 KB) Summary NORAD command center, Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1152x922, 251 KB) Summary NORAD command center, Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. ...

CMU contained several major subsystems: Granite Sentry, the Communications System Segment Replacement (CSSR), the Survivable Communications Integration System (SCIS), the Space Defense Operations Center 4, and the Command and Control Processing and Display System Replacement (CCPDS-R). The Air Force also maintained the Alternate Missile Warning Center at Offutt AFB as a fully functional backup program.

After continual delays and escalating costs, the CMU program was determined to be eight years behind schedule and $792 million over budget as of 1994. The initial versions of CMU's subsystems turned out to be unreliable and unresponsive to users' needs, and actually operated parallel to the systems that they were supposed to replace.

Into the 1990s, the Operations Center provided theater ballistic missile warnings during Operation Desert Storm, when Defense Support Program (DSP) satellites looked for the heat from missile and booster plumes and provided warning to civilians and troops in Israel and Saudi Arabia. Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush, Norman Schwarzkopf, Colin Powell Saddam Hussein, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 ~545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also Persian... Painting of a DSP satellite on station. ...

In the ensuing years, Cheyenne Mountain became home to elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the U.S. Strategic Command, the U.S. Air Force Space Command, and the U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Eight centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America.

Despite the increasing threats since September 11, 2001, NORAD chose to move the bulk of Cheyenne Mountain's operations to nearby Peterson Air Force Base in 2006 in order to reduce duplication between the two sites. On July 28, 2006, NORAD renamed the facility as the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate, and placed the operations center on “warm stand-by,” meaning that the facility will be maintained and ready for use on short notice as necessary, but not used on a daily basis. Peterson Air Force Base (Peterson AFB) is a base of the United States Air Force located in El Paso County, Colorado near Colorado Springs. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Design

The Operations Center itself lies along one side of a main tunnel bored almost a mile through the solid granite heart of the mountain. The tunnel is designed to route the worst of a blast's shock wave out the other end, past the two 25-ton blast doors that mark one wall. The center was designed to withstand up to a 30 megaton blast within 1 nautical mile.

Blast doors

The underground Combat Operations Center (COC) was originally intended to provide a 70% probability of continuing to function if a five-megaton nuclear weapon detonated three miles (5.6 km) away, but was ultimately built to withstand a multimegaton blast within 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km). It was also designed to be self-sufficient for brief periods, have backup communications and television intercom with related commands, house personnel during an emergency, and protect staff against fallout and biological and chemical warfare. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4600x3485, 1640 KB) Summary NORAD blast doors, Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4600x3485, 1640 KB) Summary NORAD blast doors, Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. ... A megaton or megatonne is a unit of mass equal to 1,000,000 metric tons, i. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... A kilometer (Commonwealth spelling: kilometre), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1,000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ... A kilometer (Commonwealth spelling: kilometre), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1,000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ...

North Portal

The main entrance to the complex is about one-third of a mile (540 m) from the North Portal via a tunnel which leads to a pair of 25-ton steel blast doors. Behind them is a steel building complex built within a 4.5 acre (18,000 m²) grid of excavated chambers and tunnels and surrounded by 2,000 feet (600 m) of granite. The main excavation consists of three chambers 45 feet (15 m) wide, 60 feet (20 m) high, and 588 feet (180 m) long, intersected by four chambers 32 feet (10 m) wide, 56 feet (17 m) high and 335 feet (100 m) long. Fifteen buildings, freestanding without contact with the rock walls or roofs and joined by flexible vestibule connections, make up the inner complex. Twelve of these buildings are three stories tall; the others are one and two stories. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3000x2357, 1295 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): North American Aerospace Defense Command Cheyenne Mountain ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3000x2357, 1295 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): North American Aerospace Defense Command Cheyenne Mountain ... A blast shelter is a place where people can go to protect themselves from bomb blasts. ... Close-up of granite from Yosemite National Park, valley of the Merced River Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ...

The outer shell of the buildings is made of three-eighths-inch (9.5 mm) continuously welded low carbon steel plates which are supported by structural steel frames. Metal walls and tunnels serve to attenuate electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Metal doors at each building entrance serve as fire doors to help contain fire and smoke. Emphasis on the design of the structure is predicated on the effects of nuclear weapons; however, building design also makes it possible for the complex to absorb the shock of earthquakes. An earthquake is the result from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves. ...

Blast valves, installed in reinforced concrete bulkheads, have been placed in the exhaust and air intake supply, as well as water, fuel, and sewer lines. Sensors at the North and South Portal entrances will detect overpressure waves from a nuclear explosion, causing the valves to close and protect the complex. All of the buildings in the complex are mounted on 1,319 steel springs, each weighing about 1,000 pounds (450 kg). The springs allow the complex to move 12 inches (30 cm) in any one direction. To make the complex self-sufficient, adequate space in the complex is devoted to support functions. A dining facility, medical facility with dental office, pharmacy and a two-bed ward; two physical fitness centers with exercise equipment and sauna; a small base exchange, chapel, and barber shop are all located within the complex. A blast valve is used to protect a shelter, such as a fallout shelter or bunker, from the effects of sudden outside air pressure changes. ...

Electricity comes primarily from the city of Colorado Springs, with six 1,750 kVA diesel generators for backup.

Water for the complex comes from an underground supply inside Cheyenne Mountain, deposited into four excavated reservoirs with a capacity of 1.5 million US gallons (6,000 m³) of water. Three serve as industrial reservoirs and the remaining one is the complex’s primary domestic water source. They are so large that workers sometimes cross them in rowboats. About 30,000 to 120,000 US gallons are actually retained at any given time.

Incoming air may be filtered through a system of chemical/biological/radiological (CBR) filters to remove harmful germs and/or radioactive and chemical particles. The fresh air intake is mainly from the south portal access which is 17 ½ feet (5.3 m) high and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and linked to the north portal access which is 22 ½ feet (7 m) high and 29 feet (9 m) wide. The entire tunnel from north to south entry portals is nine-tenths of a mile (1.5 km) long.

The NORAD command center has been modernized several times over the years. The original equipment resembled Mission Control for NASA's Project Apollo in the 1960s-1970s and used similar Philco-Ford consoles and display systems. The current (2005) version, with ordinary desks and flat-screen displays, looks rather ordinary by comparison and resembles NASA's current (2000s) mission control. Mission Control Center (MCC) is a unit that manages aerospace flights. ... Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America (NASA) using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. ... Philco, the Philadelphia Electric Company (formerly known as the Spencer Company), was a pioneer in early radio and television and former employer of Philo Farnsworth, inventor of cathode ray tube television. ...

Incidents

Cheyenne Mountain's computers twice produced false alarms of possible nuclear attack. On November 9, 1979 a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in USAF command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. A similar incident occurred on June 2, 1980 when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape but failed to switch the system status to "test", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two "continuity of government" bunkers as well as Command Posts worldwide.^[2] is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Continuity of Government (COG) is the principle of establishing defined procedures that allow a government to continue its essential operations in case of a nuclear war or other catastrophic event. ...

Both times, the Pacific Air Command (PAC) had nuclear-loaded planes in the air; Strategic Air Command (SAC) did not and took heat because they didn't follow procedure, even though the SAC Command Post knew these were obvious false alarms (PAC probably did as well). Both Command Posts had recently begun receiving and processing direct reports from the various RADAR, satellite, and other missile attack detection systems, and those direct reports simply didn't match anything about the erroneous data received from NORAD. For the film of the same name, see Strategic Air Command (film) The Strategic Air Command (SAC) was the operational establishment of the United States Air Force in charge of Americas bomber-based and ballistic missile-based strategic nuclear arsenal from 1946 to 1992. ... This long range radar antenna, known as ALTAIR, is used to detect and track space objects in conjunction with ABM testing at the Ronald Reagan Test Site on the Kwajalein atoll. ... An Earth observation satellite, ERS 2 For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation). ...

In fiction

• In the television series Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis, Cheyenne Mountain is home to the fictional Stargate Command and houses a Stargate under the control of the U.S. government. It is the primary base of operations for the characters of the series, and its physical entrance is shown numerous times. According to the special "Stargate SG-1: True Science", there is a door in Cheyenne Mountain with six locks and "Stargate Command" written above it, which leads to a broom closet. Coincidentally, Stargate SG-1's cancellation was announced less than a month after the base's closing.

• In the Terminator series of movies, Cheyenne Mountain is where the mainframe of the rogue AI SkyNet is located. The location was chosen as the most defensible location in the nation, where it could defend itself from any ground or aerospace threat.

• In the game "Terminator: Dawn of Fate", the last two levels of the game is the final assault on SkyNet. Your character must get through the north portal of NORAD and then break in to the SkyNet base, in the end you destory the defence grid as explained in the first Terminator movie as well as destorying the CPU of SkyNet while fighting its guards and preventing the CPU (referred to as the SkyNet Nexus in later games) from completing mind control.

• Several public photos of Cheyenne Mountain, combined with screenshots from sci-fi films and video games, were posted on the Internet in the 1990s as "leaked" photos of the alleged Dulce Base in New Mexico.

• In the television series Jeremiah, Cheyenne Mountain has become Thunder Mountain, the primary post-apocalyptic community of the show.

• The movie WarGames, where a hacker brings the world to the brink of nuclear showdown by challenging an Air Force mainframe computer charged with a mix of scenario development and ICBM control, depicts a fantasy version of the complex.

• A fictionalized version of the complex appears in the book and movie Fail-Safe.

• In the Fallout universe, it is the location of Vault Zero, and home to the Calculator.

• In the Robert A. Heinlein science fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, Cheyenne Mountain is the first and primary target of Luna's mass driver bombardment.

• In the Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle science fiction novel Footfall, the President escapes from Washington, D.C. to Cheyenne Mountain aboard a B-1B Lancer bomber during an alien invasion.

• In the movie Independence Day, the vice president and Joint Chiefs of Staff flee from Washington, D.C., to Cheyenne Mountain, which is itself destroyed later.

• In the South Park episode Trapper Keeper, Eric Cartman's Trapper Keeper almost causes the Apocalypse when it attempts to merge with the supercomputers of Cheyenne Mountain.

• In the X-Men comic books, Cheyenne Mountain was attacked by a supervillain named Count Nefaria, who planned to take control of the United States missile controls.

• The Eric L. Harry techno-thriller novel Arc Light details the destruction of the complex by eight 25 Megaton Soviet ICBMs.

Stargate SG-1 (often abbreviated as SG-1) is a science fiction television series, part of the Stargate franchise. ... Stargate Atlantis is a Canadian-American science fiction television program, part of the Stargate franchise. ... Cheyenne Mountains base Cheyenne Mountains entrance tunnel Cheyenne Mountains interior For more information on this series and its accompanying fictional universe, see Stargate SG-1. ... A typical depiction of a Stargate in SG-1. ... Stargate SG-1 (often abbreviated as SG-1) is a science fiction television series, part of the Stargate franchise. ... Look up terminator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // This disambiguation page covers alternative uses of the terms Ai, AI, and A.I. Ai (as a word, proper noun and set of initials) can refer to many things. ... SkyNET, also known as The Terminator: SkyNET in Europe, is a computer game based on the Terminator film series. ... Dulce Base is the name for a supposed secret underground facility in or near Dulce, New Mexico, United States. ... Jeremiah is a TV-series, loosely based on Belgian writer Hermann Huppens comic book of the same name. ... Apocalyptic science fiction is a sub-genre of science fiction that is concerned with the end of the world or civilization, through nuclear war, plague, or some other general disaster. ... Wargames can refer to: Complex military simulations (in a computer or in the real world). ... Fail Safe is an episode from Season 5 of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress cover The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein about a lunar penal colonys revolt against rule from Earth. ... A mass driver for lunar launch (artists conception) A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a method of spacecraft propulsion that would use a linear motor to accelerate payloads up to high speeds. ... Laurence van Cott Niven (born April 30, 1938 Los Angeles, California) is a US science fiction author. ... Jerry Pournelle at the 2006 Stanford Singularity Summit Jerry Eugene Pournelle, Ph. ... Footfall is a 1985 science fiction novel written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: , Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - District Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack... The Boeing IDS (formerly Rockwell) B-1B Lancer is a long-range strategic bomber in service with the USAF. Together with the B-52 Stratofortress, it is the backbone of the United Statess long-range bomber force. ... Independence Day (also known as its promotional abbreviation ID4) is an Academy Award winning 1996 science fiction film directed by Roland Emmerich. ... This article is about the animated television series. ... Trapper Keeper is episode 413 of the Comedy Central series South Park. ... Look up Apocalypse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The X-Men are a group of comic book superheroes featured in Marvel Comics. ... Count Luchino Nefaria is a fictional character, a supervillain in the Marvel Comics Universe. ... Eric L. Harry (b. ... Techno-thrillers are a hybrid genre, drawing subject matter generally from spy thrillers, war novels, and science fiction. ... A Techno-Thriller, Arc Light is set towards the end of the 1990s and depicts a warp between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. ... // The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy discharged when the weapon is detonated, expressed usually in the equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), either in kilotons (thousands of tons of TNT) or megatons (million of tons of TNT), but sometimes also in terajoules (1 kiloton of... A Minuteman III ICBM test launch from Vandenberg AFB, California, United States. ...

See also

Military of the United States Portal

• Looking Glass
• Category:Radar networks

Image File history File links Naval_Jack_of_the_United_States. ... This article is about the Strategic Commands Airborne Nuclear Command Post. ...

References

This article incorporates text from Cheyenne Mountain Directorate, a public domain work of the United States Government. The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... A work of the United States government, as defined by United States copyright law, is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the U.S. government as part of that persons official duties. ...

1. ^ Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station
2. ^ http://www.tomstockman.com/columns/sac.shtml

• McCamley, N.J. Cold War Secret Nuclear Bunkers, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2002. ISBN 0-85052-746-5
• Colorado Springs Gazette, Cheyenne Mountain’s fate may lie in study contents. June 16, 2006
• NORAD, Cheyenne Mountain Directorate. Accessed May 2, 2007.
• ATS, Cheyenne Mountain and the NORAD Complex. Accessed May 2, 2007.
• Denver Post, Military to put Cheyenne Mountain on standby. Accessed May 2, 2007.
• NORAD, NORAD AND USNORTHCOM change underway. Accessed May 2, 2007.

• Maps and aerial photos for 38°44′39″N 104°50′49″W / 38.744281, -104.846806Coordinates: 38°44′39″N 104°50′49″W / 38.744281, -104.846806
  • Street map from Google Maps, or Yahoo! Maps, or Windows Live Local
  • Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia
  • Topographic map from TopoZone
  • Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA

Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

External links

• Cheyenne Mountain Directorate (official site)
• Location Map
• My Part in Preventing World War III