NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Chlorine

Main article: Isotopes of chlorine
iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE (MeV)	DP
³⁵Cl	75.77%	³⁵Cl is stable with 18 neutrons
³⁶Cl	syn	3.01×10⁵ y	β^-	0.709	³⁶Ar
³⁶Cl	syn	3.01×10⁵ y	ε	-	³⁶S
³⁷Cl	24.23%	³⁷Cl is stable with 20 neutrons

References

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Chlorine (IPA: /ˈklɔəriːn/, from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' (khlôros) meaning 'green'), is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17 (formerly VIIa or VIIb). As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of life, including humans. In its common elemental form (Cl₂ or "dichlorine") under standard conditions, it is a pale green gas about 2.5 times as dense as air. It has a disagreeable, suffocating odor that is detectable in concentrations as low as 3.5 ppm^[1] and is poisonous. Chlorine is a powerful oxidant and is used in bleaching and disinfectants. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine based molecules have been implicated in the destruction of the ozone layer. This article is about the chemical element. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. ... Bromo redirects here. ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex... Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The halogens are a chemical series. ... A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... The p-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the last six groups. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1287 Ã— 1716 pixel, file size: 845 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10âˆ’36 kg and 1053 kg. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... For other uses, see Neon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... In physical chemistry, thermodynamics, chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions (temperature, pressure) at which the liquid state of the matter ceases to exist. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... Not to be confused with oxidation state. ... For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 pm and 100 pm (10-11 m and 10-12 m). ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 pm and 100 pm (10-11 m and 10-12 m). ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... K value redirects here. ... For other uses, see Speed of sound (disambiguation). ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Chlorine (Cl) Standard atomic mass: 35. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 32 000 years and 320 000 years (1012 seconds—a terasecond—and 1013 seconds). ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... This article is about the chemical element. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... This article is about the chemical series. ... The Periodic Table redirects here. ... A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Clâˆ’. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ... Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with formula NaCl. ... This article is about modern humans. ... Temperature and air pressure can vary from one place to another on the Earth, and can also vary in the same place with time. ... For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... In chemistry, to bleach something generally means to whiten it or oxidize it. ... For the 2003 film, see Swimming Pool (film). ... Earths atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ... Global monthly average total ozone amount Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations: a slow, steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of ozone in Earths stratosphere since around 1980; and a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earths... The ozone layer is a layer in Earths atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). ...

Characteristics

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Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.

Chlorine gas in a transparent plastic container. It is not advisable to store chlorine in this manner.

Chlorine gas is diatomic, with the formula Cl₂. It combines readily with all elements except O₂ and N₂^[2] and the noble gases. Compounds with oxygen, nitrogen, and xenon are known but do not form by direct reaction of the elements.^[3] Chlorine is not as extremely reactive as fluorine. Pure chlorine gas does, however, support combustion of organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, although the carbon component tends to burn incompletely, with much of it remaining as soot.^[4] At 10 °C and atmospheric pressure, one liter of water dissolves 3.10 L of gaseous chlorine, and at 30°C, 1 L of water dissolves only 1.77 liters of chlorine.^[2] Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x3072, 2375 KB) A 500-mL water bottle filled with chlorine. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x3072, 2375 KB) A 500-mL water bottle filled with chlorine. ... A space-filling model of the diatomic molecule dinitrogen, N2. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... The noble gases are a chemical series. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ... Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. ... Look up Hydrocarbon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... The liter (spelled liter in American English and litre in Commonwealth English) is a unit of volume. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

This element is a member of the salt-forming halogen series and is extracted from chlorides through oxidation often by electrolysis. As the chloride ion, Cl⁻, it is also the most abundant dissolved ion in ocean water. This article is about common table salt. ... This article is about the chemical series. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of chlorine

Chlorine has isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 32 to 40. There are two principal stable isotopes, ³⁵Cl (75.77%) and ³⁷Cl (24.23%), giving chlorine atoms in bulk an apparent atomic weight of 35.5 g/mol. Chlorine (Cl) Standard atomic mass: 35. ... The mass number (A), also called atomic mass number (not to be confused with atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus) or nucleon number, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atomic nucleus. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ...

³⁶Cl

Trace amounts of radioactive ³⁶Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7x10⁻¹³ to 1 with stable isotopes. ³⁶Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of ³⁶Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the subsurface environment, ³⁶Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by ³⁵Cl or muon capture by ⁴⁰Ca. ³⁶Cl decays to ³⁶S and to ³⁶Ar, with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of ³⁶Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of ³⁶Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, ³⁶Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. ³⁶Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments. Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei (nuclides) emit subatomic particles. ... Chlorine-36 is an isotope of chlorine. ... In general, spallation is a process in which fragments of material are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... For other uses, see Proton (disambiguation). ... The process of neutron capture can proceed in two ways - as a rapid process (an r-process) or a slow process (an s-process). ... Muon capture is the capture of a negative muon by a proton, usually resulting in production of a neutron and a neutrino, and sometimes a gamma photon. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... The adjective hydrophilic describes something that likes water (from Greek hydros = water; philos = friend). ... Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occurring isotopes, and the current abundances. ... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter A nuclear weapon derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For the American hard rock band, see SOiL. For the System of a Down song, see Soil (song). ... Groundwater is any water found below the land surface. ...

Occurrence

See also Halide minerals.

In nature, chlorine is found primarily as the chloride ion, a component of the salt that is deposited in the earth or dissolved in the oceans — about 1.9% of the mass of seawater is chloride ions. Even higher concentrations of chloride are found in the Dead Sea and in underground brine deposits. Most chloride salts are soluble in water, thus, chloride-containing minerals are usually only found in abundance in dry climates or deep underground. Common chloride minerals include halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate). Over 2000 naturally-occurring organic chlorine compounds are known.^[5] The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the negatively charged ion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl are also called chlorides. ... This article is about common table salt. ... Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ... The Dead Sea (Hebrew: â€Ž, , Sea of Salt; Arabic: , , Dead Sea) is a salt lake between the West Bank and Israel to the west, and Jordan to the east. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... For Halite Bittorrent client , see Halite Client. ... R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Sylvite is potassium chloride (KCl) in natural mineral form. ... The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide composed of potassium and chlorine. ... CarnalliteBold text ...

Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, according to the following chemical equation: In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... The chloralkali process is a redox reaction, an electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride: 2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) â€”â†’ 2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- 2 H+ + 2 e- â€”â†’ H2(g) The process is primarily used to produce chlorine, but one of its byproducts... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. ...

2 NaCl + 2 H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2 NaOH

R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ...

Production

Gas extraction

Chlorine can be manufactured by electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution (brine). The production of chlorine results in the co-products caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H₂). These two products, as well as chlorine itself, are highly reactive. Chlorine can also be produced by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium chloride, in which case the co-products are hydrogen and caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). There are three industrial methods for the extraction of chlorine by electrolysis of chloride solutions, all proceeding according to the following equations: In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye in North America, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye in North America, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide composed of potassium and chlorine. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...

Cathode: 2 H⁺ (aq) + 2 e⁻ → H₂ (g)

Anode: 2 Cl⁻ (aq) → Cl₂ (g) + 2 e⁻

Overall process: 2 NaCl (or KCl) + 2 H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2 NaOH (or KOH)

Mercury cell electrolysis

Mercury cell electrolysis, also known as the Castner-Kellner process, was the first method used at the end of the nineteenth century to produce chlorine on an industrial scale.^[6]^[7] The "rocking" cells used have been improved over the years.^[8] Today, in the "primary cell", titanium anodes (formerly graphite ones) are placed in a sodium (or potassium) chloride solution flowing over a liquid mercury cathode. When a potential difference is applied and current flows, chlorine is released at the titanium anode and sodium (or potassium) dissolves in the mercury cathode forming an amalgam. This flows continuously into a separate reactor ("denuder" or "secondary cell"), where it is usually converted back to mercury by reaction with water, producing hydrogen and sodium (or potassium) hydroxide at a commercially useful concentration (50% by weight). The mercury is then recycled to the primary cell. This article is about the element. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... The Castner-Kellner process is a method of electrolysis on an aqueous alkali chloride solution (usually sodium chloride solution) to produce the corresponding alkali hydroxide,[1] invented by Hamilton Castner and Karl Kellner in the 1890s. ... General Name, symbol, number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... For other uses, see Graphite (disambiguation). ... This article is about the element. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... General Name, symbol, number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a galvanic cell. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... This article is about the element. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... This article is about mixtures (alloys) of mercury with other elements. ... This article is about the element. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: OHâˆ’ It has a charge of âˆ’1. ... This article is about the element. ...

The mercury process is the least energy-efficient of the three main technologies (mercury, diaphragm and membrane) and there are also concerns about mercury emissions. This article is about the element. ... Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Net flux be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the element. ... Air pollution Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment. ...

It is estimated that there are still around 100 mercury-cell plants operating worldwide. In Japan, mercury-based chloralkali production was virtually phased out by 1987 (except for the last two potassium chloride units shut down in 2003). In the United States, there will be only five mercury plants remaining in operation by the end of 2008. In Europe, mercury cells accounted for 43% of capacity in 2006 and Western European producers have committed to closing or converting all remaining chloralkali mercury plants by 2020.^[9] The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide composed of potassium and chlorine. ... This article is about the element. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... This article is about the element. ... This article is about the element. ...

Diaphragm cell electrolysis

In diaphragm cell electrolysis, an asbestos (or polymer-fiber) diaphragm separates acathode and an anode, preventing the chlorine forming at the anode from re-mixing with the sodium hydroxide and the hydrogen formed at the cathode.^[10] This technology was also developed at the end of the nineteenth century. There are several variants of this process: the Le Sueur cell (1893), the Hargreaves-Bird cell (1901), the Gibbs cell (1908), and the Townsend cell (1904).^[11]^[12] The cells vary in construction and placement of the diaphragm, with some having the diaphragm in direct contact with the cathode. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ... Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a galvanic cell. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a galvanic cell. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ...

The salt solution (brine) is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. This article is about common table salt. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... Look up caustic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Alkaline redirects here. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ...

As a result, diaphragm methods produce alkali that is quite dilute (about 12%) and of lower purity than do mercury cell methods. But diaphragm cells are not burdened with the problem of preventing mercury discharge into the [environment. They also operate at a lower voltage, resulting in an energy savings over the mercury cell method^[12], but large amounts of steam are required if the caustic has to be evaporated to the commercial concentration of 50%. Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Alkaline redirects here. ... This article is about the element. ... International safety symbol Caution, risk of electric shock (ISO 3864), colloquially known as high voltage symbol. ... For other uses, see Steam (disambiguation). ... Look up caustic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ...

Membrane cell electrolysis

Development of this technology began in the 1970s. The electrolysis cell is divided into two "rooms" by a cation permeable membrane acting as an ion exchanger. Saturated sodium (or potassium) chloride solution is passed through the anode compartment, leaving at a lower concentration.^[13] Sodium (or potassium) hydroxide solution is circulated through the cathode compartment, exiting at a higher concentration. A portion of the concentrated sodium hydroxide solution leaving the cell is diverted as product, while the remainder is diluted with deionized water and passed through the electrolysis apparatus again. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... A cation is an ion with positive charge. ... Function: adjective capable of being permeated : PENETRABLE; especially : having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through. ... It has been suggested that Net flux be merged into this article or section. ... Ion exchange is defined as an exchange of ions between two electrolytes. ... R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide composed of potassium and chlorine. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a galvanic cell. ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: OHâˆ’ It has a charge of âˆ’1. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... Deionized water (DI water or de-ionized water; also spelled deionised water, see spelling differences) is water that lacks ions, such as cations from sodium, calcium, iron, copper and anions such as chloride and bromide. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...

This method is more efficient than the diaphragm cell and produces very pure sodium (or potassium) hydroxide at about 32% concentration, but requires very pure brine. Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: OHâˆ’ It has a charge of âˆ’1. ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ...

Other electrolytic processes

Although a much lower production scale is involved, electrolytic diaphragm and membrane technologies are also used industrially to recover chlorine from hydrochloric acid solutions, producing hydrogen (but no caustic alkali) as a co-product. Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Net flux be merged into this article or section. ... Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Look up caustic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Alkaline redirects here. ...

Furthermore, electrolysis of fused chloride salts (Downs process) also enables chlorine to be produced, in this case as a by-product of the manufacture of metallic sodium or magnesium. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... The Downs process is a method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. ... For alternative meanings see metal (disambiguation). ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ...

Other methods

Before electrolytic methods were used for chlorine production, the direct oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen or air was exercised in the Deacon process: The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point non-flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Deacon process is used in the manufacture of alkalis, to reduce emissions of Hydrochloric Acid. ...

4 HCl + O₂ → 2 Cl₂ + 2 H₂O

This reaction is accomplished with the use of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) as a catalyst and is performed at high temperature (about 400 °C). The amount of extracted chlorine is approximately 80%. Due to the extremely corrosive reaction mixture, industrial use of this method is difficult and several pilot trials failed in the past. Nevertheless, recent developments are promising. Recently Sumitomo patented a catalyst for the Deacon process using ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO₂).^[14] Copper(II) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula CuCl2. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Corrosion is the destructive reaction of a metal with another material, e. ... The Sumitomo Group is a group of related japanese companies, (keiretsu). ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ...

Another earlier process to produce chlorine was to heat brine with acid and manganese dioxide. For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ... Manganese(IV) oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. ...

2 NaCl + 2H₂SO₄ + MnO₂ → Na₂SO₄ + MnSO₄ + 2 H₂O + Cl₂

Using this process, chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to isolate chlorine in a laboratory. The manganese can be recovered by the Weldon process.^[15] Carl Wilhelm Scheele Scheeles house with his pharmacy in KÃ¶ping. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... The Weldon process is a process for recovering manganese dioxide in chlorine manufacturing. ...

Small amounts of chlorine gas can be made in the laboratory by putting concentrated hydrochloric acid in a flask with a side arm and rubber tubing attached. Manganese dioxide is then added and the flask stoppered. The reaction is not greatly exothermic. As chlorine is denser than air, it can be easily collected by placing the tube inside a flask where it will displace the air. Once full, the collecting flask can be stoppered. Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... Manganese(IV) oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. ...

Another method for producing small amounts of chlorine gas in a lab is by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid (typically about 5M) to sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorate solution. Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant and as a bleaching agent. ... Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) is an oxidizing agent. ...

Industrial production

Large-scale production of chlorine involves several steps and many pieces of equipment. The description below is typical of a membrane plant. The plant also simultaneously produces sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and hydrogen gas. A typical plant consists of brine production/treatment, cell operations, chlorine cooling & drying, chlorine compression & liquefaction, liquid chlorine storage & loading, caustic handling, evaporation, storage & loading and hydrogen handling. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... Look up caustic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...

Brine

Key to the production of chlorine is the operation of the brine saturation/treatment system. Maintaining a properly saturated solution with the correct purity is vital, especially for membrane cells. Many plants have a salt pile which is sprayed with recycled brine. Others have slurry tanks that are fed raw salt. For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... It has been suggested that Net flux be merged into this article or section. ... u fuck in ua ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... This article is about common table salt. ...

The raw brine is partially or totally treated with sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and a flocculant to reduce calcium, magnesium and other impurities. The brine proceeds to a large clarifier or a filter where the impurities are removed. The total brine is additionally filtered before entering ion exchangers to further remove impurities. At several points in this process, the brine is tested for hardness and strength. For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... A flocculant is a chemical which causes the particles in a colloidal dispersal to clump together and form flocs. Flocculants are commonly used to facilitate the removal by filtration of particles of impurity from a liquid which would otherwise be too fine to be caught by a filter. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... Ion exchange is defined as an exchange of ions between two electrolytes. ... Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the mate

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