Claude Shannon

Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001), an American electrical engineer and mathematician, has been called "the father of information theory",^[1] and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. Image File history File links Shannon. ... Image File history File links Shannon. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... An engineers degree is an academic degree which is intermediate in rank between a masters degree and a doctorate; it is occasionally to be encountered in the United States in technical fields. ... Leonhard Euler, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of mathematics. ... A bundle of optical fiber. ... Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. ...

Biography

Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan. His father, Claude Sr (1862-1934), a descendant of early New Jersey settlers, was a businessman and for a while, Judge of Probate. His mother, Mabel Wolf Shannon (1890-1945), daughter of German immigrants, was a language teacher and for a number of years Principal of Gaylord High School, in Michigan. The first sixteen years of Shannon's life were spent in Gaylord, Michigan, where he attended public school, graduating from Gaylord High School in 1932. Shannon showed an inclination towards mechanical things. His best subjects were science and mathematics, and at home he constructed such devices as models of planes, a radio-controlled model boat and a telegraph system to a friend's house half a mile away. While growing up, he worked as a messenger for Western Union. His childhood hero was Thomas Edison, who he later learned was a distant cousin. Both were descendants of John Ogden, an important colonial leader and a ancestor of many distinguished people. ^{[2] [3]} Sidewalk in downtown Petoskey Petoskey is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... Gaylord is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Western Union (NYSE: WU) is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. ...

Boolean theory

In 1932 he entered the University of Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him to the works of George Boole. He graduated in 1936 with two bachelor's degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in mathematics, then began graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked on Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, an analog computer. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... George Boole [], (November 2, 1815 – December 8, 1864) was a British mathematician and philosopher. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... Electrical Engineers design power systems… … and complex electronic circuits. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 30, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator, known for his political role in the development of the atomic bomb, and the idea of the memex—seen as a pioneering concept for the World Wide Web. ... The differential analyser was a mechanical analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush in 1927. ... A page from the Bombardiers Information File (BIF) that describes the components and controls of the Norden bombsight. ...

While studying the complicated ad hoc circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole's concepts could be used to great utility. A paper drawn from his 1937 master's thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, was published in the 1938 issue of the Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. It also earned Shannon the Alfred Noble American Institute of American Engineers Award in 1940. Howard Gardner, of Harvard University, called Shannon's thesis "possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the century." Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A thesis (from Greek position) is an intellectual proposition. ... In his 1937 MIT masters thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Claude Elwood Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays then used in telephone routing switches, then turned the concept upside down and also... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Alfred Noble Prize is an award created to recognize an outstanding technical paper by an author under the age of 35. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Naturalist Intelligence be merged into this article or section. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ...

In this work, Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays then used in telephone routing switches, then turned the concept upside down and also proved that it should be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve Boolean algebra problems. Exploiting this property of electrical switches to do logic is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Shannon's work became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. The theoretical rigor of Shannon's work completely replaced the ad hoc methods that had previously prevailed. Boolean algebra is the finitary algebra of two values. ... The binary or base-two numeral system is a system for representing numbers in which a radix of two is used; that is, each digit in a binary numeral may have either of two different values. ... Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. ... Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Flush with this success, Vannevar Bush suggested that Shannon work on his dissertation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, funded by the Carnegie Institution headed by Bush, to develop similar mathematical relationships for Mendelian genetics, which resulted in Shannon's 1940 PhD thesis at MIT, An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics. The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a research and educational institution, consisting of science laboratories located in Cold Spring Harbor, New York on Long Island, USA. The Laboratory has research programs focusing on cancer, neurobiology, plant genetics, genomics and bioinformatics, and has a broad educational mission, including the recently... Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822[1] – January 6, 1884) was a Moravian[2] Augustinian priest and scientist often called the father of modern genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ... DNA, the molecular basis for inheritance. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... PhD usually refers to the academic title Doctor of Philosophy PhD can also refer to the manga Phantasy Degree This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... In Shannons masters thesis, he proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays, then turned the concept upside down and also demonstrated that it should be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve Boolean algebra problems. ...

Wartime research

Shannon then joined Bell Labs to work on fire-control systems and cryptography during World War II, under a contract with section D-2 (Control Systems section) of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... In June of 1940, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) to coordinate, supervise, and conduct scientific research on the problems underlying the development, production, and use of mechanisms and devices of warfare. ...

In 1945, as the war was coming to an end, the NDRC was issuing a summary of technical reports as a last step prior to its eventual closing down. Inside the volume on fire control a special essay titled Data Smoothing and Prediction in Fire-Control Systems, coauthored by Richard B. Blackman, Hendrik Wade Bode, and Claude Shannon, formally introduced the problem of fire control as a special case of transmission, manipulation and utilization of intelligence, in other words it modeled the problem in terms of data and signal processing and thus heralded the coming of the information age. Shannon was greatly influenced by this work. It is clear that the technological convergence of the information age was preceded by the synergy between these scientific minds and their collaborators. A fire-control system is a computer, often mechanical, which is designed to assist a weapon system in hitting its target. ... Hendrik Wade Bode Hendrik Wade Bode, (born 24 December 1905 in Madison, Wisconsin, died 21 June 1982 at his home in Cambridge, Mass. ... Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. ... Signal processing is the processing, amplification and interpretation of signals, and deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. ... A university computer lab containing many desktop PCs The transition of communication technology: Oral Culture, Manuscript Culture, Print Culture, and Information Age Information Age is a name given to a period after the industrial age and before the Knowledge Economy. ... Technological convergence is the modern presence of a vast array of different types of technology to perform very similar tasks. ... Synergy (from the Greek synergos, συνεργός meaning working together, circa 1660) refers to the phenomenon in which two or more discrete influences or agents acting together create an effect greater than that predicted by knowing only the separate effects of the individual agents. ...

Postwar contributions

In 1948 Shannon published A Mathematical Theory of Communication article in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory. The book, co-authored with Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, reprints Shannon's 1948 article and Weaver's popularization of it, which is accessible to the non-specialist. Shannon's concepts were also popularized, subject to his own proofreading, in John Robinson Pierce's Symbols, Signals, and Noise. Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Mathematical Theory of Communication, published in 1948 by mathematician and computer scientist Claude Shannon, was one of the founding works of the field of information theory. ... Bell System Technical Journal was the in-house journal of Bell Laboratories. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Claude Shannon In information theory, the Shannon entropy or information entropy is a measure of the uncertainty associated with a random variable. ... A bundle of optical fiber. ... Warren Weaver is an author of the well-known work on communication, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (together with Claude Shannon). ... John Robinson Pierce (March 27, 1910 - April 2, 2002), was an American engineer and author. ...

Information Theory's fundamental contribution to Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics was further concretized in 1951, in his article "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English", proving that treating white space as the 27th letter of the alphabet actually lowers uncertainty in written language, providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition.

Another notable paper published in 1949 is Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, a major contribution to the development of a mathematical theory of cryptography where he also proved that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad. He is also credited with the introduction of Sampling Theory, which is concerned with representing a continuous-time signal from a (uniform) discrete set of samples. This theory was essential in enabling telecommunications to move from analog to digital transmissions systems in the 1960s and later. 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems is a paper published by Claude Shannon discussing cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... Excerpt from a one-time pad. ... The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem is the fundamental theorem in the field of information theory, in particular telecommunications. ...

He returned to MIT to hold an endowed chair in 1956.

Hobbies and inventions

Outside of his academic pursuits, Shannon was interested in juggling, unicycling, and chess. He also invented many devices, including rocket-powered flying discs, a motorized pogo stick, and a flame-throwing trumpet for a science exhibition. One of his more humorous devices was a box kept on his desk called the "Ultimate Machine", based on an idea by Marvin Minsky. Otherwise featureless, the box possessed a single switch on its side. When the switch was flipped, the lid of the box opened and a mechanical hand reached out, flipped off the switch, then retracted back inside the box. In addition he built a device that could solve the Rubik's cube puzzle.^[4] Juggling is a form of skillful, often artful, object manipulation. ... Unicycling is the activity of riding a unicycle. ... Chess is a recreational and competitive game for two players. ... A Wham-O Professional Frisbee Frisbee redirects here. ... Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927), sometimes affectionately known as Old Man Minsky, is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MITs AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. ... Variations of Rubiks Cubes (from left to right: Rubiks Revenge, Rubiks Cube, Professors Cube, & Pocket Cube) Rubiks Cube (commonly misspelled rubix, rubicks or rubics cube) is a mechanical puzzle invented in 1974[1] by the Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik. ...

He is also considered the co-inventor of the first wearable computer along with Edward O. Thorp.^[5] The device was used to improve the odds of playing roulette. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Dr. Edward O. Thorp Dr. Edward Oakley Thorp (born in August 14, 1932, Chicago) is an American mathematics professor, author, and blackjack player. ... Roulette. ...

Legacy and tributes

Shannon came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1956 to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE). He continued to serve on the MIT faculty until 1978. To commemorate his achievements, there were celebrations of his work in 2001, and there are currently five statues of Shannon: one at the University of Michigan; one at MIT in the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems; one in Gaylord, Michigan; one at the University of California at San Diego; and another at Bell Labs. After the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs that remained with AT&T was named Shannon Labs in his honor. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was founded in 1946 as the successor to the famed MIT Radiation Laboratory (RadLab) of World War II. During the war, large scale research at the RadLab was devoted to the rapid development of microwave radar. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems is a research labotarory of MIT, working in the areas of communication, controls, and signal processing. ... Gaylord is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... AT&T Inc. ...

Robert Gallager has called Shannon the greatest scientist of the 20th century. According to Neil Sloane, an AT&T Fellow who co-edited Shannon's large collection of papers in 1993, the perspective introduced by Shannon's communication theory (now called information theory) is the foundation of the digital revolution and every device containing a microprocessor or microcontroller is a conceptual descendant of Shannon's 1948 publication^[6]: "He's one of the great men of the century. Without him, none of the things we know today would exist. The whole digital revolution started with him."^[7] Robert G. Gallager (born May 29, 1931 in Philadelphia, PA) is an American computer scientist known for his work on information theory and communications networks. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Neil James Alexander Sloane is a US-American mathematician. ... There is much discussion in the academic world of communication as to what actually constitutes communication. ... A bundle of optical fiber. ... A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with embedded microprocessor. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

However, Shannon was oblivious to the marvels of the digital revolution because his mind was ravaged by Alzheimer's disease. His wife mentioned in his obituary that "he would have been bemused" by it all.^[7]

Shannon miscellany

Shannon and his famous electromechanical mouse Theseus, named after the Greek mythology hero of Minotaur and Labyrinth fame, and which he tried to teach to come out of the maze in one of the first experiments in artificial intelligence.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (853x773, 445 KB) Summary Bell Labs obituary page http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (853x773, 445 KB) Summary Bell Labs obituary page http://www. ... In engineering, electromechanics combines electromagnetism and mechanics. ... Theseus (Greek ) was a legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered by Aegeus and Poseidon, with whom Aethra lay in one night. ... The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ... In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (Greek: Μινόταυρος, Minótauros) was a creature that was said to be part man and part bull. ... A Roman mosaic picturing Theseus and the Minotaur. ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ...

Shannon's mouse

Theseus, created in 1950, was a magnetic mouse controlled by a relay circuit that enabled it to move around a maze of 25 squares. Its dimensions were the same as an average mouse.^[8] The maze configuration was flexible and it could be modified at will.^[8] The mouse was designed to search through the corridors until it found the target. Having travelled through the maze, the mouse would then be placed anywhere it had been before and because of its prior experience it could go directly to the target. If placed in unfamiliar territory, it was programmed to search until it reached a known location and then it would proceed to the target, adding the new knowledge to its memory thus learning.^[8] Shannon's mouse appears to have been the first learning device of its kind.^[1]

Shannon's computer chess program

In 1950 Shannon published a groundbreaking paper on computer chess entitled Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play a reasonable game of chess. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a minimax procedure, based on an evaluation function of a given chess position. Shannon gave a rough example of an evaluation function in which the value of the black position was subtracted from that of the white position. Material was counted according to the usual relative chess piece point value (1 point for a pawn, 3 points for a knight or bishop, 5 points for a rook, and 9 points for a queen). He considered some positional factors, subtracting ½ point for each doubled pawn, backward pawn, and isolated pawn. Another positional factor in the evaluation function was mobility, adding 0.1 point for each legal move available. Finally, he considered checkmate to be the capture of the king, and gave it the artificial value of 200 points. Quoting from the paper: 1990s Pressure-sensory Chess Computer with LCD screen The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates back to the eighteenth century. ... Chess is a recreational and competitive game for two players. ... Minimax (sometimes minmax) is a method in decision theory for minimizing the maximum possible loss. ... An evaluation function, also known as heuristic evaluation function or static evaluation function by game-playing programs to estimate the value or goodness of a position in the minimax algorithm. ... In chess, the chess pieces are often assigned certain point values that help determine how valuable a piece is strategically. ... In chess, doubled pawns are two pawns of the same player residing on the same file. ... In chess, a backward pawn is a pawn that is behind the pawns of the same color on the adjacent files and that cannot easily be advanced. ... In chess, an isolated pawn is a pawn for which there is no friendly pawn on an adjacent file. ... Checkmate (frequently shortened to mate) is a situation in chess (and in other boardgames of the chaturanga family) in which one players king is under attack and there is no way to meet that threat; it is a check from which there is no escape. ...

The coefficients .5 and .1 are merely the writer's rough estimate. Furthermore, there are many other terms that should be included. The formula is given only for illustrative purposes. Checkmate has been artificially included here by giving the king the large value 200 (anything greater than the maximum of all other terms would do).

The evaluation function is clearly for illustrative purposes, as Shannon stated. For example, according to the function, pawns that are doubled as well as isolated would have no value at all, which is clearly unrealistic.

The reason for assigning checkmate a value higher than the maximum sum of all other terms is so that the minimax procedure will value checkmate above all else and thus it will sacrifice as much material as it has to in order to prevent itself from being checkmated, or to checkmate the opponent. The value is arbitrary — any number larger than the sum of all of the other terms would cause the minimax procedure to give the same result.

The Las Vegas connection: Information theory and its applications to game theory

Shannon and his wife Betty also used to go on weekends to Las Vegas with M.I.T. mathematician Ed Thorp,^[9] and made very successful forays in roulette and blackjack using game theory type methods co-developed with fellow Bell Labs associate, physicist John L. Kelly Jr. based on principles of information theory.^[10] They made a fortune, as detailed in the book Fortune's Formula by William Poundstone and corroborated by the writings of Elwyn Berlekamp,^[11] Kelly's research assistant in 1960 and 1962.^[12] Shannon and Thorp also applied the same theory, later known as the Kelly criterion, to the stock market with even better results.^[13] For further information, see Las Vegas metropolitan area and Las Vegas Strip. ... MIT redirects here. ... Dr. Edward O. Thorp Dr. Edward Oakley Thorp (born in August 14, 1932, Chicago) is an American mathematics professor, author, and blackjack player. ... Roulette. ... Blackjack is one of the most popular casino card games in the world. ... Game theory is often described as a branch of applied mathematics and economics that studies situations where multiple players make decisions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ... John Larry Kelly, Jr. ... William Poundstone is an American author, columnist, and skeptic. ... Elwyn Ralph Berlekamp (born September 6, 1940 in Dover, Ohio) is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. ... It has been suggested that Kelly Criterion For Stock Market be merged into this article or section. ...

Shannon's maxim

Shannon formulated a version of Kerckhoffs' principle as "the enemy knows the system". In this form it is known as "Shannon's maxim". In cryptography, Kerckhoffs principle (also called Kerckhoffs assumption, axiom or law) was stated by Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century: a cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge. ...

Other trivia

He met his wife Betty when she was a numerical analyst at Bell Labs. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ...

Awards and honors list

• Alfred Noble Prize, 1940
• Morris Liebmann Memorial Award of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1949
• Yale University (Master of Science), 1954
• Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute, 1955
• Research Corporation Award, 1956
• University of Michigan, honorary doctorate, 1961
• Rice University Medal of Honor, 1962
• Princeton University, honorary doctorate, 1962
• Marvin J. Kelly Award, 1962
• University of Edinburgh, honorary doctorate, 1964
• University of Pittsburgh, honorary doctorate, 1964
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, 1966
• National Medal of Science, 1966, presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson
• Golden Plate Award, 1967
• Northwestern University, honorary doctorate, 1970
• Harvey Prize, the Technion of Haifa, Israel, 1972
• Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), foreign member, 1975
• University of Oxford, honorary doctorate, 1978
• Joseph Jacquard Award, 1978
• Harold Pender Award, 1978
• University of East Anglia, honorary doctorate, 1982
• Carnegie Mellon University, honorary doctorate, 1984
• Audio Engineering Society Gold Medal, 1985
• Kyoto Prize, 1985
• Tufts University, honorary doctorate, 1987
• University of Pennsylvania, honorary doctorate, 1991
• Eduard Rhein Prize, 1991
• National Inventors Hall of Fame inducted, 2004

The Alfred Noble Prize is an award created to recognize an outstanding technical paper by an author under the age of 35. ... Following several attempts to form a technical organization of wireless practitioners in 1908-1912, the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) was finally established in 1912 in New York. ... “Yale” redirects here. ... Franklin Institute Front steps as seen from the adjacent Moore College This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... Lovett Hall William Marsh Rice University (commonly called Rice University and opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science and Art) is a private, comprehensive research university located in Houston, Texas, USA, near the Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center. ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States of America. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-e) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. ... National Medal of Science The National Medal of Science, also called the Presidential Medal of Science, is an honor given by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social... “LBJ” redirects here. ... Northwestern University (officially abbreviated NU; sometimes abbreviated NWU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university with campuses located in Evanston, Illinois and downtown Chicago, Illinois. ... The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (הטכניון - מכון טכנולוגי לישראל) is a university in Haifa, Israel. ... Hebrew חֵיפָה Arabic حَيْفَا Founded in 3rd century CE Government City District Haifa Population 267,000 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ... The Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) is an organisation dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... Joseph Marie Jacquard. ... Harold Pender (1879–1959) was an academic, author, and inventor. ... The University of East Anglia (UEA) is a leading campus university located in Norwich, Norfolk, England, founded as part of the British Governments New Universities programme in the 1960s. ... Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... Established in 1948, the Audio Engineering Society (AES) draws its membership from amongst engineers, scientists, manufacturers and other organisations and individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. ... The Kyoto Prize (京都賞) has been awarded annually since 1984 by the Inamori Foundation, founded by Kazuo Inamori (fortune from ceramics). ... Tufts University is a private research university in Medford/Somerville, Massachusetts, suburbs of Boston. ... This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ... Prof. ... Exterior of the National Inventors Hall of Fame museum, 2005 The National Inventors Hall of Fame is an organization that honors important inventors from the whole world. ...

See also

In the field of data compression, Shannon-Fano coding is a suboptimal technique for constructing a prefix code based on a set of symbols and their probabilities (estimated or measured). ... In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem is an application of the noisy channel coding theorem to the archetypal case of a continuous-time analog communications channel subject to Gaussian noise. ... The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is a fundamental result in the field of information theory, in particular telecommunications and signal processing. ... In information theory, the noisy-channel coding theorem establishes that however contaminated with noise interference a communication channel may be, it is possible to communicate digital data (information) error-free up to a given maximum rate through the channel. ... Rate distortion theory is the branch of information theory addressing the problem of determining the minimal amount of entropy (or information) R that should be communicated over a channel such that the source (input signal) can be reconstructed at the receiver (output signal) with given distortion D. As such, rate... A bundle of optical fiber. ... Channel capacity, is the amount of discrete information that can be reliably transmitted over a channel. ... In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher which were identified by Shannon in his paper, Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems published in 1949. ... Excerpt from a one-time pad. ... The Shannon switching game is an abstract strategy game for two players, invented by the father of information theory, Claude Shannon. ... The Shannon number, 1078, is an estimation of the game-tree complexity of chess. ... The Claude E. Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society was institued to honour consistent and profound contributions to the field of information theory. ... The Shannon index (also called the Shannon–Wiener index or, incorrectly the Shannon–Weaver indexor even more incorrect Shannon-Weiner Index [1]) is one of several diversity indices used to measure biodiversity. ... In information theory, Shannons source coding theorem (or noiseless coding theorem) establishes the limits to possible data compression, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy. ...

References

Cited references

The Star-Ledger is the leading newspaper in New Jersey and ranks number 16 in total circulation for U.S. daily newspapers. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

General references

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Claude Elwood Shannon

• A Mathematical Theory of Communication
• Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems
• Communication in the Presence of Noise
• Summary of Shannon's life and career
• O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Claude Shannon". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.  
• Color photo of Shannon at home by Stanley Rowin - not for reproduction without permission
• Biographical summary from Shannon's collected papers
• Video documentary: "Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age"
• Mathematical Theory of Claude Shannon In-depth MIT class paper on the development of Shannon's work to 1948.
• Obituary at MIT
• Obituary Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (in Dutch)
• Retrospective at the University of Michigan
• Shannon's Michigan Profile
• Notes on Computer-Generated Text
• Shannonizer An example of his work
• Shannon's Juggling Theorem and Juggling Robots
• Shannon's paper on computer chess, text
• Shannon's paper on computer chessPDF (175 KiB)
• Shannon's paper on computer chess, text, alternate source
• Photos
• A Bibliography of His Collected Papers
• A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress
• The Most Beautiful Machine. It's a communication based on the functions ON and OFF.