Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ... Image File history File links Babylonlion. ... For the song River Euphrates by the Pixies, see Surfer Rosa. ... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... Sumer (or Šumer; Sumerian: KI-EN-GIR [1]) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in lower Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term... Eridu (or Eridug) was an ancient city seven miles southwest of Ur . ... Kish [kish] (Tall al-Uhaymir) was an ancient city of Sumer, now in central Iraq. ... Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ... For other uses, see Ur (disambiguation). ... Lagash (Akkadian lagaš) or Sirpurla (Sumerian ŠIR.BUR.LAKI; modern Tell al-Hiba), northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia. ... The city of Nippur (Sumerian Nibru, Akkadian Nibbur) (now it is in Afak town,Al Qadisyah Governorate) was one of the most ancient (some historians date it back to 5262 B.C. [1][2]) of all the Babylonian cities of which we have any knowledge, the special seat of the... Elam (Persian: تمدن ایلام) is one of the oldest recorded civilizations. ... For other uses, see Susa (disambiguation). ... The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. ... For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the language, see Amorite language. ... An International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN) uniquely identifies a security. ... Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ... Babylonia was a state in southern Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Chaldean. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... // The Kassites were a Near-Eastern mountain tribe which migrated to the Zagros Mountains and Mesopotamia (present Doroud) in 3000 and 4000 BC.[1] They spoke a non-Indo-European, non-Semitic language. ... For the history of the kingdom of Mitanni (1500–1300 BC), see Mitanni. ... Kingdom of Mitanni Mitanni (cuneiform KUR URUMi-it-ta-ni, also Mittani Mi-ta-an-ni, in Assyrian sources Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform Ḫa-ni-gal-bat ) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Assur (Assyrian: ܐܫܘܪ) also spelled Ashur, from Assyrian Aššur, was the capital of ancient Assyria. ... Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. ... Human-headed winged bull, found during Bottas excavation. ... , For other uses, see Nineveh (disambiguation). ... // The chronology of the Ancient Near East is divided into three parts 1) A series of rulers and dynasties whose existence is based mostly on the Sumerian King List, later versions of literature such as Gilgamesh, and bits and pieces of archaeological discoveries. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BC, followed by a transition period of Amorite states before the rise of Babylonia in the 18th century... The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. ... This page lists the Kings of Lamestia from the late sixties. ... The following is a list of the Kings of Babylon, a major city of ancient Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq. ... Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian mythologies from the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq. ... Enûma Eliš is the Babylonian creation epic. ... For other uses, see Gilgamesh (disambiguation). ... Assyrian demon Pazuzu. ... Sumerian ( native tongue) was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia from at least the 4th millennium BCE. It was gradually replaced by Akkadian as a spoken language in the beginning of the 2nd millenium BCE, but continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific... Elamite is an extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites (also known as Ilamids). ... Akkadian (lišānum akkadītum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ... Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ... Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC. Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in... Hittite is the extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia (modern Turkey). ...

Introduction

The chronology of the Ancient Near East is divided into three parts

1) A series of rulers and dynasties whose existence is based mostly on the Sumerian King List, later versions of literature such as Gilgamesh, and bits and pieces of archaeological discoveries. Some of these early rulers are possibly mythical, but many, like En-me-barage-si have been attested to by inscriptions. The dynasties of this period are divided into those "before the flood" and those "after the flood". The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. ... For other uses, see Gilgamesh (disambiguation). ...

2) Beginning with the Akkadian Empire around 2300 BC, the chronological evidence firms up, with various overlapping and interacting dynasties reasonably well attested to in the archaeological record. Essentially, for this period, a good picture can be drawn of who ruled after who, more or less how long they ruled, and how dynasties interacted with each other in battle, trade, and diplomacy. This relatively coherent chronology comes to a halt with the end of the Babylonian Dynasty III (Kassite) around 1200 BC. The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. ...

The Dark Age - sometime around the fall of Babylonian Dynasty III (Kassite) around 1200 BC things in the ancient Near East take a serious turn for the worse. In the east, the Mari and Mitanni are overrun, apparently by the Sea People who similarly trouble Egypt. In the north, the Hittite Empire is overrun by parties as yet unidentified. In the south, Arameans migrate in and crush both the Assyrians and the Babylonians. Meanwhile a major drought is punishing the entire region, extending as far away as Mycenae and Libya. Essentially, almost anyone capable of putting stylus to a cuneiform tablet is too busy running for their lives to record history. Note that due to the thin nature of early Kassite, Assyrian and Hittite records, the Dark Age is considered by some scholars to run all the way back to the fall of Babylon in 1531 BC. Mari may refer to: Ethnic Mari El, a republic of Russian Federation Mari language, Finno-Ugric language Mari people, a Volga-Finnic people People Mari (composer), a video game music composer Mari (singer), a female vocalist Saint Mari, a Christian saint Other Mari (goddess), the main divinity of pre-Christian... Kingdom of Mitanni Mitanni (cuneiform KUR URUMi-it-ta-ni, also Mittani Mi-ta-an-ni, in Assyrian sources Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform Ḫa-ni-gal-bat ) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. ... Sea Peoples is the term used in ancient Egyptian records of a race of ship-faring raiders who drifted into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and attempted to enter Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially year 5 of Rameses III of the 20th Dynasty. ... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... A clay tablet with writing in Linear B from Mycenae. ... blah ... Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ...

3) Eventually, things settle down, and somewhere around 900 BC, historical data becomes available again. There are plenty of Assyrian and Babylonian tablets and inscriptions. The growth of interlocking trade and alliances in the region provide reflection in places like Egypt. Classical sources such as the Canon of Ptolemy, the works of Berosus and the Hebrew Bible provide chronological support and synchronisms. There is even a eclipse in 763 BC which anchors the Assyrian list of imperial officials. blah ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Greats generals, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexanders death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as Soter (saviour). ... Berossos (also Berossus or Berosus) Greek: Βεροσσος, was a Hellenistic Babylonian writer. ... This article is about the term Hebrew Bible. For the Jewish scriptures see Tanakh. ... blah ...

The major question for the chronology of the Ancient Near East is "How long was the Dark Age?" No one really knows. Worse, many scholars are sure that they know the answer and they disagree. The result is that the history of the ancient Near East down the end of the Third Babylonian Dynasty is a "floating chronology". In other words, it fits together internally as a "relative chronology" but not as a "absolute chronology". Simply put, we don't know when it starts. Overview map of the ancient Near East The terms ancient Near East or ancient Orient encompass the early civilizations predating classical antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria), during the time roughly spanning...

The major schools of thought on the length of the the Dark Age are separated by 56 or 64 years. This is because the key source for their dates is the Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa and the visibility of Venus has a 56/64 year cycle. There have been other attempts to anchor the chronology using records of eclipses and other methods, but they are not yet widely supported. The alternative major chronologies are defined by the date of the 8th year of the reign of Ammisaduqa, king of Babylon. This choice then defines the reign of Hammurabi. The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa[1] recovered from the library at Nineveh, is a 7th century cuneiform tablet that bears ancient records of the rise times of Venus, its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset[2]. Several dates for the original observations have... Ammi-Saduqa (or Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga) was a king of the First Dynasty of Babylon. ...

Major Possible Chronologies of the Ancient Near East

Main article: Ancient Near East

The current scholarly consensus is with the short chronology used in this article,^{[citation needed]} though it must be pointed out that there are still some strong supporters of the other chronologies. There are also some scholars who discount the validity Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa entirely. Overview map of the ancient Near East The terms ancient Near East or ancient Orient encompass the early civilizations predating classical antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria), during the time roughly spanning... The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa[1] recovered from the library at Nineveh, is a 7th century cuneiform tablet that bears ancient records of the rise times of Venus, its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset[2]. Several dates for the original observations have...

As a final note, the chronology of the ancient Near East is inexorably linked to the chronology of Egypt. Diplomatic exchanges between Egypt and the Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Mitanni, and many lesser city-states synchronize major portions of the ancient Near East chronology. To the extent that there are problems in the Egyptian chronology, these issues will be reflected in the timeline of the Ancient Near East. Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Kingdom of Mitanni Mitanni (cuneiform KUR URUMi-it-ta-ni, also Mittani Mi-ta-an-ni, in Assyrian sources Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform Ḫa-ni-gal-bat ) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. ... Overview map of the ancient Near East The terms ancient Near East or ancient Orient encompass the early civilizations predating classical antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria), during the time roughly spanning...

Sources of Chronological Data

Inscriptional

Literally thousands of cuneiform tablets have been found in a swath running from Anatolia to Egypt. While many are the modern equivalent of grocery receipts, these tablets, along with inscriptions on buildings and public monuments, provide the major source of chronological information for the ancient Middle East.^[1]

Underlying Issues

• State of materials

While there are some relatively pristine objects, such as you might see in the Louvre or the British Museum, the vast majority of recovered tables and inscriptions are in much worse condition. They have been broken with only portions found, intentionally defaced, and damaged by weather or the effects of being buried underground. Many tablets were not even baked in antiquity and have to be carefully handled until they are heated properly. ^[2]

• Provenance

The fact of where an item is recovered is an important piece of information for archaeologist. Unfortunately, two forces get in the way of this data. First, in ancient times old materials were often reused either as building material or fill, sometimes at a great distance from the original location. Secondly, looting has been a fact of life for archaeological sites, dating at least back to Roman times. The provenance of a looted object is difficult or impossible to determine.

• Multiple Versions

Over time, key documents like the Sumerian King List were repeatedly copied across the generations. As a result, there are sometimes multiple versions of a chronological source that differ from each other. It can be very hard to determine which version is correct. The Sumerian King List is a good example. ^[3] The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. ...

• Translation

The translation of cuneiform documents is quite difficult, especially given the damaged nature of much source material. Additionally, our knowledge of the underlying languages, like Akkadian and Sumerian, have evolved over time, so a translation done now may be quite different than one done in 1900 AD. The result of all this is that there can be honest disagreement what the document really says. Worse yet, many archaeological finds have not yet been published, much less translated. Those held in private collections may never be.

• Slant

Many of our important source documents, such as the Assyrian King List, are the products of government and religious establishments. They often have a built in slant in favor of the king or god in charge. A king may even take credit for an battle or construction project of an earlier ruler. The Assyrians in particular have a literary tradition of always putting the best possible face on history. The tablets or inscriptions in question still have value, though one does have to keep the slant in mind.

King Lists

Keeping historical lists of rulers was traditional in the ancient Near East.

• Sumerian King List

Covers rulers of Mesopotamia from a time "before the flood" up to the fall of the Isin Dynasty. For many early city/states it is the only source of chronological data. A major problem is that many early rulers are listed with fantastically long reigns. There has been some speculation that this stems from an error transcribing from the base 60 arithmetic of the Sumerians to the decimal based system of the later Akkadians.^[4] The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. ...

• Babylonian King List

This list deals only with the rulers of Babylon. It has been found in two versions Babylonian King List A and Babylonian King List B. The later dynasties in the list reflect the Kassite and Sealand periods of Babylon. There is also a Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period which covers the later part of the 1st millennium.^[5] The Babylonian king list is not merely a list of kings of Babylon, but is a very specific ancient list of supposed Babylonian kings recorded in several ancient locations, and related to the Sumerian king list. ...

• Assyrian King List

Found in multiple differing copies, this tablet lists all the kings of Assyria and their regnal lengths back into the mists of time, with the portions with reasonable data beginning at around the 14th century BC.^[6] When combined with the various Assyrian chronicles, the Assyrian King List anchors the chronology of the 1st millennium. Some contrarians believe this anchoring is less than solid.^[7] The Assyrian king list is not merely a list of kings of Assyria, but is a very specific ancient list of supposed Assyrian kings recorded in several ancient locations, and related to the Sumerian king list. ...

Chronicles

Many chronicles are have been recovered in the ancient Near East. Most are partial or fragmentary, but when combined with other sources, they provide a rich source of chronological data. ^[8]

• Synchronistic Chronicle

Found in the library of Assurbanipal in Nineveh, it records the interaction of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires, from the Assyrian point of view. While useful, the consensus is that this chronicle should be taken with a grain of salt.^[9]

• Chronicle P

While quite incomplete, this tablet provides the same type of information as the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, but from the Babylonian point of view.^[10]

• Royal Chronicle of Lagash

The Sumerian King List omits any mention of Lagash, even though it was clearly a major power during the period covered by the list. The Royal Chronicle of Lagash appears to be an attempt to remedy that omission, listing the kings of Lagash in the form of a chronicle. ^[11]. It should be noted that some scholars believe the chronicle to be either a parody of the Sumerian King List or a complete fabrication.^[12]

Royal Inscriptions

As today, political figures in the ancient Near East liked to take credit for public works. Temples, walls, statues, pretty much anything built by a ruler is likely to have some sort of inscription mentioning their name. The kings also were sure to record major deeds like battles won, titles acquired, or gods appeased in some form of public inscription. These are very useful in tracking the reign of a ruler.

Year Lists

Unlike current calendars, most ancient calendars were based on how long the current ruler had been in power. A year might be "the 5th year in the reign of Hammurabi". As part of this, each royal year was given a title, like "the year Ur was defeated". Most often this reflected a deed of the ruler. The compilation of these years are called date lists.

Eponym (limmu) Lists

In Assyria, a royal official, or Limmu was selected every year of a king's reign. Many copies of these lists have been found. ^{[13] [14]}. Naturally, things are not as clear cut as all that. There are sometimes more or less limmu than the length of a king's reign. And sometimes the different versions of the Eponym List disagree on a limmu. Limmu was an Assyrian eponym. ...

Trade, diplomatic, and disbursement records

As is often the case in archaeology, it is the everyday records of a civilization that give the best picture of a civilization. Cuneiform tablets were constantly moving around the ancient Near East, offering alliances (sometimes including daughters for marriage), threatening war, acting as shipping documents for mundane supplies or settling accounts receivable. Most were tossed away after use the way that we would toss the receipt from a fast food restaurant. Fortunately for us, they didn't really have recycling, except perhaps to use the material as wall filler in new construction.

• Amarna Letters

The classic example. A number of cuneiform tablets were found at Amarna Egypt, the city of the pharaoh Akenaten. They were written mostly in Akkadian, the diplomatic language of the time. Several involved named rulers in the region including the kings of Assyria and Babylon. Assuming that the correct kings have been identified, it locks the chronology of the ancient Near East to that of Egypt, at least from the middle of the 2nd Millennium. EA 161, letter by Aziru, leader of Amurru, (stating his case to pharaoh), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet. ... Neferkheperure-waenre Beautiful are the Manifestations of Re[3] the one of Re Nomen Akhenaten Servant of the Aten[2] (after Year 4 of his reign) Amenhotep Horus name Kanakht-Meryaten The strong bull, beloved of the Aten Nebty name Wernesytemakhetaten Great of kingship in Akhetaten Golden Horus Wetjesrenenaten Who...

Classical

Some data sources are available to us from the classical period

• Berosus

Berosus was a Babylonian astronomer living during the Hellenistic period. He wrote a history of Babylon which has not survived to modern times. Luckily, portions of this work were preserved by other classical writers. Berossos (also Berossus or Berosus) Greek: Βεροσσος, was a Hellenistic Babylonian writer. ...

• Canon of Ptolemy or Canon of Kings

This book provides a list of kings starting at around 750 BC in Babylon and forward through the Persian and Roman periods, in a astronomical context. Is used to help define the chronology of the 1st millennium. Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Greats generals, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexanders death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as Soter (saviour). ... The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses. ...

• Hebrew Bible

Not having the benefit of being written into clay and buried, the records of the Hebrews have an additional layer of time and translation to work though in being used as a source for chronology. On the other hand, the Hebrews did live pretty much in a territory directly in the crosshairs of Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and the Hittites, giving them a front row seat to actions in the area. Mainly of use in the 1st millennium and with the Assyrian New Kingdom.

Astronomical

• Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa

A record of the movements of Venus during the reign of a king of the First Babylonian Dynasty. Using it, various scholars have proposed dates for the fall of Babylon based on the 56/64 year cycle of Venus. More recent work has suggested that the fundamental 8 year cycle of Venus is a better metric, leading to the proposal of a "ultra-low" chronology.^[15] The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa[1] recovered from the library at Nineveh, is a 7th century cuneiform tablet that bears ancient records of the rise times of Venus, its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset[2]. Several dates for the original observations have...

• Eclipses

A number of lunar and solar eclipses have been suggested for use in dating the ancient Near East. Many suffer from the vagueness of the original tablets in showing that an actual eclipse occurred. At that point, it becomes a question of using computer models to show when a given eclipse would have been visible at a site. The most important are the Ninevah Ecplise, found in a Assyrian limmu list i.e. "Bur-Sagale of Guzana, revolt in the city of Ashur. In the month Simanu an eclipse of the sun took place." This eclipse is considered to be solidly dated to 15 June 763 BC. The other important event is the Ur III Lunar Eclipses found in an list of omens. Dates for these eclipses have been proposed over a 200 year range. Most calculations for dating using eclipses have assumed that the Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa is a legitimate source. ^{[16] [17]}

Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology attempts to use the variable growth pattern of tree, expressed in their rings, to build up a chronological timeline. At present, there are no continuous chronologies for the Near East. A floating chronology has been developed using trees in Anatolia for the Bronze and Iron ages. Until a continuous sequence is developed, the usefulness for improving the chronology of the Ancient Near East is limited. ^{[18] [19] [20]} The growth rings of an unknown tree species, at Bristol Zoo, England Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings, Cheraw, South Carolina Pine stump showing growth rings Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. ...

Radiocarbon Dating

As in Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, radiocarbon dates run one or two centuries earlier than the dates proposed by archaeologists. It is not at all clear which groups is right, if either. Mechanisms have been proposed for explaining why radiocarbon dates in the region might be skewed. Equally logical arguments have been made suggesting that the archaeological dates are too late. Time will tell. ^[21] The spread of accelerator based carbon dating techniques may help clear up the issue. Another promising front is the dating of lime plaster from structures. ^[22]

Synchronisms

Egypt

At least as far back as the reign of Thutmose III, Egypt took a strong interest in the ancient Near East. At times they occupied portions of the region, a favor returned in later days by the Assyrians. Some key synchronisms: Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re[1] Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Thoth is born, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Powerful of strength, holy of diadems Consort(s) Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu...

• Battle of Kadesh, involving Ramses II of Egypt (in his 5th year of reign) and Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire. Recorded by both Egyptian and Hittite records.^[23]

• Peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt (in his 21st year of reign) and Hattusili III of the Hittites. Recorded by both Egyptian and Hittite records. ^[24]

• Amenhotep III (Amenophis III) marries the daughter of Shuttarna II of Mitanni. There is also a record of messages from the pharoh to Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon in the Amarna Letter (EA1-5). Other Amarna letters link Amenhotep III to Burnaburiash II of Babylon (EA6) and Tushratta of Mitanni (EA17-29) as well.

• Akhenaten married the daughter of Tushratta of Mitanni (as did his father Amenhotep III) leaving a number of records on the matter.

• Amenhotep IV corresponded with Burnaburiash II of Babylon (EA7-11,15), and Ashuruballit 1 of Assyria (EA15-16)

Combatants New Kingdom of Egypt Hittite Empire Commanders Ramesses II Muwatalli II Strength 2,000+ chariots[2] and ca. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya... Muwatalli II was a king of the New kingdom of the Hittite empire (1295–1272 BC). ... Hattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1265 BC–1235 BC. He was the commander of Hittite forces in 1274 BC that defeated an Egyptian campign into Syria in the famous Battle of Kadesh. ... Nebmaatre The Lord of Truth is Re[2] Nomen Amenhotep Hekawaset Amun is Satisfied, Ruler of Thebes[1] Horus name Kanakht Emkhaimaat The strong bull, appearing in truth Nebty name Semenhepusegerehtawy One establishing laws, pacifying the two lands Golden Horus Aakhepesh-husetiu Great of valour, smiting the Asiatics Consort(s... For other uses, see Akhenaten (disambiguation). ... Bust of Pharaoh Akhenaten. ...

Indus Valley

There is much evidence that the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley traded with the region. This is demonstrated by clay seals found at Ur III and in the Persian Gulf. ^[25]In addition, if the land of Meluhha does indeed refer to the Indus Valley, then there are extensive trade records ranging from the Akkadian Empire until the Babylonian Dynasty I. The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River and the Vedic Sarasvati River in present-day Pakistan. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... Meluhha refers to one of ancient Sumers prominent trading partners, but precisely which one remains an open question. ...

Thera and Eastern Mediteranean

Goods from Greece made their way into the ancient Near East, directly in Anatolia and via the island of Cyprus in the rest of the region and Egypt. A Hittite king, Tudhaliya IV even captured Cyprus as part of an attempt to enforce a blockade of the Assyrians.

The eruption of the Thera volcano provides a possible time marker for the region. A large eruption, it would have sent a plume of ash directly over Anatolia and filled the sea in the area with floating pumice. This pumice appeared in Egypt, apparantly via trade. Current excavations in the Levant may also add to the timeline. Unfortunately, the exact date of the volcanic eruption is subject of strong contest between the radiocarbon experts, who place it at around 1625 BC and archaeologists, who support a date around 1450 BC.^[26] View from the top of Thira Santorini is a small, circular group of volcanic islands located in the Aegean Sea, 75 km south-east of the Greek mainland, (latitude: 35. ...

Chronology

Kings of Ebla

Main article: Ebla

The city-states of Ebla and Mari contested for power at this time. Eventually, under Irkab-Damu, Ebla defeats Mari for control of the region just in time to face the rise of Uruk and Akkad. After years of back and forth, Ebla is destroyed by the Akkadian Empire. Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharoh Pepi I have been found in the wreckage of the city. Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ... Mari may refer to: Ethnic Mari El, a republic of Russian Federation Mari language, Finno-Ugric language Mari people, a Volga-Finnic people People Mari (composer), a video game music composer Mari (singer), a female vocalist Saint Mari, a Christian saint Other Mari (goddess), the main divinity of pre-Christian... The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. ... Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332 - 2283 BC) was the third king of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt. ...

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mari may refer to: Ethnic Mari El, a republic of Russian Federation Mari language, Finno-Ugric language Mari people, a Volga-Finnic people People Mari (composer), a video game music composer Mari (singer), a female vocalist Saint Mari, a Christian saint Other Mari (goddess), the main divinity of pre-Christian... Ibrium (c. ... Ibrium (c. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Ibbi-Sipish (c. ... Ibbi-Sipish (c. ... ... Sargon may refer to: Sargon of Akkad (Šarrukînu, also known as Sargon the Great, Sargon I), Mesopotamian king, founder of the city of Agade and the Akkadian dynasty, unifier of Sumer and Akkad (2334 BC - 2279 BC). ... For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ...

Third Dynasty of Uruk

Main article: Uruk

Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Lagash (Akkadian lagaš) or Sirpurla (Sumerian ŠIR.BUR.LAKI; modern Tell al-Hiba), northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia. ... Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great (Akkadian Šarru-kinu, cuneiform ŠAR.RU.KI.IN , meaning the true king or the king is legitimate), was an Akkadian king famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.[1] The founder of...

Dynasty of Akkad

Main article: Akkad

Akkadian ruler (National Museum of Iraq)

For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ... An American Tank guards the Museum following the 2003 Invasion of Iraq The National Museum of Iraq is located in Baghdad, Iraq. ... Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great (Akkadian Å arru-kinu, cuneiform Å AR.RU.KI.IN , meaning the true king or the king is legitimate), was an Akkadian king famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.[1] The founder of... Rimush. ... Manishtushu, king of the Akkadian Empire. ... ... Shar-Kali-Sharri was a king of the Akkadian Empire. ... Igigi was a Babylonian King who ruled from 2257 to (unknown) BCE. He fought for the power in Akkad after the death of Shar-kali-sharri. ... Nanum or Nanium was a Babylonian King from 2257 BC. He fought for the power in Akkad after the death of Shar-kali-sharri. ... IMI is a three letter acronym. ... Elulu was a Babylonian King from unknown to 2254 BCE. He fought for the power in Akkad after the death of Shar-kali-sharri. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Shu-turul (Shu-durul) was a king of Akkad from 2233 to 2218 BCE. Categories: People stubs ... The Gutian dynasty came to power in Mesopotamia around 2150 BC, by destabilising Akkad at the end of the reign of King Melem of Unug. ...

Fourth Dynasty of Uruk

Main article: Uruk

Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ...

Gutian Kings

Main article: Guti (Mesopotamia)

The Gutians (also: Quti, Kuti, Gurti, Qurti, Kurti) were a people of ancient Mesopotamia who lived primarily in the central Zagros Range, most probably an Aryan people. ... The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. ... Tirigan was the 22th and the last king of the Gutian dynasty of southern Mesopotamia. ... Utu-hegal was one of the first King of Sumer after centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. ... Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ...

Second Dynasty of Lagash

Gudea of Lagash (Louvre)

Main article: Lagash

Following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire after Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad under pressure from the invading Gutians, Lagash gradually regained prominence. As a client state to the Gutian Kings, Lagash was extremely successful, peaking under the rule of Gudea. After the last Gutian King, Tirigan, was defeated, by Utu-hegal, Lagash came under the control of Ur under Ur-Nammu. ^[27] Note that there is some indication that the order of the last two rules of Lagash should be reversed. ^[28] Statue of Gudea, British Museum London Gudea was a ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled ca. ... Lagash (Akkadian lagaš) or Sirpurla (Sumerian ŠIR.BUR.LAKI; modern Tell al-Hiba), northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia. ... This article is about the museum. ... Lagash (Akkadian lagaš) or Sirpurla (Sumerian ŠIR.BUR.LAKI; modern Tell al-Hiba), northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia. ... The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad. ... Shar-Kali-Sharri was a king of the Akkadian Empire. ... Tirigan was the 22th and the last king of the Gutian dynasty of southern Mesopotamia. ... Utu-hegal was one of the first King of Sumer after centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. ...

Puzer-Mama was a ruler of Lagaš before Gudea. ... Kaku is the name of: Dr. Michio Kaku, a Japanese-American theoretical physicist Kaku (demon), a Japanese demon This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Kaku is the name of: Dr. Michio Kaku, a Japanese-American theoretical physicist Kaku (demon), a Japanese demon This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Statue of Gudea, British Museum London Gudea was a ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled ca. ... Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, ca. ...

Fifth Dynasty of Uruk

Main article: Uruk

Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ... Utu-hegal was one of the first King of Sumer after centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. ...

Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance)

Ziggurat at Ur

Main article: Third Dynasty of Ur

In an apparently peaceful transition, Ur came to power after the end of the reign of Utu-hegal of Uruk, with the first king, Ur-Nammu, solidifying his power with the defeat of Lagash. By the dynasties end with the destruction of Ur by Elamites and Shimashki, the dynasty included little more than the area around Ur. ^[29][30] Dur-Untash, or Choqa Zanbil, built in 13th century BC by Untash Napirisha and located near Susa, Iran is one of the worlds best-preserved ziggurats. ... For other uses, see Ur (disambiguation). ... The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC (short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians regard as a nascent empire. ... Utu-hegal was one of the first King of Sumer after centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. ... Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ... Lagash (Akkadian lagaš) or Sirpurla (Sumerian ŠIR.BUR.LAKI; modern Tell al-Hiba), northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia. ...

Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, ca. ... Ur-Nammu (or Urnammu) was an ancient Sumerian king of Ur, fl. ... Lagash (Akkadian lagaÅ¡) or Sirpurla (Sumerian Å IR.BUR.LAKI; modern Tell al-Hiba), northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia. ... Utu-hegal was one of the first King of Sumer after centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. ... Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad. ... Shulgi of Urim is the second king of the Sumerian Renaissance. He reigned for 48 years, dated to 2047 BC–1999 BC short chronology (also tentatively dated to 2161 BC–2113 BC on the basis of a solar eclipse). ... Shulgi of Urim is the second king of the Sumerian Renaissance. He reigned for 48 years, dated to 2047 BC–1999 BC short chronology (also tentatively dated to 2161 BC–2113 BC on the basis of a solar eclipse). ... Amar-Sin (2046-2037 BCE High chronology) was the third ruler of the Ur III Dynasty, son of Shulgi (2094-2047 BCE). ... Amar-Sin (2046-2037 BCE High chronology) was the third ruler of the Ur III Dynasty, son of Shulgi (2094-2047 BCE). ... Shu-sin succeded his brother Amar-Sin as the King of Ur, and he came into conflict with the Amorites. ... Shu-sin succeded his brother Amar-Sin as the King of Ur, and he came into conflict with the Amorites. ... Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned circa 2028 BC-2004 BC. During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. ...

First Dynasty of Isin

Main article: Isin

After Ishbi-Erra of Isin breaks away from the declining Third Dynasty of Ur under Ibbi-Sin, Isin reaches its peak under Ishme-dagan. Weakened by attacks from the upstart Babylonians, Isin eventually falls to its rival Larsa under Rim-Sin I.^[32][33] An International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN) uniquely identifies a security. ... The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC (short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians regard as a nascent empire. ... Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned circa 2028 BC-2004 BC. During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. ... Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ...

Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned circa 2028 BC-2004 BC. During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. ... The third dynasty of Ur reinstalled Sumerian rule after several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian kings (Sumerian Renaissance). ... Lipit-Ishtar, belonging to a family of shepherds and farmers from Nippur, currently in Iraq, became ruler of Isin, and ruled from around 1868 BC to 1857 BC. He made several legal pronouncements, amongst the earliest ones in the recorded human history, and preceded only by the Code of Hammurabi... Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ... Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ...

Kings of Larsa

Main article: Larsa

The chronology of the Kingdom of Larsa is based mainly on the Larsa King List (Larsa Dynastic List), the Larsa Date Lists, and a number of royal inscriptions and commercial records. The Larsa Kings List was written in Babylon during the reign of Hammurabi, conqueror of Larsa. It is suspected that the list elevated the first several Amorite Isinite governors of Larsa to kingship so as to legitimize the rule of Amorite Babylonians over Larsa. After a period of Babylonian occupation, Larsa briefly breaks free in a revolt ended by the death of the last king, Rim-Sin II.^[34] Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ... For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ... For the language, see Amorite language. ...

Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned circa 2028 BC-2004 BC. During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. ... The third dynasty of Ur reinstalled Sumerian rule after several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian kings (Sumerian Renaissance). ... Lipit-Ishtar, belonging to a family of shepherds and farmers from Nippur, currently in Iraq, became ruler of Isin, and ruled from around 1868 BC to 1857 BC. He made several legal pronouncements, amongst the earliest ones in the recorded human history, and preceded only by the Code of Hammurabi... An International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN) uniquely identifies a security. ... For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Samsu-Iluna (Samsuiluna), was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. He was son of Hammurabi. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ...

First Babylonian Dynasty (Dynasty I)

Hammurabi presenting himself to a god, on the Code of Hammurabi stele (Louvre)

Main article: First Babylonian Dynasty

Following the fall of the Ur III Dynasty, the resultant power vacumn was contested by Isin and Larsa, with Babylon and Assyria later joining the fray. In the second half of the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon became the preminent power, a position it largely maintained until the sack by Mursili I in 1531 BC. Note that there are no contemporary accounts of the sack of Babylon. It is inferenced from much later documents.^{[35] [36]} Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ... An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi. ... This article is about the museum. ... The chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated, because there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. Hereby we follow temporarily the regal years of List A, because those are widely used. ... An International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN) uniquely identifies a security. ... Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar, Genesis 14:1), was an important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god, Shamash, represented by the ancient ruin mound of Senkereh (Senkera). ... Mursili I (also spelled Murshili) was a king of the Hittites (c. ...

Ilushuma was the king of Assyria between 1945 BC to 1906 BC. He is best known for leading an Assyrian army and raiding into southern Mesopotamia, attacking the Babylonian king Sumuabu. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Erishum I was the king of Assyria between 1906 BC to 1867 BC. He was the son of the king before him, Ilushuma. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Sin-Muballit (reigned 1748 BC–1729 BC short chronology) was the father of Hammurabi. ... For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ... Shamshi-Adad I (reigned 1813 to 1791 BC) rose to prominence when he carved out a large kingdom in northern Mesopotamia. ... Samsu-Iluna (Samsuiluna), was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. He was son of Hammurabi. ... Ammi-Ditana was a king of Babylon who reigned from 1683-1640s BC. He was preceded by Abi-Eshuh. ... The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa[1] recovered from the library at Nineveh, is a 7th century cuneiform tablet that bears ancient records of the rise times of Venus, its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset[2]. Several dates for the original observations have... Samsu-Ditana (Samsuditana) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1626 BC to 1595 BC. Samsu-Ditana is the last king of the First Babylonian Dynasty. ...

Hittite Old Kingdom

Main article: Hittite

The absolute chronology of the Hittite Old Kingdom hinges totally on the date of the sack of Babylon. In 1531 BC, for reasons that are still extremely unclear, Mursili I marched roughly 500 miles from Aleppo to Babylon, sacked it, and then promptly returned home, never to return. Other than that event, all the available chronological synchronisms are local to the region in and near Anatolia. Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Location of the governorate of Aleppo within Syria Aleppo (Arabic: [ḥalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ...

PU-LUGAL-ma, possibly representing Hishmi-Sharruma, is a conjectured pre-Empire king of the Hittites. ... Labarna I was the the last pre-Empire king of the Hittites. ... Labarna II was the first king of the Hittite empire to reign from Hattusa (while the earlier kings had been at Neša), and taking the throne name of Hattusili I on that occasion. ... Labarna II was the first king of the Hittite empire to reign from Hattusa (while the earlier kings had been at Neša), and taking the throne name of Hattusili I on that occasion. ... Mursili I (also spelled Murshili) was a king of the Hittites (c. ... Samsu-Ditana (Samsuditana) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1626 BC to 1595 BC. Samsu-Ditana is the last king of the First Babylonian Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Hantili I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 30 years, approximately 1590–1560 BC. Reign of Hantili I Categories: | ... Zidanta I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 10 years, approximately during the 1550s BC. Reign of Zidanta I Categories: | ... Ammunu was King of the Hittites from around 1550 to 1530 BC. He was the son of Hantili. ... Huzziya I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 5 years, approximately during the 1530–1525 BC. Reign of Huzziya I Categories: | ...

Third Babylon Dynasty (Kassite)

Main article: Babylon

For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Puzur-Ashur III was the king of Assyria from 1503 BC to 1479 BC. According to the Assyrian King List, he was the son and successor of Ashur-nirari I and ruled for 24 years. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Amenhotep III, Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin The northern Colossus of Memnon Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the XVIIIth dynasty. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wikisource. ... Amenhotep III, Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin The northern Colossus of Memnon Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the XVIIIth dynasty. ... EA 161, letter by Aziru, leader of Amurru, (stating his case to pharaoh), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet. ... Burna-Buriash, Burna-BuriaÅ¡ or Burra-BuriaÅ¡, was the name of at least two kings of Babylon in the Kassite Dynasty (c. ... For other uses, see Akhenaten (disambiguation). ... Ashur-uballit I (AÅ¡Å¡ur-uballiá¹­ I), was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC). ... Ashur-uballit I (AÅ¡Å¡ur-uballiá¹­ I), was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC). ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Ashur-uballit I (AÅ¡Å¡ur-uballiá¹­ I), was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC). ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Hattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1265 BC–1235 BC. He was the commander of Hittite forces in 1274 BC that defeated an Egyptian campign into Syria in the famous Battle of Kadesh. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from KaneÅ¡ who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... Hattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1265 BC–1235 BC. He was the commander of Hittite forces in 1274 BC that defeated an Egyptian campign into Syria in the famous Battle of Kadesh. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from KaneÅ¡ who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria from 1244 BC to 1208 BC. Categories: Royalty stubs | Assyrian kings ... blah ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Shutruk-Nahhunte was king of Elam from about 1185 to 1155 BC, and the second king of the Shutrukid Dynasty. ... Elam (Persian: تمدن ایلام) is one of the oldest recorded civilizations. ...

Hittite New Kingdom

Main article: Hittite

Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... Tudhaliya III was king of the Hittite Empire (New Kingdom) from ca. ... Suppiluliuma I (Shuppiluliuma) was king of the Hittites (ca. ... Arnuwanda II was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1323 BC–1322 BC. Categories: Historical stubs | Hittite kings ... Mursili II was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) from ca. ... Muwatalli II was a king of the New kingdom of the Hittite empire (1295–1272 BC). ... Combatants New Kingdom of Egypt Hittite Empire Commanders Ramesses II Muwatalli II Strength 2,000+ chariots[2] and ca. ... Mursili III or Urhi-Yeshub was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) for 7 Years between 1272 BC–1265 BC. He was ousted from power by his uncle, Hattusili III. During his reign, the Assyrians captured Hanigalbat and this event severely weakened his legitimacy to rule the Empire. ... Mursili III or Urhi-Yeshub was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) for 7 Years between 1272 BC–1265 BC. He was ousted from power by his uncle, Hattusili III. During his reign, the Assyrians captured Hanigalbat and this event severely weakened his legitimacy to rule the Empire. ... Hattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1265 BC–1235 BC. He was the commander of Hittite forces in 1274 BC that defeated an Egyptian campign into Syria in the famous Battle of Kadesh. ... King Shalmaneser I, pouring out Dust of a Conquered City in front of an Assyrian Temple after returning victorious. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Categories: Hittite kings | Historical stubs ... Arnuwanda III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1220 BC – 1218 BC. Categories: Historical stubs | Hittite kings ... Suppiluliuma II was the last known king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1218 BC – c. ...

Assyrian Middle Kingdom

Main article: Assyrian

blah ... Eriba-Adad was king of Assyria from 1392 BC to 1366 BC. He was probably a vassal of Mitanni. ... Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC). ... Burna-Buriash, Burna-Buriaš or Burra-Buriaš, was the name of at least two kings of Babylon in the Kassite Dynasty (c. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Suppiluliuma I (Shuppiluliuma) was king of the Hittites (ca. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... Enlil-nirari was an Assyrian king. ... Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC). ... Arik-den-ili (1319 BC-1308 BC or 1307 BC – 1296 BC) was an Assyrian king [1]. As his father, Enlil-nirari, he had to fight against Babylon,in this case against the king Nazi-Marutash, to delimit the kingdom boundaries. ... Three kings of Assyria were named Adad-Nirari. ... Shattuara, also spelled Šattuara, was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Hanigalbat in the thirteenth century BC. Shattuara was a vassal of the Assyrian king Adad-nirari I (1295-1263 BC). ... Kingdom of Mitanni Mitanni (cuneiform KUR URUMi-it-ta-ni, also Mittani Mi-ta-an-ni, in Assyrian sources Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform Ḫa-ni-gal-bat ) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. ... King Shalmaneser I, pouring out Dust of a Conquered City in front of an Assyrian Temple after returning victorious. ... Three kings of Assyria were named Adad-Nirari. ... Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria from 1244 BC to 1208 BC. Categories: Royalty stubs | Assyrian kings ... Ashur-nadin-apli was an Assyrian king. ... Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria from 1244 BC to 1208 BC. Categories: Royalty stubs | Assyrian kings ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... Ashur-nadin-apli was an Assyrian king. ... Enlil-kudurri-usur was King of Assyria. ... Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria from 1244 BC to 1208 BC. Categories: Royalty stubs | Assyrian kings ... Ninurta-apal-Ekur was a King of Assyria. ... Ashur-dan I was one of the longest-reigning Kings of Assyria, reigning for some 46 years according to the Assyrian King List (although one version of the list gives him only 36 years). ...

References

Notes

External links

• KingsCalendar – Study of the Chronological Narratives of Judah and Israel in the mid-Eighth Century BC
• Ancient Near Eastern Chronologies
• On the Astronomical Records and Babylonian Chronology V. G. Gurzadyan
• An Assyrian chancellor's archive
• Reilly, Jim (2000) Chapter 3: Assyrian & Hittite Synchronisms" The Genealogy of Ashakhet
• http://www.bartleby.com/67/84.html