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Dragoon Mountains where Cochise hid with his warriors

Cochise (K'uu-ch'ish = "firewood") (c. 1815–June 8, 1874) was a chief (a nantan) of the Chokonen ("central" or "real" Chiricahua) band of the Chiricahua Apache and the leader of an uprising that began in 1861. Cochise County, Arizona is named after him. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Cochise may refer to: Cochise, an Apache chief that led an uprising Cochise (song), a song by the American rock band Audioslave Cochise (band), a country rock band Cochise (German band), formed 1979 in Dortmund Cochise County, Arizona, a county in Arizona, United States Cochise, Arizona, a town in Cochise... Image File history File links Dragoon_Mountains1. ... Image File history File links Dragoon_Mountains1. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A chiefdom is any community led by an individual known as a chief. ... For other uses, see Chiricahua (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Apache (disambiguation). ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cochise County is located in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. ...

Biography

Cochise was one of the most famous Apache leaders (along with Geronimo) to resist intrusions by Mexicans and Americans during the 19th century. He was described as a large man (for the time), with a muscular frame, classical features, and long black hair which he wore in traditional Apache style. For other uses, see Geronimo (disambiguation). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Cochise and the Chokonen-Chiricahua lived in the area that is now the northern Mexican region of Sonora, and New Mexico, Arizona, and which were traditional Apache territories until the coming of the Europeans. Due to encroachment by Spain and later Mexico, the Chokonen and Nednhi-Chiricahua became increasingly dependent upon food rations issued by the Mexican government to placate them. When this practice was abruptly ended in 1831, the various Chiricahua bands resumed raids to acquire food. Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The Mexican government began a series of military operations in order to either capture or neutralize the Chiricahua, but they received stiff resistance from Cochise and the Apache who were implacable foes. Mexican troops were largely unsuccessful in their attempts and were often fought to a standstill by the Apache. As part of their attempts at controlling the Chiricahua, Mexican forces, often with the help of American and Native American mercenaries, began to kill Apache civilians, including Cochise's father. This hardened Cochise's resolve and gave the Chiricahua more reason for vengeance. Mexican forces were finally able to capture Cochise in 1848 during an Apache raid on Fronteras, Sonora, but they exchanged him for nearly a dozen Mexican prisoners. Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... There are places that have the name Frontera (Spanish meaning frontier) Argentina: Frontera, Santa Fe Canary Islands: Frontera, a municipality in the western and the southern ends of the island of El Hierro, Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain (Cádiz, Andalusia): Arcos de la Frontera Jerez de la Frontera Vejer... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ...

Border tensions and fighting

The region inhabited by the Apache had experienced increased tension between the Apache and European settlers (including early Spanish encroachment) from about 1831 until the greater part of the area was annexed by the United States in 1850, which ushered in a brief period of relative peace. Cochise worked as a woodcutter at the stagecoach station in Apache Pass for the Butterfield Overland line. Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Stagecoach in Switzerland A stagecoach is a type of four-wheeled enclosed passenger and/or mail coach, strongly sprung and drawn by four horses, widely used before the introduction of railway transport. ... Apache Pass is a historic passage in Arizona between the Dos Cabezas Mountains and Chiricahua Mountains, approximately 32 km (20 mi) E-SE of Willcox, Arizona. ... The Butterfield Stage, also known as Butterfield Overland Stage and Butterfield Overland Mail, was a stagecoach route in the United States, operating from 1857 to 1861. ...

The tenuous peace did not last as American encroachment into Apache territory continued. The formal peace ended in 1861 when an Apache raiding party drove away a local rancher's cattle and kidnapped his twelve-year-old son. Cochise and five others of his band were falsely accused of the incident (which had actually been done by the Coyotero band of Apaches). The six suspects were ordered by an inexperienced Army officer (Lt. George Bascom) to report to the fort for questioning. Although they maintained their innocence, the group was arrested and imprisoned. Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The group soon mounted an escape attempt; one was killed and Cochise was shot three times but managed to slip away. He quickly took hostages to use in negotiations to free the other four Chiricahua. However, the plan backfired; both sides killed all their hostages in what was later known as the "Bascom Affair". Bascom's retaliation included hanging Cochise's brother and two of his nephews, which served to further enrage Cochise. Mountains where Cochise, a famous Apache leader, hid with his warriors The Bascom Affair is considered to be the key event in triggering the Apache Wars. ...

Cochise then joined with his father-in-law Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves, Kan-da-zis Tlishishen), the Bedonkohe-Chiricahua Apache chief, in a long series of retaliatory skirmishes and raids among the settlements. Many people were killed on both sides, but the Apache began to achieve the upper hand, which prompted the United States Army to send an expedition (led by General James Carleton). Mangas Coloradas Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves), 1793?-1863 was a famous Apache chief, a member of the Eastern Chiricahuas, whose homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New Mexico. ... James Henry Carleton (December 27, 1814 – January 7, 1873) was an officer in the Union army during the Civil War. ...

Apache Pass conflict

"Naches" or "Wei-chi-ti", son of Cochise, with wife. c1884

At Apache Pass in 1862, Cochise and Mangas Coloradas, with around 500 fighters, held their ground against a force of California volunteers under General James Henry Carleton until howitzer artillery fire was brought to bear on their position. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (323x640, 24 KB) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Collection TITLE: Naches or Wei-chi-ti CALL NUMBER: LOT 11703 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-86460 (b&w film copy neg. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (323x640, 24 KB) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Collection TITLE: Naches or Wei-chi-ti CALL NUMBER: LOT 11703 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-86460 (b&w film copy neg. ... Apache Pass is a historic passage in Arizona between the Dos Cabezas Mountains and Chiricahua Mountains, approximately 32 km (20 mi) E-SE of Willcox, Arizona. ... This article is about 1862 . ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... James Henry Carleton (December 27, 1814 – January 7, 1873) was an officer in the Union army during the Civil War. ... 19th century 12 pounder (5 kg) mountain howitzer displayed by the National Park Service at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, USA A howitzer is a type of artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles at trajectories with...

According to scout John C. Cremony and historian Dan L. Thrapp, the howitzer fire sent the Apaches into an immediate retreat. But Carleton's biographer, Aurora Hunt, wrote, "This was the first time that the Indians had faced artillery fire. Nevertheless, they fought stubbornly for several hours before they fled." Capt. Thomas Roberts was persuaded by the engagement that it would be best to find a route around Apache Pass, which he did. Gen. Carleton thus continued unhindered to New Mexico and subsequently took over as commander of the territory.

In January of 1863 Gen. Joseph Rodman West, under orders from Gen. Carleton, was able to capture Mangas Coloradas by duping him into a conference under a flag of truce. During what was to be a peaceful parley session, the Americans took the unsuspecting Mangas Coloradas prisoner and later executed him. This continued a series of incidents that fanned the flames of enmity between the encroaching Americans and the Apache. For Cochise, the Americans held nothing sacred and had violated the rules of war by capturing Mangas Coloradas during a parley session. Cochise and the Apache continued their raids against American and Mexican settlements and military positions throughout the 1860s. Look up parley in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... // The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ...

Capture, escape, and retirement

Following various skirmishes, Cochise and his men were gradually driven into the Dragoon Mountains but were nevertheless able to use the mountains as cover and as a base from which to continue significant skirmishes against white settlements. This was the situation until 1871 when General George Crook assumed command and used other Apaches as scouts and informants and was thereby able to force Cochise's men to surrender. Cochise was taken into custody in September of that year. Dragoon Mountains are a range of mountains located in Cochise County, Arizona. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... George Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career U.S. Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ...

The next year, the Chiricahua were ordered to Tularosa Reservation located in New Mexico, but refused to leave their ancestral lands in Arizona, which were guaranteed to them under treaty. Cochise managed to escape again and renewed raids and skirmishes against settlements through most of 1872. A new treaty was later negotiated by General Oliver O. Howard, with the help of Tom Jeffords who had become blood brother to Cochise, as the Americans relented to some of the Apaches' terms. Cochise quietly retired to an Arizona reservation, where he died of natural causes. Gorgonia, Mescalero Medicine Man This article is about the Native American tribe; for other uses of the word see Mescalero (disambiguation). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career U.S. Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. ... Thomas Jefferson Jeffords (b. ...

Family

He married Dos-Teh-Seh, the daughter of Mangas Coloradas, in the 1830s. Their children were Taza, born in 1842, and Naiche, born in 1856. Mangas Coloradas Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves), 1793?-1863 was a famous Apache chief, a member of the Eastern Chiricahuas, whose homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New Mexico. ... Taza was the son of Chiricahua Apache leader Cochise. ... Naiche (c. ...

References in popular culture

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• Cochise's grandson (Taza's son) played Cochise in the pilot episode of the classic 60s western series The High Chaparral despite being 92 years old and missing a leg (Cochise would not have yet have been 60 in 1870 when the series was set, and he remained bipedal throughout his life). Nino repeated the portrayal in episode 4 of the first series.
• in Johnny Cash's 1959 album "Songs of Our Soil", Cochise is mentioned in the 2nd verse of the song "Old Apache Squaw".
• The 1948 John Ford film Fort Apache features a fictionalized Cochise as a character.
• The 1979 Walter Hill film The Warriors features a gang from Coney Island, New York. Actor David Harris plays Cochise, one of the Warrior gang members.
• The 1950 film Broken Arrow features a fictionalized Cochise as a main character.
• On Audioslave's eponymous debut album, there is a song titled "Cochise", which Audioslave's Tom Morello has stated was inspired by Cochise.
• Joni Mitchell refers to Cochise on her 2007 album, Shine, on the track "This Place."

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Taza is a city in northern Morocco, about 100 km east of Fez. ... The High Chaparral was a Western-themed television series which aired on NBC from 1967 to 1971. ... For the song of the same name, recorded by Tracy Byrd and later by Jason Aldean, see Johnny Cash (song). ... For other persons named John Ford, see John Ford (disambiguation). ... Fort Apache is a 1948 western film starring John Wayne and Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford. ... Walter Hill (born California 1942) is a prominent American film director. ... The Warriors is a 1979 film directed by Walter Hill and based on the 1965 novel by Sol Yurick. ... For other uses, see Coney Island (disambiguation). ... Among those named David Harris are: David Harris (Hambledon cricketer) David Harris (professor) David Harris (protestor) David Harris (software developer) David Harris (actor) David Ray Harris (murderer featured in The Thin Blue Line) David Harris (politician), British Conservative MP David Harris (rabbi) David Harris (publisher, photographer, miami beach) Category: ... Broken Arrow was the name of a western released in 1950. ... For the bands self-titled album, see Audioslave (album). ... Audioslave is the eponymous debut album by hard rock/alternative rock band Audioslave and was released in November, 2002 (see 2002 in music). ... Alternative cover Black cover version Cochise is the first single by Audioslave for their debut album Audioslave. ... Tom Morello (born May 30, 1964, as Thomas Baptist Morello) is a Grammy Award-winning American guitarist of the band Rage Against the Machine. ... Joni Mitchell, CC (born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7, 1943) is a Canadian musician, songwriter, and painter. ... Look up shine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

See also

• Bascom Affair
• Apache Wars
• Chiricahua

Mountains where Cochise, a famous Apache leader, hid with his warriors The Bascom Affair is considered to be the key event in triggering the Apache Wars. ... Geronimo, before surrender to General Crook, 17 Apr 1886 The Apache Wars were fought during the nineteenth century between the U.S. military and many western tribes. ... For other uses, see Chiricahua (disambiguation). ...

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Thrapp, Dan L. The Conquest of Apacheria. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1967 LCCCN 67-15588 ISBN 0806112867
• Bourke, John G. On the Boarder with Crook. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 1971 LCCCN 74-155699 ISBN 0803257414
• Cochise, Ciyé "The First Hundred Years of Nino Cochise" New York: Pyramid Books 1972 ISBN 051502838X