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Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean. Chiapas has an area of 74,211 km² (28,653 sq mi). The 2005 census population was 4,293,459 people. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (435x609, 52 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chiapas ...
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Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ...
Tuxtla Gutiérrez is a municipio (municipality), capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Municipal Palace of Veracruz Municipalities (municipios in Spanish) are the second-level administrative division in Mexico (where the first-level administrative division is the estado, or state). ...
List of largest cities in Mexico: See also: List of cities List of Cities and States and information about them in English and Spanish (in Spanish and English) Database of all Towns, cities, municipalities, and postal codes in Mexico (in Spanish) Ranking of Mexican Cities Categories: | ...
The United Mexican States ( Mexico) is a federal republic comprising 31 states and one federal district (the Mexican Federal District, or Distrito Federal). ...
Juan José Sabines Guerrero is a Mexican politician, son of the former Governor of Chiapas, Juan Sabines Gutiérrez and nephew of the writer Jaime Sabines, until 2006 he was member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party that carried him to be Municipal President of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, but renounced his...
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ...
The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of Mexicos bicameral legislature, the Congress of the Union. ...
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. ...
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ...
The Senate (Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexicos bicameral Congress. ...
This article is about the physical quantity. ...
Political division of Mexico The following table presents a listing of Mexicos 31 federal states (and its Federal District, officially not a state), ranked in order of their surface area. ...
Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ...
A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ...
Political division of Mexico The following table presents a listing of Mexicos 31 federal states (and its Federal District, officially not a state), ranked in order of their total population (per year 2000 census data from INEGI). ...
A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ...
Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ...
The Central Standard Time Zone (CST) is a geographic region that keeps time by subtracting six hours from Coordinated Universal Time UTC. In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas except for El...
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Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ...
Central Daylight Time or CDT is the Central Time Zone (or CST) during Daylight Savings Time. ...
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This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ...
States of Mexico colored by HDI The following table presents a listing of Mexicos 31 federal states (and its Federal District, officially not a state), ranked in order of their Human Development Index, as reported by the United Nations in 2004. ...
ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard. ...
The United Mexican States or Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México) is a federal republic made up of 31 states (estados) and one Federal District, (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ...
This article is about the Mexican state of Tabasco. ...
Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 212 Largest City Veracruz Government - Governor Fidel Herrera Beltrán (PRI) - Federal Deputies PRI: 6 PAN: 11 PRD: 2 Convergencia: 2 - Federal Senators PRD: 1 PAN: 1 Convergencia: 1 Area Ranked 11th - Total 71,699 km² (27,683. ...
Catedral de Santo Domingo The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca or simply Oaxaca is one of the 31 states of Mexico, located in the southern part of Mexico, west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. ...
In general Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm (120 in) per year . In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy, allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of quetzals and horned guans. For the novel, see Rainforest (novel). ...
Tapachula is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
A cloud forest is a tropical or subtropical montane forest characterized by a high incidence of low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level, promoting development of an abundance of vascular epiphytes. ...
Binomial name Pharomachrus mocinno (De la Llave, 1832) Ref: ITIS 553589 For other uses, see Resplendent Quetzal (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name Oreophasis derbianus G.R. Gray, 1844 The Horned Guan, Oreophasis derbianus is a large, up to 85cm long, turkey-like bird with glossed black upperparts plumage, red legs, white iris, yellow bill and a red horn on top of head. ...
The state capital city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez; other cities and towns in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Chiapas is home to the ancient Maya ruins of Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Chinkultic, and Tonina. Tuxtla Gutiérrez is a municipio (municipality), capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
Comitán (formally: Comitán de DomÃnguez) is a small city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Tapachula is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ...
The Palace, Ruins of Palenque Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located at about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map). ...
One of the pyramids on the upper terrace of Yaxchilan. ...
Bonampak. ...
Ballcourt marker from Chinkultic. ...
Ruins of a structure at Tonina For the flowering plant of the same name, see Tonina (plant) Tonina (Toniná in the Spanish language) is a Pre-Colombian ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the state of Chiapas, Mexico, some 13 km east of the town...
Most people in Chiapas are poor, rural small farmers. "Chiapas is aptly described as rich land with poor people."[1] About one quarter of the population are of full or predominant Maya descent, and in rural areas many do not speak Spanish. The state suffers from the highest rate of malnutrition in Mexico, estimated to affect more than 40% of the population. "Without roads, cities or even small towns, eastern Chiapas is a kind of dumping ground for the marginalized, in which all of the hardships peasants confront in the highlands are exacerbated."[2] This article is about the contemporary indigenous peoples and cultures who descend from, or remain, speakers of the Mayan languages of southern Mesoamerica. ...
Other social issues involve the increasing presence of the Central American gangs known as Maras, and illegal immigration from Central America in general, mostly directed towards the United States, but further aggravating the panorama of local poverty. This floating influx of people is frequently subject to abuse and human rights violations from Mexican authorities. Maras (or marabuntas) are gangs originating from Central American countries such as El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala. ...
In 1994, there was an outbreak of violence between the Mexican Government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (the EZLN or Zapatistas). Today, the EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, named in honour of Emiliano Zapata) has rejected the use of force and seek to be recognized as a voice of the disenfranchised. There are currently 32 "rebel autonomous zapatista municipalities" (independent Zapatista communities, MAREZ in Spanish), affiliated with the EZLN in Chiapas: examples of these communities are Ocosingo and Las Margaritas. The flag of the EZLN. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ...
For other uses, see Emiliano Zapata (disambiguation). ...
Ocosingo is a town in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
History
Pre-Columbian Chiapa de Corzo (Mesoamerican site), in the center of Chiapas, shows evidence of periodic occupations throughout pre-history, and evidence of continual occupation since 1400 BCE. The oldest Maya Long Count date yet discovered, equivalent to December 36 BCE in the Gregorian calendar, was found on one of several monument shards there. Chiapa de Corzo is an archaeological site of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, located in the Chiapas highlands region of present-day Mexico. ...
BCE redirects here. ...
The Maya calendar is a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala. ...
For the calendar of religious holidays and periods, see liturgical year. ...
In approximately 800 CE, Mangue-speaking Chiapaneca peoples from the north conquered the native Zoque and Maya towns. The mounds and plazas at Chiapas de Corvo date to approximately 700 BCE with the temple and palace constructed during the Late Formative, perhaps 400 BCE to 200 CE.[3] The Zoque are an indigenous people of Mexico. ...
Mesoamerican chronology The chronology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica is usually divided into the following eras: Paleo-Indian Period c. ...
The Maya city of Palenque was founded in the early Pre-classic, with the first large structures constructed around 600 CE. The Palace, Ruins of Palenque Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located at about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map). ...
History through the 19th century Chiapas was conquered by Spain in the early 16th century, and became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, administered as part of the Kingdom of Guatemala (what is now Central America), from Santiago de Guatemala. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ...
map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ...
The Captaincy General of Guatemala (Spanish: CapitanÃa General de Guatemala), also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish: Reino de Guatemala), was an administrative division in Spanish America which covered much of Central America, including what are now Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize and the the...
For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...
La Antigua Guatemala (commonly referred to as just Antigua or La Antigua) is a city in the central mountains of Guatemala famous for its well-preserved Spanish New World Baroque architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruined churches. ...
When Central America achieved its independence from Mexico in 1823, western Chiapas was annexed to Mexico. More of current day Chiapas was transferred after the disintegration of the Central American Federation in 1842, and the remainder of the current state taken from Guatemala in the early 1880s by President Porfirio Díaz. The United Provinces of Central America (UPCA) was a country that existed in Central America from July 1823 to approximately 1840. ...
José de la Cruz Porfirio DÃaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a Mexican-American War volunteer, French Intervention hero, and President of Mexico. ...
Chiapas remained one of the parts of Mexico least affected by change, with the descendants of the Spanish continuing to exercise much control over the native peoples through such institutions as debt peonage, despite attempts by the central government to abolish those practices. The word peon, derived from the Spanish peón, in its root connoting a person who is on foot rather than mounted (see caballero), and the derivation peonage are English words which have a variety of related meanings: In Spanish-speaking countries, especially those in Latin America, where the hacienda...
In 1868 there was an armed native rebellion, led by the Tzotzil Maya as well as Tzeltal, Tojolabal, and Ch'ol; it almost succeeded in taking San Cristóbal, then the state capital, before it was suppressed by the Mexican army. The Tzotzil Maya of the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico are a Native American group, the direct descendants of the Classic Maya. ...
Tzeltal is a Maya language spoken in Chiapas, Mexico. ...
Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
Zapatista Army of National Liberation -
In the twentieth century some people in Chiapas felt that their poor and largely agricultural area had been ignored by the government since enactment of the constitution of 1917. One of the chief complaints was that many indigenous farmers were required to pay absentee landlords,[citation needed] despite the fact that since the 1920s the Mexican government had been promising the peasants ownership of the land they had farmed and lived on for generations. Article 27 of the 1917 constitution guaranteed indigenous peoples the right to an ejido or communal land. As Mexico restructured its economy after the 1982 financial crisis, the state sector shrank due to privatizations and reorganization while land reform became less of a priority (it had long since been completed in most of the country, with Chiapas as a notable exception). The Mexican government under President Carlos Salinas de Gortari sought to liberalize the closed and autonomous economy and increase its openness to trade. As part of this process Mexico repealed the constitutional guarantee of communally owned ejidos for rural communities. As the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect on January 1, 1994, the indigenous peoples of Chiapas—struggling to make a living with few resources—felt increasingly left behind. The flag of the EZLN. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ...
The term indigenous peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ...
For the Venezuelan city, see Ejido, Mérida. ...
// Independence The Mexican War of Independence (1810-21) left a legacy of economic stagnation that persisted until the 1870s. ...
Carlos Salinas de Gortari (born April 3, 1948 in Mexico City) was President of Mexico from 1988 to 1994. ...
NAFTA redirects here. ...
is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...
Such dissatisfaction led to the rise of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Zapatistas, or Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional), which began an armed rebellion against the federal government on January 1, 1994 as a response to the implementation of NAFTA. In the same year, a large meeting of thousands of supporters of the anti-globalization movement was held in Chiapas. Some groups, such as the pacifist group Las Abejas, sympathize with the goals of the Zapatista revolution but not with the use of violence to accomplish those goals. is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...
Nafta or NAFTA may refer to: an acronym for the North American Free Trade Agreement an acronym for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement the town/Tokyo of Nafta, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Zapatista rebels are most comprised of Tzotzil and some Tzeltal. Besides a language, Tzeltal is also an identity and ethnicity.[4] “In some highland communities, some people referred to the Zapatistas in native Tzotzil as “trouble makers” or as “thieves”— a reference to marauders who roamed the countryside in the 1910–1920 decade of the Mexican Revolution.”[5] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Look up Identity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ...
For the plural of marauder see the Wikitionary definition. ...
Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ...
The Zapatistas have been cut off by the government from goods, political power, and their growth economically, because of the rebellion and for declaring themselves to be at war with the state of Mexico. “Such circumstances played in fueling the frustrations on which the Zapatistas capitalized.”[2] The Mexican government also installed a Solidarity Program to help indigenous in the state of Chiapas. “The government’s Solidarity Program, which was ostensibly designed to alleviate poverty, but which instead became an instrument for rewarding political loyalty and contributed to the anger and frustration expressed through the Zapatista rebellion.”[6] The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota...
The group is named after the iconic revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata who fought during the Mexican Revolution in the 1910s. Zapata gained enormous respect throughout Latin America for defending the rights of the poor agricultural sector of Mexico. The Zapatistas were in principle a peaceful movement that was pushed to use the force of arms to guarantee the indigenous right to ejidos. For other uses, see Emiliano Zapata (disambiguation). ...
Another view of this could be that, the Zapatistas movement started out as one that was bloody, violent, and horrifying with an untold number of indigenous left dead in the streets; the numbers are estimated to be from 150-500. This was a movement that started out with the raiding and seizing of 4 cities in Chiapas (including San Cristóbal de las Casas), over 600 ranches, and control over about a quarter of Chiapas. The Zapatistas took up arms not because they wanted to, but were forced, because of a non-compliance from the Mexican state; who was allowing corporate America to buy up their lands at cheap prices, and give nothing to the indigenous in return.[citation needed] Violence is a general term to describe actions, usually deliberate, that cause or intend to cause injury to people, animals, or non-living objects. ...
Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people. ...
The word arms may refer to: The arm is anatomically the part of the body extending from the shoulder to the elbow. ...
Corporate America is an informal phrase describing both the independent for-profit and independent non-profit world of corporations within the United States not under government ownership. ...
Sub-Comandante Marcos Sub-Comandante Marcos, the face of the Zapatistas, succeeded in attracting international attention, with the innovative use of modern information and communication technologies.
Marcos, spokesperson of the Zapatistas, has been quoted as saying, “Why does the government [refuse to put] national politics on the agenda for negotiation? Are the indigenous people of Chiapas “Mexicans” only for the purpose of being exploited?”[4] At this time he also goes by "Delegado Cero (Delegate Zero)."[citation needed] Marcos has a pet that he brings around with him to places. "He travels with an animal mascot, a deformed rooster he calls "el pingüino" ('the penguin'). According to a New York Times article of January 6, 2006, Marcos uses the animal as a symbol of the various disenfranchised people he champions."[citation needed] Marcos may refer to: // Dayton Marcos, a Negro League baseball team from Dayton, Ohio Marcos Ambrose, Australian racing driver Marcos Armas, Venezuela-born American baseball player Marcos Assunção, Brazilian football player Marcos Baghdatis, Cypriot tennis player and 2006 Australian Open finalist Marcos Carvajal, Venezuela-born American baseball player Marcos...
A surprising fact about the Zapatistas and indigenous of Chiapas, that is not widely known, is they actually showed political support of the Mexican government and the officials in power; no one can measure the numbers exactly because of election fraud. “The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) has always claimed victory on the basis of overwhelming support from Mexico’s rural south. In the 1988 presidential elections…89.9 percent of Chiapas voters, including impoverished Indian peasants, allegedly turned out for the PRI.”[7] But as stated before, they cannot be sure these numbers are correct because of election scandals. The Zapatistas have actually, or did, view the Mexican system as an ally to their communities, until the system turned on them once again. After the Mexican Revolution and land reform acts, they came to see the government as an ally, until the start of the Salinas government put an end to agrarian reform.[8] The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. ...
PRI may refer to: IATA airport code for Praslin Island Airport, in the Seychelles The ISO 3166-1 3-letter country code and an abbreviation for Puerto Rico Pacific Research Institute, think tank Paleontological Research Institution Partido Revolucionario Institucional, Mexican political party Partito Repubblicano Italiano, Italian political party Penal Reform...
Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...
Categories: 1911 Britannica | Historical stubs | Feudalism ...
After the initial seizure of San Cristóbal de las Casas in Chiapas, the Mexican army kept the Zapatistas bottled up in their rural strongholds. Sporadic armed repression by paramilitaries that appears to have been funded by local landowners, and with which elements in the federal government may have sympathized, followed. There was a series of massacres, most notably in 1997 in Acteal, where 47 refugees from indigenous communities, mainly women and children, were killed in a church, after a National Peace Accord had been signed.[citation needed] Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
The Acteal Massacre was a massacre of 1400 people (although some sources claim 1500 or more and still others claim the number of deaths was 45) attending a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
What is Refugees? Refugees is a simple internet community that was created as a homeland and haven for the members of the message board MegaMassMedia. ...
In 2000, the EZLN renewed its revolt, autonomizing a number of villages and sending a delegation into Mexico City. While the delegation did not obtain everything it sought due to opposition in Congress, which the support of President Vicente Fox was not able to overcome, the villages remain under Zapatista control, in large part due to the local villagers and their support of the group[citation needed]. In August 2003, the EZLN declared all Zapatista territory an autonomous government independent of the Mexican state[citation needed]. Since then, the armed EZLN has been lying low to some extent working on the government level to implement health care and educational institutions in poor rural indigenous communities that had until then been ignored and discriminated against by the central government.[citation needed] Anti-Zapatista paramilitary activity continues, pointing to the threat of re-escalation.[9] Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ...
Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) was the President of Mexico from 2000 to 2006. ...
In actuality,The Zapatistas continue to campaign, their efforts are continuous for indigenous autonomy and for humanity, are still going on today; without any clear progress. Currently the rebel movement is attempting to gain sovereignty and autonomy from Mexican government. With the implementation of what is called the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle and the launching of The Other Campaign, the Zapatistas remain hard at work.[citation needed] "The Zapatistas, through Subcomandante Marcos, along with other Indigenous peoples of the Americas, announced the Intercontinental Indigenous Encounter. They are inviting Indigenous from North and South America."[citation needed] The struggle of the Zapatistas is not one that will go quietly into the night. The Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle (Spanish: Sexta Declaración de la Selva Lacandona) was a manifesto issued by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) on June 28, 2005, declaring their principles and vision for Mexico and the world. ...
The Other Campaign is a position of opposition to neoliberal capitalism that dominates Mexico. ...
Geography Chiapas is geographically divided into five zones. These are the rainforest, the highlands, the central valley, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, and the Soconusco.
Rainforest -
The tropical rainforest of Chiapas, which includes the Selva Lacandona, is quickly being deforested. This is due to population pressures forcing highlanders into the rainforest. These include ladino (Spanish-speaking) landowners, indigenous and mestizo campesinos of the Ch'ol, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tojolabal and other groups. Migrants from Chiapas are being joined by Guatemalans fleeing the Civil War. These colonists constantly compete with one another for land, with the campesinos seizing or squatting on claimed land while landowners respond with the military or police. The economic activities of both groups contribute to the massive deforestation of the Lacandón. Rain falling on the forest drains into the Usumicinta river, which forms the border between Chiapas and the Petén department of Guatemala. The river flows into the sea in Tabasco, and deforestation may be a cause of the floods which inundated Villahermosa in 2007[10] La Selva Lacandona Matapalos (kill sticks) tree in the jungle near the Mayan village of Lacanja Chansayab, Chiapas, Mexico. ...
The Spanish term ladino is used to describe various socio-ethnic categories in Latin America, and principally in Central America. ...
Mestizo is a Spanish term that was formerly used in the Spanish Empire and continues to be used today in Latin America to refer to people of mixed European (Spaniard) and Amerindian ancestry living in the region of Latin America. ...
Campesino may refer to A simple farmer is referred to as a campesino in Spanish. ...
Chol is Maya ethnic group or northern Chiapas in South-Eastern Mexico. ...
Tzeltal is a Maya language spoken in Chiapas, Mexico. ...
The Tzotzil Maya of the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico are a Native American group, the direct descendants of the Classic Maya. ...
Tojolabal is a Mayan language related to the Chuj language spoken in Guatemala. ...
This does not cite its references or sources. ...
El Petén Petén is a department of the nation of Guatemala. ...
This article is about the Mexican state of Tabasco. ...
This article is about a city in Mexico. ...
Highlands The Central Highlands have been the population center of Chiapas since the Conquest. European epidemics were hindered by the tierra fría climate, allowing the indigenous peoples in the highlands to retain their large numbers. Indigenous peoples provided labor for Spanish conquistadors, who also heavily settled the highlands. Indigenous highlanders were conscripted into labor service on plantations, drafted into debt servitude, which was so widely practiced that Chiapas earned the illustrious title of "Mexico's slave state" in the late 19th century [11]. An epidemic is generally a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population. ...
Since World War Two, the highlands have benefitted from a boom in the energy and petroleum sectors. However, economic growth in these industries did not reach the subsistence farmers of the highlands.[11] High population and land reform pressured the poor and rich alike to move into the eastern rainforest. The highlands are home to the cities of San Cristóbal de las Casas and Comitán. Close to the rainforest, San Cristóbal was one of the first sites seized by the Zapatista army in their attack on January 1, 1994. Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
Comitán (formally: Comitán de DomÃnguez) is a small city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
The flag of the EZLN. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ...
is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...
Central Valley The Sierra Madre de Chiapas is cut through the middle by the Río Grande de Chiapas, known outside of Chiapas as Río Grijalva. The river flows from southwest to northeast. This area contains six of Chiapas' seven hydroelectric plants. The construction of these dams flooded hundreds of thousands of hectares, making lakes out of former ejido lands. The capital of Tuxtla Gutiérrez is located in the Central Valley, which enjoys a roughly tierra templada climate. RÃo Grijalva is a river in south Mexico named after Juan de Grijalva who visited this area in 1518. ...
Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ...
For the Venezuelan city, see Ejido, Mérida. ...
Tuxtla Gutiérrez is a municipio (municipality), capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Tierra templada (Spanish for temperate land) is a pseudoclimatological term used in Latin America to refer to places within that realm which are either located in the tropics at a moderately high elevation, or are marginally outside the astronomical tropics, producing a somewhat cooler overall climate than that found in...
Sierra Madre de Chiapas -
A continuation of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas runs from northwest to southeast along the Pacific Ocean coast. It is extremely volcanic, resulting in high peaks, occasional eruptions and earthquakes, and rich soils. The mountains partially block rain clouds from the Pacific, a process known as Orographic lift, which creates a particularly rich coastal region called the Soconusco. Sierra Madre (known in Mexico as Sierra Madre de Chiapas) is a mountain range (located at ) which runs northwest-southeast from the state of Chiapas in Mexico across Guatemala and into El Salvador and Honduras. ...
Sierra Madre del Sur The Sierra Madre del Sur is a mountain range in southern Mexico, extending 1000 km from southern Michoacán east through Guerrero, to the Istmo de Tehuantepec in eastern Oaxaca. ...
For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ...
This wave cloud pattern formed off of the ÃŽle Amsterdam in the far southern Indian Ocean, due to orographic lift of an airmass by the island, producing alternating bands of condensed and invisible humidity downwind of the island as the moist air moves in vertical waves and the moisture successively...
Soconusco refers to the region of rich lowlands and foothills along the Pacific coast of southeastern Chiapas, Mexico. ...
The largest city in the Soconusco is Tapachula, site of the seventh Chiapaneco hydroelectric plant, José Cecilio del Valle[12]. Tapachula is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Soconusco -
The Soconusco lies in the southernmost corner of Chiapas. It shares many ties with Guatemala, which claimed the territory until 1882. Since it was a part of the Aztec empire, Soconusco has been known for its agricultural products. Then it was cacao, now the main product is coffee, which is grown on large plantations. These plantations were owned by German-Guatemalans and employed indigenous peoples of the Mam group. The tierra caliente climate of Soconusco allowed plantation agriculture to succeed, and in addition to coffee also grows sugar cane, rice, maize, and plantains. Soconusco refers to the region of rich lowlands and foothills along the Pacific coast of southeastern Chiapas, Mexico. ...
Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ...
For the town in French Guiana, see Cacao, French Guiana. ...
For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ...
The Mam are a Native American people of the highlands of western Guatemala. ...
Tierra caliente (Spanish for hot land) is a term used in Latin America to refer to those places within that realm which have a distinctly tropical climate. ...
Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...
For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the maize plant. ...
This article is about the fruit. ...
The Chiapas swordtail (Xiphophorus alvarezi) is named after this region.
Energy The energy resources of Chiapas include the seven hydroelectric plants on Grijalva and its tributaries and petroleum in the north. Six out of these seven are located in the Central Valley, including the Manuel Moreno Torres plant in Chicoasén, the most productive in Mexico. All of the hydroelectric plants are owned and operated by the Federal Electricity Commission (Comisión Federal de Electricidad, CFE), while the petroleum resources are owned by Petróleos Mexicanos, PEMEX. [12] The Comisión Federal de Electricidad is the Mexican state-owned electric monopoly, widely known as CFE. It is the sole electric company and the second most powerful state-owned company in Mexico (after PEMEX, Petroleos Mexicanos). ...
A Pemex gas station in Puerto Vallarta Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) is Mexicos state-owned, nationalized petroleum company. ...
Demographics About 55% of the state's population consists of Mestizos, 40% Amerindian (mostly of Maya ancestry); and around 35% of the indigenous population do not speak Spanish as their first language. Mestizo (Brazil Portuguese. ...
Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ...
The Maya people are a Native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America. ...
The products they produce are their only livelihood, yet corporations working with the Mexican government, have found ways to extort and take from them; as well as ladino’s who are ranchers that control Chiapas politics.[4] A corporation (usually known in the United Kingdom and Ireland as a company) is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a Civil law systems may refer to corporations as moral persons; they may also go by the name...
This article deals with the Judaeo-Spanish language. ...
The 20th century saw massive population growth in Chiapas. From less than a million inhabitants in 1940, the state had approx. 2,000,000 in 1980[11] and over 4 million in 2005[13]. Overcrowded land in the highlands was relieved when the rainforest to the east was subject to land reform. Cattle ranchers, loggers, and subsistence farmers migrated to the rain forest. The population of the Lacandón was only 1,000 people in 1950, but by the mid-1990s this had increased to 200,000[14].
“Chiapas is almost an internal colony for the rest of Mexico, providing oil, electricity, timber, cattle, corn, sugar, coffee, and beans, but receiving very little in return.”[1] “Household income, education, and basic standard of living fall far behind the national average, and infant mortality is much higher.”[1]
"Only 11 percent of adults earn what the government calls moderate incomes of at least $3,450 per year (versus 24 percent nationally); less than 50 percent of households have running water (versus 67% nationally); and only 14 percent have televisions (versus 45% nationally)."[1] Chiapas is only 3% of Mexican population. They produce 13% of country's maize, 54% of its hydroelectric power, 5% of the nation's timber, 4% of its beans, 13% of its gas, and 4% of its oil; while nearly half of Chiapas is without electricity. The indigenous peoples of Chiapas have always produced and supported Mexico’s system, yet are "extorted, taken from, colonized, oppressed, and exploited in every way possible".[4] An American family watching television in the 1950s. ...
This article is about the maize plant. ...
Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ...
Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood...
This article is on the plant. ...
For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ...
Synthetic motor oil being poured. ...
Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...
This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ...
The Exploited logo skull with the skeletal mohawk cut as seen on the Beat the Bastards album cover The Exploited are a seminal punk rock/thrash group, from the second wave of U.K. punk. ...
Murals The Zapatista communities of Chiapas are celebrated for their murals. Vibrantly colourful communal paintings done on the outside walls of village buildings tell the recent Zapatista story of resistance—a story that often uses images of historical political heroes.
Landmarks The Sumidero Canyon is occupied by an artificial lake, the dam , which produces a large percent of the electricity in Mexico. The sides of the cañon are covered with tropical vegetation. Sumidero Canyon Sumidero Canyon (Spanish: Cañón del Sumidero) is a canyon located about 40 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, capital of the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
- The Alvarez del Toro Zoo, ZOOMAT [15], in Tuxtla Gutierrez, featuring local, native fauna.
- The Lagunas de Montebello, near Comitan.
- The Cataratas de Agua Azul (Blue Waterfalls), near Palenque.
- The Maya ruins of Bonampak, in the Lacandon rainforest (La Selva Lacandona), feature probably the finest and better-known Maya murals. These are very realistic, depicting human sacrifices, music players and life at the royal court.
- The Lacandon Jungle is an important biodiversity spot, which recently yielded one of the newest and unique plant family discovered, represented by the plant Lacandonia schismatica.
- The Soconusco, the south-eastern coastal region bordering Guatemala, is a tropical agricultural area devoted to the intensive production of bananas and coffee, for the national and international markets.
- Chiapas is part of the Ruta Maya or Gringo Trail that links Cancun, Belice, Tikal, Lake Atitlan, San Cristobal de las Casas, Palenque and other Maya archeological sites.
- San Cristóbal de las Casas is a favorite international tourist destination due to its colorful First Nations traditions and customs.
- Agua Azul is a famous waterfall.
According to the limited geography model of the Book of Mormon, now widely accepted by LDS religious scholars, Chiapas is the most plausible location of the land of Zarahemla. Chiapas has since seen an increase in Mormon tourism.[citation needed] Tuxtla Gutiérrez is the capital of the state of Chiapas in Mexico. ...
Comit n (formally: Comit n de Dom nguez) is a small city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
The Palace, Ruins of Palenque Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located at about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map). ...
Bonampak. ...
The Lacandon people are indigenous Native American Maya people who live mostly in the jungles in Chiapas, Mexico (until 1854 a part of Guatemala). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
La Selva Lacandona Matapalos (kill sticks) tree in the jungle near the Mayan village of Lacanja Chansayab, Chiapas, Mexico. ...
Soconusco refers to the region of rich lowlands and foothills along the Pacific coast of southeastern Chiapas, Mexico. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ...
A view across Lago de Atitlán from Panajachel to Volcán Atitlán Lago de Atitlán (Lake Atitlán) is a large lake in the Guatemalan Highlands. ...
Categories: Cities in Chiapas | Mexico geography stubs ...
The Palace, Ruins of Palenque Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located at about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map). ...
Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
The Limited Geography Model for the Book of Mormon suggests that the text of the narrative correlates with a limited geographical region of several hundred square miles. ...
// The Book of Mormon [1] is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement. ...
The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest attraction in the citys Temple Square. ...
Depiction of the Land of Zarahemla from the Latter-day Saint film The Testaments According to the Book of Mormon, the Land of Zarahemla (popularly attributed to Biblical Hebrew זֶרַע חֶמְלָה seed of compassion) was the Nephite capital for many years, and it was discovered by Mosiah sometime between 323 and 130...
Tourist redirects here. ...
Municipalities Chiapas is subdivided into 118 municipalities (municipios). See municipalities of Chiapas A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly referring to a city, town, or village, or a small grouping of them. ...
The Mexican state of Chiapas is divided into 118 municipalities (municipios): Categories: Lists of municipalities of Mexico | Mexican states ...
Major communities Image:Chiapa de Corzo Exconvento de Santo Domingo. ...
Comitán (formally: Comitán de DomÃnguez) is the fourth-largest city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Ocosingo is a town in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Catedral The church of Santo Domingo. ...
Tapachula is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Tuxtla Gutiérrez is a municipio (municipality), capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...
Alcohol use Alcohol use in rural Chiapas has been studied by North American anthropologists for over half-a-century. Many of these studies have included Tzotzil communities in the highlands of Chiapas. These studies done on alcohol use vary in their specific aim; some seek to understand ritualized drinking practices, some are more interested in casual drinking environments, and others still are focused on alcohol related abuse and methods used by rural Chiapanecos to quit drinking.
Fiesta The celebration of Fiesta has been recorded in anthropological studies for decades. Fiesta is an annual celebration that serves to bring a community together through services, religious expression, and exchange[16]. Throughout the celebration the use of alcohol pervades the atmosphere, and nearly everyone from public officials[17] to the musicians [18] consumes some amount of alcohol. Not all of this alcohol use is in the spirit of celebration though. Alcohol use has worked its way into numerous ritual acts related to Fiesta, commonly as a gift presented to colleagues during the celebration. In fact, offering alcohol to another can be an act of thanks [19], payment for work [20], and as a way to celebrate the work that has been done [21]. The ritualized nature of these events is quite clear, as expressed by this passage from Eber (an example of celebration of successful work):
“When Victorio finishes distributing the money, the male server begins to serve shot glasses of rum. [ . . . Various helpers drink the rum . . .] Each answers Victorio and Angélika with “I am drinking” as they accept the cup and “I have finished” when they hand it back to the drink pourer.” [22].
Informal drinking Christine Eber’s ethnography Women and Alcohol in a Highland Maya Town contains many telling accounts of non-ritual, informal/casual drinking. Through her accounts she illustrates that individuals in rural Chiapas begin and continue drinking for many reasons. Presented here are three of Eber’s accounts.
First, Eber points out that ritual drinking can lead to non-ritual drinking, or as in her example, individuals that drink heavily during fiesta do not always stop once fiesta is over [23]. She talks about Victorio, who “. . . drank non-stop for twenty days” after fiesta had ended. Victorio’s wife showed concern for his well-being, but he insisted that he had no problem and continued drinking heavily. Eventually Victorio was fighting with his close friends and becoming destructive, and it was due to the embarrassment brought on by his drunken actions that he first began to scale back on his drinking.
A second example of informal drinking comes in the form of Pascuala, who said that the death of her daughter caused her to start drinking [24]. Pascuala’s daughter was five years old when she died, and her death hit Pascuala hard both because it was a shock and because she was left alone with nothing to help her cope but extensive housework and alcohol. Pascuala’s drinking began to pervade her daily activities, though she never drank when working out of town because she would embarrass herself.
A third example of non-ritual alcohol use comes from Bartolo and Otelia, a married couple who both drank heavily [25]. The couple’s neighbor, a relative, would often have to come over to break up fights, or take Otelia out of the house when Bartolo was particularly violent (he had chased her from their house on many occasions with a machete). Their drinking was not always physically destructive however, and many days they would sit at the table and trade harsh insults. Their heavy drinking did make some friends and family uncomfortable and certainly put Eber on edge, but there had been no community-wide attempts to make them stop drinking.
By these ethnographic accounts we can see that drinking occurs in nearly any setting and for numerous reasons in rural Chiapas. Victorio was a man who let the ritual drinking of Fiesta run away with him [23]. Pascuala was a woman whose daughter’s death caused her to turn to alcohol as a coping mechanism [26]. Bartolo and Otelia were simply an older couple who passed the time by drinking heavily [25].
Familial abuse Familial abuse is one of the more widely studied alcohol-related issues in rural Chiapas [27]. It should be noted that familial does not simply entail spousal abuse; accounts of familial abuse in rural Chiapas have been recorded from the perspectives of wives, husbands, fathers, mothers, daughters, sons, brothers, and sisters [28]. Many times, the abused acknowledge alcohol as the primary source of the violence [28]. One woman talks about how she and her sisters used to cry at night when their parents would not come home on account of being drunk in town for days at a time. Furthermore, this same woman notes that alcohol related abuse in her household was often over trivial matters:
“My parents felt like hitting me for any little thing. If our jug broke when we went to the waterhole, they hit us. Just for that!” [29]
However, alcohol is not always seen as the primary catalyst of violence. Women have cited money (both the lack and procurement of), failure to adequately perform duties as wives, failure to produce children, lack of obedience, or the fact that, “ . . . they were men” as reasons for violence [30]. When reading about alcohol related abuse in rural Chiapas, keep in mind that alcohol is only one facet of a multi-sided culture and that it would be a mistake to simply hold alcohol consumption responsible for violence.
Quitting In Christine Eber’s ethnography Women and Alcohol in a Highland Maya Town she presents a few different accounts of people’s methods for quitting alcohol use [28]. Two culturally significant accounts will be mentioned here: cold turkey quitting and dream cures.
When discussing Fiesta and musicians, Eber mentions Pablo, who said “Rum, no more” [31]. Pablo was a musician who, against the wishes of his friends, stayed sober during fiesta (many musicians use the stupor from alcohol to keep themselves awake and active throughout the event). He said that drinking does him harm, and that God said that heavy drinking would certainly kill someone. Instead of being paid with rum for his playing during fiesta, he took money that he and his wife used to buy what they wanted.
An account not related to Fiesta was of Angélika, who said “My dream cured me” [32]. Angélika was asked how she came to quit drinking, and she recounted a dream that she had. In her dream, the Moon (the Virgin Mary) came from the sky and scolded her for continuing to drink because alcohol was not sustenance, and it dulled her nerves. The Moon further pointed out that Angélika’s friends were constantly embarrassing themselves due to alcohol use and that they were going to embarrass the Moon as well. Angélika finally states that the Moon gave her a medicine which she drank, and has yet
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