NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cinema of Colombia

The Cinema of Colombia (Spanish: Cine de Colombia) or Colombian Cinema (Spanish: Cine colombiano) refers to the historic evolution of cinematography in Colombia. The Colombian cinema has struggled to develop a solid industry through out its history. During the beginning of the 20th Century some production companies tried to maintain a level of constant production but due to lack of government support and the strong international industries ended up diminishing the initiatives. In the 1980s the government of Colombia helped to develop the state owned Cinematographic Development Company (Compañía de Fomento Cinematográfico FOCINE) which helped to produce some films but also struggled to maintain financially. FOCINE was liquidated in the beginning of the 1990s. In 1997 the Colombian congress approved Law 397, Article 46 or the General Law of Culture with the purpose of supporting and complementing the development of the movie industry in Colombia by creating a cinematography promotion mixed fund called Corporación PROIMAGENES en Movimiento (PROIMAGES in motion Corporation).^[1] In 2003 Congress also approved the Law of Cinema which helped to restart the cinematographic industry in Colombia. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Latin American cinema refers collectively to the film output and film industries of Latin America. ... The Cinema of Argentina has a long tradition, and plays an important role in the culture of Argentina. ... The cinema of Brazil started in 1930. ... This page is meant to explore the themes explored in the cinema of Cuba. ... The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events â€“ most particularly the Mexican Revolution â€“ and produced some movies that have been only recently been rediscovered. ... The Cinema of Paraguay is small compared to that of neighbouring Brazil and Argentina. ... While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as Mexicos, some Peruvian movies produced with the cooperation of Mexican talent in the 1960s and 1970s, such as , enjoyed regional success. ... The history of film in Puerto Rico begins with a silent documentary from 1918, After Twenty Years: Porto Rico. ... Latin American cinema refers collectively to the film output and film industries of Latin America. ... â€¹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Colombias bicameral national legislature. ...

History

The history of Colombian cinema started in 1897 when the first Cinématographe arrived in the country, two years after the invention of cinematography by Auguste and Louis Lumière in Paris. Back then the port city of Colón (in Panama but was part of Colombia), Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and later arrived to the capital Bogotá where in August of that same year the cinématographe was presented in the Municipal Theater (later demolished). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Auguste (left) and Louis LumiÃ¨re. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... ColÃ³n as seen from the ocean in January 2000 ColÃ³n is a sea port city on the Caribbean Sea coast of Panama. ... For other places with the same name, see Barranquilla (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location of the city and municipality of Bucaramanga in the Santander Department. ... For other uses, see BogotÃ¡ (disambiguation). ...

First years

Soon After the introduction of the cinematographe in Colombia, the country engulfed in a civil war known as the thousand days war causing the suspension of all film productions. The first films were usually of themes portraying nature and moments of the Colombian everyday life. The exhibition of these films was dominated by the Di Domenico brothers who owned the Salón Olympia in Bogotá. The Di Domenico Brothers also produced the first film documentary in Colombia called "El drama del quince de Octubre (The Drama of October the fifteenth) which was intended to celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Boyacá and also narrated the assassination of General Rafael Uribe Uribe, provoking polemic in those days.^[2] Combatants Colombian Liberal Party Colombian Conservative Party Commanders Rafael Uribe Uribe BenjamÃn Herrera PrÃ³spero PinzÃ³n RamÃ³n GonzÃ¡lez Valencia Pedro Nel Ospina The Thousand Days War (1899-1902) (Spanish: Guerra de los Mil Dias), was a civil armed conflict in the newly created Republic of Colombia... For other uses, see BogotÃ¡ (disambiguation). ... Colombia, then known as New Granada, acquired its definitive independence from Spain at the Battle of BoyacÃ¡. Brigadier Generals Francisco de Paula Santander and JosÃ© Antonio AnzoÃ¡tegui led a combined republican army of Colombians and Venezuelans, complemented by a small British Legion made up of mostly Irish volunteers (including...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Bajo el cielo antioqueÃ±o is a 1925 Colombian full length romantic drama film directed by Arturo Acevedo Vallarino Alicia Arango de MejÃa . ...

Silent films

During the first years film producers almost exclusively portrayed nature and everyday life in their films until 1992, when the first fiction film appeared, called "María" (no copies of this film exist anymore). The film was directed by Máximo Calvo Olmedo an Spanish immigrant who worked as film distributor in Panama and was hired to travel to the city of Cali where he would direct and manage the film photography of this film based on the novel by Jorge Isaacs, María.^[3] A silent film is a film which has no accompanying soundtrack. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A portrait of Jorge Isaacs. ... MarÃa is a novel written by Colombian writer Jorge Isaacs between 1864 and 1867. ...

Another pioneer of the Colombian cinema was Arturo Acevedo Vallarino a producer and theater director from Antioquia who lived in Bogotá. After the introduction and fascination foreign films caused in Colombia, theaters no longer were as profitable and Acevedo decided to found a film production company called Acevedo e Hijos (Acevedo and sons).^[4] Acevedo and sons has been longest lasting production company in Colombia and which existed from 1923 to 1946 and the only one to survive the 1930s crisis caused by the "Great Depression". Acevedo and sons produced the films "La tragedia del silencio" (The Tragedy of Silence) in 1924 and "Bajo el cielo antioqueño" (Under the sky of Antioquia) in 1928. Under the Sky of Antioquia was financed by back then local magnate Gonzalo Mejía. The film was criticized for being elitist but despite this the film had a somewhat positive acceptance among the public. Films in Colombia were mostly based on themes such as Nature, folklore and nationalism with some exceptions in literature. In 1926 the film Garras de oro (Claws of Gold) which was based on a political issue, the separation of Panama from Colombia and which criticized the role of the United States. ^[5] Motto: Capital MedellÃn Governor Area 63,612 kmÂ² Population - Total (2003) - Density 5,750,478 90 people/kmÂ² Adjective antioqueÃ±o Antioquia was one of the states in the original United States of Colombia, and is now a department in the northwest part of the Republic of Colombia. ... For other uses, see BogotÃ¡ (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... Bajo el cielo antioqueÃ±o is a 1925 Colombian full length romantic drama film directed by Arturo Acevedo Vallarino Alicia Arango de MejÃa . ...

1930s Crisis

In 1928 the Colombian company Cine Colombia purchased the Di Domenico film studios which decided to commercialize international films only due to their financial reasons. International films were preferred before Colombian films. For this reason from 1928 until 1940 there was only one film produced in Colombia, the "Al son de las guitarras" by Alberto Santa but this was never shown in theaters. Colombians were more interested on films from "Hollywood". The Colombian film industry enthusiasts in those days did not have the finances, technology or adequate preparation to develop the national cinema. While movies in Colombia were filmed in silence films, the international industry was already exploiting the color and sound films putting the Colombian cinema in disadvantage. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... American cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. ... 1902 poster advertising Gaumonts sound films, depicting an optimistically vast auditorium A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. ...

In the 1940s a businessman from Bogotá called Oswaldo Duperly founded the Ducrane Films and produces numerous films despite the competition faced against the Argentine and Mexican cinema which after 1931 drafted to a third position in preference among Colombians. ^[6] During this time the only production company that survived was the Acevedo and sons until the year 1945. The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events â€“ most particularly the Mexican Revolution â€“ and produced some movies that have been only recently been rediscovered. ...

During the 1950s Gabriel García Márquez and Enrique Grau attempted to restart the industry. In 1954 both artists, a writer and a painter respectively created a surrealistic short film "La langosta azul" (The Blue Lobster). Garcia Marquez continued in the industry as a scriptwriter while Grau continued painting. Gabriel JosÃ© de la Concordia GarcÃa MÃ¡rquez, also known as Gabo (born March 6, 1927 in Aracataca, Magdalena) is a Colombian novelist, journalist, editor, publisher, political activist, and recipient of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... Enrique Grau (December 18, 1920 - April 1, 2004) was born in Panama City, Panama, and raised in Cartagena, Colombia. ... Short subject is an American film industry term that historically has referred to any film in the format of two reels, or approximately 20 minutes running time, or less. ...

Pornomiseria cinema

The Pornomiseria (porno-misery) cinema surged during the 1970s to classify the films with a high content of poverty and human misery to make money and gain international recognition. The intention of the name was coined by film critics in Colombia, not used to criticized the content of the film but to name the style of the crators which with a poor knowledge of the subject and far from the social compromise sent these films to Europe. Films like Gamín (1978) by Ciro Durán, a documentary film about children living on the streets, which included takes without profound investigation behind the social problems and without a truthful scholarly opinion. This type of film making was criticized by the Group of Cali, a group of filmmakers mainly represented by Carlos Mayolo and Luis Ospina which produced the documentary Agarrando Pueblo with an air of satire for the Pornomiseria films. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ...

Criticism to the pornomiseria argued that these type of film making did not treat subjects with profoundness instead made a superficial approach to the issues. The pornomiseria was specially popular in Colombia and Brazil were it was dubbed as "pornochanchada".^[7]

Cinematographic Fomenting Company (FOCINE)

On July 28, 1978 the Compañía de Fomento Cinematográfico (FOCINE) (Cinematographic Fomenting Company) through Decree 1924 of this same year is established to administer the Cinematographic Fomenting Fund which had been created a year after, in 1977. FOCINE was first adjudicated to the Colombian Ministry of Communications which in a period of ten years supported 29 films and a number of short films and documentaries. Corruption in the administration led to the closing of FOCINE 1993.^[8] During this period the productions of Carlos Mayolo transcended and introduced new forms of film making into the Colombian cinema with the exploration of unconventional languages. Gustavo Nieto Roa helped to develop comedies with an influence from the Mexican cinema.

During the last decade of the 20th Century, the Colombian government liquidated FOCINE forcing film makers to co-produce films with other countries, mainly from Europe and private capital investors. Despite this some important productions developed such as "La estrategia del caracol" by Sergio Cabrera which won numerous international prizes and awakening a national interest on national films. Another successful film director and producer was Víctor Gaviria who with a social theme created "The Rose Seller" La vendedora de Rosas also gaining national and international good reviews among many other successes such as "Bolívar soy yo" (I Am Bolivar, 2002) by Jorge Alí Triana.^[9] Victor Gaviria (born January 19, 1955, MedellÃn, Colombia) is a film director best known for his treatment of street live in his native MedellÃn. ...

Law of Cinema

In 2003 the Colombian government passed the Law of Cinema which standardized help for the local cinema production. Numerous productions were sponsored by the government generating a success in the local box office such as "Soñar no cuesta nada" by Rodrigo Triana with one million two hundred thousand spectators, at the moment an attendance without precedents in Colombia^[10] or the film "El colombian dream" by Felipe Aljure which achieved a technical innovations and a narrative never used in the Colombian cinema.

Law 814 of 2003, also known as the Law of Cinema was approved after a second debate in the Colombian senate. The senate established the funding of the Colombian cinema through taxes collected from distributors, exhibitors and film producers. The collection was set up to be destined to support film producers, short films documentaries and public project. Funds collected are administered by the PROIMAGENES Cinematographic Production Mix Fund.^[1]

During the second term of President Álvaro Uribe Vélez the government presented a tax reform to cut funding to the Law of Cinema, the president was criticized for this^[11] but the minister of Culture Elvira Cuervo de Jaramillo lobbied in the Ministry of Finance to impede this law into affecting the financial resources destined to the Colombian cinema. The minister of Finance agreed to protect the benefits for the film industry.^[12] Order: 43rd President Vice President: Francisco Santos CalderÃ³n Term of office: August 7, 2002 â€“ Present Preceded by: AndrÃ©s Pastrana Succeeded by: Incumbent Date of birth: July 4, 1952 Place of birth: MedellÃn First Lady: Lina Moreno de Uribe Political party: Independent Ãlvaro Uribe VÃ©lez (born July...

International projection

The Colombian cinema has had a very low presence in internation events, despite this some documentaries during the 1970s had a relative success such as "Chircales" (1972), by Marta Rodríguez and Jorge Silva which won international prizes and recognition.

During the 1990s gained notoriety after his film "La estrategia del caracol" (the strategy of the snail) and Víctor Gaviria with his films "Rodrigo D: No futuro" (1990) and "La vendedora de rosas" (1998) which was nominated for a Palm d'or at the Cannes Film Festival. Victor Gaviria (born January 19, 1955, MedellÃn, Colombia) is a film director best known for his treatment of street live in his native MedellÃn. ... The Cannes Film Festival (French: le Festival de Cannes), founded in 1939, is one of the worlds oldest, most influential and prestigious film festivals. ...

In the 2000s actress Catalina Sandino Moreno was nominated for an Academy Award for her acting in the Colombian American production Maria full of Grace. She also was nominated for best female acting at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2004 and won sharing it with actress Charlize Theron. Catalina Sandino Moreno (born April 19, 1981) is an Academy Award-nominated Colombian actress. ... Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. ... Maria Full of Grace (2004, Spanish title: MarÃa llena eres de gracia, lit. ... One of the A festivals in Europe. ... Charlize Theron (born August 7, 1975) is a South African Oscar-Winning actress and former fashion model. ...

Film Festivals

Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the Cartagena Film Festival functioning every year since 1960 presenting Latin American and Spanish movies and the Bogotá Film Festival. The Cartagena Film Festival is a Colombian festival that focuses on the promotion of Colombian television programs, Latin-American films, and videos. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Shows and distribution

In Colombia there are four major commercial movie theather chains: Cine Colombia, Cinemark, Procinal and Royal Films among many other independent movie theaters like the Cinemateca Distrital de Bogotá and Los Acevedos in the Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá. Cinemark Theaters is the third largest movie theatre chain in North America Cinemark Theaters can be found in most major countries. ...

Openings in Colombia

See also

List of Colombian films. ... The Cartagena Film Festival is a Colombian festival that focuses on the promotion of Colombian television programs, Latin-American films, and videos. ...

References

Located at Bogota, Colombia, it started in 1923 as a small library with a few economic books. ... Located at Bogota, Colombia, it started in 1923 as a small library with a few economic books. ... Located at Bogota, Colombia, it started in 1923 as a small library with a few economic books. ... EstÃ¡cio de SÃ¡ University or Universidade EstÃ¡cio de SÃ¡ is a private university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... El Tiempo is the highest circulation daily newspaper in Colombia and the only non-tabloid daily with national distribution. ...

External links

Categories: Colombian culture | Cinema of Colombia Image File history File links Flag_of_Colombia. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia. ... // Main article: Indigenous peoples in Colombia The Zipa used to cover his body in gold and, from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. ... This is a timeline of Colombian history. ... The Indigenous peoples in Colombia (pueblos indÃgenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations refers to the conquest by the Spanish monarchy of the Chibchan speaking nations, mainly the Muiscas and Taironas that inhabited what is nowadays Colombia to eventually begin the Spanish colonization of the Americas. ... New Kingdom of Granada Capital Santa Fe de BogotÃ¡ Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy Historical era Spanish Empire - Established 16th century - Disestablished 1819 Currency Real The New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada) was the name given to a group of 16th century Spanish colonial... The Viceroyalty of New Granada was the name given to a group of colonial provinces in northern South America, corresponding mainly to modern Colombia. ... BolÃvars War refers to a series of independence wars in South America from 1811 to 1825 led by the famous South American nationalist and general SimÃ³n BolÃvar. ... Capital SantafÃ© de BogotÃ¡ Language(s) Spanish (de facto) Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic First President - 1810 JosÃ© Miguel Pey y GarcÃa de Andrade History - Independence Declared July 20, 1810 - Confederacy formed October 4, 1812 - Reconquest by Spain September 3, 1816 Currency Real Categories: | | | | | | | | | ... Gran Colombia Capital BogotÃ¡ Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic History - Established December 17, 1819 - Disestablished November 19, 1831 Gran Colombia (Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831. ... Motto Libertad y Orden (Spanish: Liberty and Order) Location of the Republic of the New Granada shown in green Capital Santa Fe de BogotÃ¡ Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic History - Established October 20, 1831 - Bill of rightsÂ¹ 1853 - Constitutional Change April 11, 1858 Currency Peso Â¹ Abolition of slavery, and suffrage... Motto: Libertad y Orden (Spanish: Liberty and Order) Location of the Granadine Confederation shown in green Capital Santa Fe de BogotÃ¡ Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic President - 1858-1861 Mariano Ospina RodrÃguez - 1861 BartolomÃ© Calvo - 1861-1863 TomÃ¡s Cipriano de Mosquera History - New constitution May 22, 1858 - Constitutional... Capital BogotÃ¡ Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic History - Established 1863 - Rionegro Constitution 1863 - Disestablished 1886 The United States of Colombia is the name adopted in 1863 through the Rionegro Constitution for the nation which had been known as the Republic of New Grenada since the dissolution of the federation of... Combatants Colombian Liberal Party Colombian Conservative Party Commanders Rafael Uribe Uribe BenjamÃn Herrera PrÃ³spero PinzÃ³n RamÃ³n GonzÃ¡lez Valencia Pedro Nel Ospina The Thousand Days War (1899-1902) (Spanish: Guerra de los Mil Dias), was a civil armed conflict in the newly created Republic of Colombia... The Separation of Panama from Colombia Spanish: (November 3, 1903) refers to the separation and independence of the Department of Panama from the Republic of Colombia to create the Republic of Panama. ... Colombia-Peru War theater of operations. ... La Violencia (literally The Violence, in Spanish) is a term that refers to an era of civil conflict in Colombia between supporters of the Colombian Liberal PartybobColombian Conservative Party, a conflict which took place roughly from 1948 to 1958 (exact dates vary). ... National Front (Spanish: 1958-1974) was a period in the history of Colombia in which the two main political parties; Liberal Party and Conservative Party agreed to let the opposite party govern, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms. ... Colombian Armed Conflict or Colombian Civil War are terms that are employed to refer to the current low intensity conflict in Colombia that has existed since approximately 1964 or 1966, which was when the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and later the National Liberation Army (ELN) were founded and... The Natural Regions of Colombia are five natural regions comprised by primarily the Colombian Andes mountain range pertaining to the Andes, the Caribbean region pertaining to the area contiguous to the Caribbean sea, the Pacific region contiguous to the Pacific Ocean, the Amazon region part of the Amazon rainforest and... Caribbean Region The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight departments located near the Caribbean Sea coast. ... Map of Colombia subdivided into five regions; The Pacific Region covering the western part of the country bordering the Pacific Ocean. ... The Andean Region of Colombia is the most populated zone of the country and is located in north part of the Andes. ... The Amazon Region in Colombia The AmazonÃa Region is a region in southern Colombia. ... Map of Colombia subdivided into five regions; The OrinoquÃa Region covering the eastern part of the country, predominantly plains. ... Map of Colombia This is a list of cities and towns in Colombia: Arauca, Arauca Armenia Barrancabermeja, Santander Barranquilla, AtlÃ¡ntico Bello, Antioquia BogotÃ¡ or BogotÃ¡ D.C.(Capital) Bucaramanga, Santander Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca Cali or Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca Cartagena de Indias, BolÃvar CÃºcuta... The Atrato River of Northwestern Colombia This is a list of rivers in Colombia. ... The Pink Dolphin of Amazon river is an endangered specie The Fauna of Colombia is characterized by a high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide[1]. // Yellow-eared parrot is an endemic specie which only lives in a 20km2 area in Cocora valley Colombia has... The Flora of Colombia is characterized by a high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide. ... Environmental issues in Colombia was codified in the 1991 constitution with new environmental protection legislation, including the creation of specially protected zones, of which more than 200 were created in the early 1990s, mostly in forest areas and national parks. ... The Executive Branch of Government in Colombia is one of the three branches of the government of Colombia under the Constitutional provision of separation of powers. ... List of Heads of State (Presidents etc. ... The Vice President of Colombia is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of Colombia upon certain absences or death, resignation, or removal of the President. ... The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia is part of the excecutive power, and according to the presidential orientation of the Colombian Constitution of 1991, its a cabinet of advicers to the President of Colombia. ... Congress (Spanish: Congreso) is the name given to Colombias bicameral national legislature. ... The Senate (Spanish: Senado) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia. ... The Chamber of Representatives (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Representantes) is the lower house of the Congress of Colombia. ... Superior Council of Judicature (Spanish: ) is Colombian institution part of the judicial branch of Colombia in charge of adopting a yearly report which is presented to the Congress of Colombia with a detailed report on justice handling in Colombia. ... Not to be confused with Inspector General of Colombia. ... The Supreme Court of Colombia is the highest judicial body in Colombia and leads the judicial branch of the Government of Colombia. ... The Constitutional Court of Colombia is the highest entity in the judicial branch of government in the Republic of Colombia in charge of safeguarding the integrity and supremacy of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 within the Constitutional laws. ... Not to be confused with Attorney General of Colombia. ... Location of the urban area of Bogota (red) and the Capital District (dark gray) within the Cundinamarca Department. ... Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by 32 departments (Spanish: departamentos, sing. ... Below the departments Colombia is divided into municipalities (municipios). ... Corregimiento is a term used in Colombia to define a subdivision of Colombian departments. ... Colombia seeks diplomatic and commercial relations with all countries, regardless of their ideologies or political or economic systems. ... The Colombian National Police (Spanish: PolicÃa Nacional de Colombia) is the national police force of the Republic of Colombia. ... Constitutional Reforms Colombias present constitution, enacted on July 4, 1991, strengthened the administration of justice with the provision for introduction of an accusatorial system which ultimately is to replace entirely the existing Napoleonic Code. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Elections in Colombia gives information on election and election results in Colombia. ... This article is part of or related to the Liberalism series Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Liberalism by country | Colombian political parties ... Bolivar is the image in which conservatism in Colombia creates its ideologies: the ideals of this great character were used by many years on the different conservative movements. ... Guerrilla movements in Colombia refers to the origins, development and actions of guerrilla movements in the Republic of Colombia. ... Paramilitarism in Colombia refers to the origin and development of paramilitary groups in Colombia during the 20th century. ... Communications in Colombia Telephones - main lines in use: 7,500. ... List of Colombian companies: This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... ISO 4217 Code COP User(s) Colombia Inflation 4. ... Demographics of Colombia, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. ... The largest concentration of people of Colombian origin in a foreign country is located in Queens Emigration from Colombia is determined by economic, social, and security issues linked mainly to the Colombian armed conflict. ... The Caro y Cuervo Institute in BogotÃ¡ promotes the good use of spanish in Colombia The Colombian spanish language is the variation of Spanish language spoken in Colombia, which have some distinctive features in comparison to the Spanish spoken in Spain and in other countries of Latin America. ... Health care in Colombia refers to the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions in the Republic of Colombia. ... Metropolitan Areas of Colombia is the name of the regions conformed legally by an urban center and some metropolitan municipalities in the Republic of Colombia. ... According to the U.S. Department of Stateâ€™s 2003 human rights report, Colombiaâ€™s human rights record, despite significant improvements by police and military forces in some areas, remained poor. ... Stacks of Cocaine. ... Gabriel GarcÃa MÃ¡rquez (b. ... The research of Malaria and other tropical diseases are important health issues in Colombia. ... The Architecture of Colombia is, with the exception of that of the indigenous peoples, closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in Europe and more recently with the United States. ... Estudiante Muerto by Alejandro ObregÃ³n, oil on canvas, 1956. ... Poporo Quimbaya, phytomorphic (fruit-shaped) lime container, gold, 300 BCE - 1000 CE. Colombian handicraft history can be traced back to the stone age to the lithic instruments in El Abra stadial. ... // The first meal of the day is breakfast and is eaten upon rising. ... Bogota colombia (Spanish:Carnaval de BogotÃ¡) in August 6 for the citys centenary of Hispanic foundation, includes masquerades, krewes and dances parades at the same time or after 5 days takes place the Summer festival which is a group of activities, concerts and sports events in all the city... Nobel Prize winner in Literature, Gabriel Garcia Marquez for his masterpiece One Hundred Years of Solitude The Colombian literature, as an expression of the Culture of Colombia, is halfblooded, tropical and diverse due to the struggle between the Spanish, African and Native American heritages. ... Modern Colombian music is a mixture of African, native Indigenous and European (especially Spanish) influences, as well as more modern American and Caribbean musical forms, such as Trinidadian, Cuban, and Jamaican. ... The following are public holidays in Colombia: Ano Nuevo (New Years Day) (January 1) DÃa de los Reyes Magos (Epiphany) (January 6*) DÃa de San JosÃ© (St. ... Map of Colombia Tourism in Colombia has grown in the last few years with the increase in safety and growth in the economy. ... The nationa symbols of Colombia represent the identity of the South American country of Colombia. ... Chia Goddess Preliminary Sketch by Alonso Neira Martinez Muisca mythology refers to the precolumbian beliefs of the muisca culture about the origin and organization of the universe. ... The Chapinero LGBT Communitary Center LGBT Topics in Colombia: There is no complete statistical studies about the amount of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual or Transgendered people in Colombia. ...

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