College radio (also known as university radio, campus radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college or university. Such broadcasters are typically considered to be public radio stations. To meet Wikipedias quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup. ... Students attending a lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology Etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stŭdērĕ, which means to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ... The term college (Latin collegium) is most often used today to denote an educational institution. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctor) in a variety of subjects. ... Public broadcasting (also known as public service broadcasting or PSB) is the dominant form of broadcasting around the world, where radio, television, and potentially other electronic media outlets receive funding from the public. ...

History

United States

College radio as it is generally known began in the United States in the 1960s when the FCC began issuing class D licenses for ten-watt stations to further the development of the then-new FM band. Some colleges had already been broadcasting for decades on the AM band, often originating in physics experiments in the early 20th century. Most of the FM stations received higher-class licenses, typically a few hundred watts. A few got several kilowatts, and a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of thousands sometimes reaching up to full-power 100 kilowatt outlets. Still, due to strict class D regulations, some stations were prohibited from a wattage upgrade for possible signal interference with adjacent stations, such as KWUR 90.3 FM interfering with KWMU 90.7 FM in St. Louis, Missouri. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency, created, directed, and empowered by Congressional statute. ... It has been suggested that Licensing (strategic alliance) be merged into this article or section. ... The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power. ... Development has meaning in several contexts: Science and Engineering Biological development of embryos in the context of developmental biology Child development (physical emphasis) or post-natal human development (pediatrics, etc) Software engineering, the methodology and process of development of computer software Technology development in industry, as in Software development New... The abbreviations FM, Fm, and fm may refer to: Electrical engineering Frequency modulation (FM) and its most common applications: FM broadcasting, used primarily to broadcast music and speech at VHF frequencies FM synthesis, a sound-generation technique popularized by early digital synthesizers Science Femtometre (fm), an SI measure of length... A band is a small section of the spectrum of radio communication frequencies, in which channels are usually used or set aside for the same purpose. ... Mediumwave radio transmissions (sometimes called Medium frequency or MF) are those between the frequencies of 300 kHz and 3000 kHz. ... A black hole concept drawing by NASA. Physics (from the Greek, φυσικός (physikos), natural, and φύσις (physis), nature) is the science of the natural world dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... This is the list of broadcast station classes. ... KWUR is a radio station in St. ...

By the late 1970s, FM had taken off, and competition for channels for new stations was intensifying. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the newly-founded National Public Radio (NPR) convinced the FCC that the low-power stations were somehow a "detriment" to broadcasting, and class D licenses were no longer issued for applications made after 1979. Making matters worse, the stations were demoted to a second-class status, meaning that they would be forced off the air if any full-power station wanted their space. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... Competition is the act of striving against another force for the purpose of achieving dominance or attaining a reward or goal, or out of a biological imperative such as survival. ... The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is the industry group representing the commercial radio stations and television stations of the United States. ... NPR logo NPR redirects here. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ...

Many stations were forced to upgrade their facilities at considerable expense to the students. Many other stations were eventually (and still continue to be) forced off the air, because they could not afford the upgrades at all, or not in time to avoid being locked-in by other expanding stations. Look up Upgrade on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Upgrading is the process of replacing an older thing with a newer thing. ...

At WRUR-FM in Rochester, New York, officials from local public radio station WXXI met with University of Rochester administration in 2004. WRUR-FM formerly carried only student & local community volunteer DJ shows. Now WRUR-FM simulcasts some of WXXI-AM's content, including National Public Radio (NPR). Further reductions were made in student & volunteer DJ programming when automated "random radio" broadcasting was introduced, filling in a good share of airtime that was hosted by live DJ's. A portion of Rochesters skyline, looking north along the Genesee River from the Ford Street Bridge. ... Located in Rochester, New York, USA and founded in 1850, the University of Rochester is a private, coeducational and nonsectarian research institution. ... NPR logo NPR redirects here. ...

A very few stations have been added to the airwaves in very isolated cities with the return of the LPFM license to the U.S. The restrictions that U.S. Congress placed on LPFM stations as a result of the NAB's lobbying have seriously limited the effectiveness of this however. Low-power broadcasting is the concept of broadcasting at very low power and low cost, to a small community area. ... Congress in Joint Session. ... Lobbying is the practice of private advocacy with the goal of influencing a governing body, in order to ensure that an individuals or organizations point of view is represented in the government. ...

In terms of signal strength, the biggest college radio station in the world is WRAS of Georgia State University in Atlanta, Georgia. WRAS FM (Album 88) is a college radio station in Atlanta with a frequency of 88. ... Nickname: The Horizon City, Hotlanta, The Big Peach Motto: Official website: http://www. ...

In terms of population within protected contour the biggest college radio station in the world is WSOU of Seton Hall University in South Orange New Jersey.

One of the first college radio stations in the country is WRUC from Union College, Schenectady, New York. Their first experimental broadcasts under the call sign 2ADD were in 1920.

Canada

In Canada, the distinction between a university and a college is different from that in the United States, although both types of schools can and do have radio operations—accordingly, the format is more commonly known in Canada as campus radio.

The campus radio concept spread to Canada, which has a similar broadcasting structure to the U.S., with the launch of Carleton University's CKCU in 1975; however, some developmental university radio projects had previously produced and aired programs on commercial radio stations. This article is about the university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ... CKCU is a Canadian campus-based, community radio station, broadcasting at 93. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

Unlike the U.S., Canada distributes the non-commercially-reserved channels throughout the FM band, instead of all channels 88 to 92MHz. In early 2005, Humber College's radio station CKHC became the first broadcast station in Canada to air 100 per cent Canadian content. In most of the world, the FM broadcast band, used for broadcasting FM radio stations, goes from 87. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Humber College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning (generally referred to as Humber College) is a college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... CKHC is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 90. ... Canadian content (cancon or can-con) refers to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission requirements that radio and television broadcasters (including cable TV networks) must air a certain percentage of content that was at least partly written, produced, presented, or otherwise contributed to by persons from Canada. ...

The University of Toronto's station, CIUT-FM, has one of the strongest signals in Canadian campus radio, reaching approximately 8 million people in the Greater Toronto Area. Founded in 1827, the University of Toronto (U of T), in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest university in Canada. ... CIUT is the college radio station of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario. ... The Greater Toronto Area (called the GTA by local residents) is the largest metropolitan area in Canada and is centred around Toronto, which is the fifth largest city in North America (by population within city limits), after Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. ...

Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association, which was established in 1981. earshot!, a regular supplement in the music magazine Exclaim!, is the NCRA's official publication. The National Campus and Community Radio Association (NCRA) is a non-profit organization of campus radio and community radio stations in Canada. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Exclaim! (a/k/a !*@#) is a monthly Canadian music magazine. ...

See also Category:Campus radio stations in Canada.

United Kingdom

In the UK it is generally referred to as student radio. University Radio York was not only the first student radio station in the country, but also the first independent radio station (ie non-BBC) in the UK, being founded in 1967. URY redirects here; for other meanings, see URY (disambiguation). ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation. ...

The Student Radio Association works to further UK student radio. Student radio stations operate on restricted-service licences (RSLs) provided variously over the years by the IBA (until 1990), the Radio Authority (until 2003), and currently OFCOM. Some stations operate for short periods on FM, where RSLs are available per day, whereas others choose to have a Low Power AM (LPAM) licence, which allows for full time broadcasting. Stations such as 1449AM URB at the University of Bath broadcast all year round on a fixed AM frequency, and indeed by webcast. The broadcast can typically be picked up around 4 miles from the station, although LPAM licences are much more restricted, and tend to limit such ventures to a specified radius under a kilometre. Many student radio stations avoid the low quality associated with MW/AM by also streaming online, University Radio Nottingham was among the first in the UK to start doing this. The Student Radio Association (SRA) is a national organisation set up to support student radio stations in the UK. It receives support from the Radio Academy. ... The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television (ITV and Channel 4 - cable and satellite television were the responsibility of the Cable Authority) and radio broadcasts. ... This article is about the year. ... The Office of Communications, usually known as Ofcom, is the UKs communications regulator. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Office of Communications, usually known as Ofcom, is the UKs communications regulator. ... URB (University Radio Bath), previously URB 963, or currently 1449AM URB has been around since about 1972 and is a student-run radio station at the University of Bath. ... University Radio Nottingham (usually known as URN) is the university radio station of the University of Nottingham, England. ...

The Student Radio Association annually holds an Awards Ceremony in conjunction with BBC Radio 1, with the current holders of the prestigous 'Student Radio Station of the Year' award being University of York based station URY. The Student Radio Association (SRA) is a national organisation set up to support student radio stations in the UK. It receives support from the Radio Academy. ... BBC Radio 1 is a British radio station, specialising in popular music aimed at the 16-24 age bracket. ... The University of York (also known as York University) is a campus university in York, England. ... University Radio York (commonly known as URY) is a student radio station covering the campus of the University of York. ...

India

India's first campus radio station, Anna FM at Anna University in Chennai, was launched in 2004. Several other stations have been licensed. Anna University is one of Indias premier universities. ... Chennai (சென்னை in Tamil), formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is Indias fourth largest metropolitan city. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Worldwide

The concept has also spread to Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and elsewhere, where it is more often called university radio or student radio. Frequently, a university radio station is the community radio station, and is open for everyone (not just students) to join the staff. World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Community radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interests of a certain area, broadcasting material that is popular to a local audience but is overlooked by more powerful broadcast groups. ... You may be looking for information on: Look up staff on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

College radio also exists in Israel, where several colleges, universities and high schools have successful programs. One of the most famous is Kol HaCampus (Voice of the Campus/Campus Voice), broadcast out of Tel Aviv on 106MHz. More information can be found with the Israel Broadcast Authority. The Campus Voice”, 106FM Tel Aviv, is the radio station of the School of Media at The College of Management - Academic studies, associated to the “Voice of Israel” educational Radio. ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ...

In India there are two campus FM Radio operating currently, Anna FM and Gyanvaani, and many more universities are planning to set up their own FM Radio Stations.

Formats

The earliest college radio stations carried a variety of programming, including news, sports, and music. It was common for stations to include educational shows, both as a public service and as part of distance learning courses. In the latter portion of the 20th century, many U.S. stations played what came to be known as "college rock" (later known as alternative rock), a type of rock music that had not yet hit the mainstream. Most stations have now diversified, with many following a very commercial-like music rotation during the weekdays, and having specialty shows on evenings and weekends. A few stations really go out on a limb, occasionally being described as a cacophony of randomness. News is essentially new information or current events. ... Music is an art, entertainment, or other human activity which involves organized and audible sound, though definitions vary. ... Distance Learning is learning carried out apart from the usual classroom setting; in an asynchronous setting. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... In the USA, college rock was a term used to describe 1980s alternative rock before the term alternative came into common usage. ... The terms alternative rock and alternative music were coined in the early 1980s to describe punk rock-inspired music genres which didnt fit into the mainstream genres of the time. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Mainstream is, generally, the common current of thought. ... Diversity is the presence of a wide range of variation in the qualities or attributes under discussion. ... Music Rotation is a practice under the juristiction of the Music Director at a college radio station. ... Weekdays are the days of the week which are not part of the weekend, i. ... Specialty shows are generally hosted by more senior members of a college radio station. ... Informally, the evening refers to the period in which the daylight is decreasing, between the late afternoon and night; it extends from the latter portion of the daylight (before sunset) until dark (after sunset). ... The weekend is a part of the week lasting one or two days in which most paid workers do not work. ... The band Cacophony Cacophony - Sounding badly, antonym to harmony. ... In ordinary language, the word random is used to express apparent lack of purpose or cause. ...

Many college stations in the U.S. have been folded into National Public Radio and affiliated regional networks. Such stations tend to carry news/talk programming and/or classical music. However, college and university stations tend to play mostly non-mainstream music, can often be described as freeform, and also tend to express a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys. A number of these stations have gained critical acclaim for their musical diversity. Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... Music is an art, entertainment, or other human activity which involves organized and audible sound, though definitions vary. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Freeform radio. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, belief in the primary importance of the individual, and in the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence. Individualism embraces opposition to authority, and to all manner of controls over the individual, especially when exercised by the political... For other meanings of DJ, see DJ (disambiguation). ... A critic (from Greek κριτικός, kritikós - one who discerns, from Ancient Greek κριτής, krités, a judge) is a person who offers judgement or analysis, value judgement, interpretation, or observation. ...

Distribution

Broadcasts are distributed in several ways: This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

• radio (licensed FM or AM)
• carrier current or LPAM on campus
• cable TV on campus info channel
• cable FM
• second audio program of a TV station
• web radio on the Internet

Carrier current is a method of low-power broadcasting that uses the electrical system of a building to distribute an AM radio signal. ... Low-power broadcasting is the concept of broadcasting at very low power and low cost, to a small community area. ... The Universitätscampus Wien, Austria ( details) Campus (plural: campi) is Latin for field or open space. English gets the words camp and campus from this origin. ... Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (and often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio waves transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional... Cable radio or cable FM is a complementary concept to that of cable television, bringing radio transmissions into homes and businesses via coaxial cable. ... Second[ary] audio program[ming] (SAP) is an auxiliary audio channel for television that can be broadcast or transmitted both over the air and by cable TV. It is often used for an alternate language (hence giving the facetious Spanish audio program expansion to the acronym), or for the Descriptive... A television station is a type of radio station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ... Web radio (or Internet radio) is a broadcasting service transmitted via the Internet. ...

See also

• Indie radio
• List of college radio stations

This is the list of indie radio stations. ... // Australia Armidale - 2UNE-FM, University of New England Melbourne - SYN FM, RMIT University Newcastle - 2NUR, University of Newcastle Canada Antigonish - CFXU, St. ...

External links

• UK Student Radio Association
• KCR KCR homepage
• UCLARadio.com UCLARadio.com