Communalism is used in South Asia to denote attempts to promote primarily religious stereotypes between groups of people identified as different communities and to stimulate violence between those groups. The sense given to this word in South Asia is represented by the word sectarianism outside South Asia. This article is about the geopolitical region in Asia. ... For the 1996 Blur single, see Stereotypes (song). ... Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or religious denomination. ...

In South Asia, communalism is mainly between Hindus, Muslims and Christians. This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ...

Political parties are generally considered to play an important role in stimulating, supporting and/or suppressing communalism.

In Lebanon, communalism, taïfiyya in Arabic, is a derogatory term for the political system based on religious communities.

Movements and groups

• Indian Muslim Nationalism/Islamic Fundamentalism
  • National Development Front
  • Fairazi movement
  • Wahabist Tabligh-e-Islam and other Muslim extremist groups.
  • Tablighi Jamaat (Deobandi)
  • Students Islamic Movement of India
  • Jamaat-e-Islami,
    • Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
    • Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
  • Razakar
  • Al-Shams
• Hindu nationalism (Hindutva)
  • Kar Sevaks
  • Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
  • Vishva Hindu Parishad
  • Hindu Writers' Forum
  • movements in the Indian diaspora:
    • Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
    • Vedic Foundation
• Dalit self-respect movement
  • Dalit Voice
  • Dalitstan
• Christian fundamentalist/Secessionist
  • National Liberation Front of Tripura
  • Nagaland Rebels
  • Tripura Baptist Christian Union
  • Insurgent groups in Northeast India
  • the Khalistan movement (Sikh guerilla warfare)

Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. ... Islamic fundamentalism is a religious ideology which advocates literalistic interpretations of the sacred texts of Islam, Sharia law, and an Islamic State. ... NDF poster in Alappuzha, calling for solidarity with Palestine National Development front, abbreviated as NDF, is an organisaiton in Kerala, India established in 1993, focusing on socio-enonomical issues of minorities giving a focus to Kerala Muslims, Dalits and Other Backward Classes in Kerala. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Wahhabism (sometimes spelled Wahabbism or Wahabism) is a movement of Islam named after Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... The Deobandi (Hindi: देवबन्दि, Urdu: دیو بندی) is an Islamic revivalist movement in South Asia which has more recently also spread to other countries, such as Afghanistan, South Africa and the United Kingdom. ... The Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) was formed in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh state, in April 1977. ... Jamaat-e-Islami (Arabic: جماعتِ اسلامی, Islamic Assembly Jamaat, JI) is an Islamic political movement founded in Lahore by Syed Abul Ala Maududi on 26 August 1941. ... Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh (often referred as just Jamaat) is the largest and most influential Islamic party in Bangladesh. ... The Jamaat-e-Islami Hind is the Indian offshoot of the Jamaat-e-Islami. ... Razakar is a Persian word which means volunteer. ... The Al-Shams was the great organization of great and real Patriot Pakistanis belong to the Jamaat-e-Islami in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) The present chief of the Jamaat, Maulana Motiur Rahman Nizami has headed the Al-Shams organisation as the all-Pakistan Commander in Chief during the war. ... Hindu nationalism is a nationalist ideology that sees the modern state of the Republic of India as a Hindu nation, and seeks to preserve the Hindu heritage. ... For Veer Savarkars book Hindutva, see Hindutva. ... The term Kar Sevak is used to refer to people who offer their services for free (volunteer) to a religious cause. ... The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Hindi: , English: ), also known as the Sangh or the RSS, is a nationalist Hindu organization in India known for its grass roots work. ... (DevanāgarÄ«: विश्व हिंदू परिषद, English: ), widely recognized by its initials VHP and the more common spelling Vishwa Hindu Parishad, is a Hindu organization in India, an offshoot of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. ... Hindu Writers Forum (HWF) is a New Delhi publisher and lobbying group, tax-exempt in India by section 80 G of the Income Tax Act. ... A non-resident Indian (NRI) is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country. ... Hindu Swayemsevak Sangh (Union of Self-Reliant Hindus) is a socio-religious public organization that engages in community activities, social services and religious work amongst the adherents of Hinduism across the world. ... The Vedic Foundation is a project of the Barsana Dham temple at Austin, Texas formed in 2003. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Dalit Voice is a publication that was founded in 1981 by V.T. Rajshekar. ... The Dalitstan Organization is an anti-Brahminanism organisation that advocates misdeeds done by brahmins agains Dalits in India. ... Fundamentalist Christianity is a fundamentalist movement, especially within American Protestantism. ... The National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) was formed in December 1989 for the purpose of seceding from India in order to create an independent state of Tripura. ... Nagaland Rebels There are several separationist groups operating in Nagaland, in eastern India. ... The Tripura Baptist Christian Union is the largest protestant church body in the Indian state of Tripura. ... Indias north east states are connected to the rest of India by a narrow strip of land known as the Chickens Neck. ... Punjab State A proposed flag for Khalistan The Khālistān movement (Punjabi: ) was a movement in India in the 1970s and 80s to create The Land of the Pure in all Punjabi-speaking areas contiguous to the borders of Indian Punjab and Pakistani punjab. ... A Sikh (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...

Incidents of communal violence

Examples of communalist violence, with strong motivations based on religious identity include:

• the 1921 Moplah Rebellion
• the 1946 Calcutta riots o death toll estimated at 6,000, most of the victims were Hindus.
• the 1947 "population exchanges" at the partition of India, resulting in an estimated 500,000 deaths.
• the 1978/79 Morichjhanpi forced migration
• the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots in which the Congress party allegedly played a role in the killing of about 3,000 Sikhs following the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
• the 1998 Wandhama massacre, ten Hindu victims.
• the 2000 Chittisinghpura massacre, 35 Sikhs killed.
• the 2002 Godhra Train Burning, 58 Hindus killed.
• the 2002 Gujarat violence, death toll estimated at 1,000, most of the victims were Muslims.
• the 2002 Kaluchak massacre, 31 killed.
• the 2002 Marad massacre, 14 deaths.
• the 2006 Kherlanji massacre, lynching of four Dalits.

Incidents of "communal violence" cannot clearly be separated by incidents of terrorism. "Communal violence" tends to refer to mob killings, while terrorism describes concerted attacks by small groups of militants (see definition of terrorism), but often "terrorism" will also be alleged polemically. See also Terrorism in India#Chronology of major incidents. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Direct Action Day, also known as the Affirmative Action Plan, the Calcutta Riots, the Great Calcutta killings, and The Week of the Long Knives [1][2], started on August 16, 1946. ... Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ... Morichjhanpi (alternatively Morichjhapi) is an island set in the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans in West Bengal, India. ... 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots took place in India after the assassination of Indira Gandhi on October 31, 1984. ... Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party or Congress (I), abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Hindu temple in Wandhama after it was desecrated and destroyed by the terorists . ... The Chittisinghpura massacre refers to the murder of 35 adherents of the religion of Sikhism (called Sikhs) by the Islamic Fundamentalist militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba on March,2000. ... The Godhra Train Burning Incident occurred in the town Godhra in the Indian state of Gujarat at 0630 hrs on 27 February 2002. ... Combatants Indian Muslims Indian Hindus Commanders Gujarati Muslims Gujarati Hindus Casualties 790 dead 254 dead 2002 Gujarat violence refers to incidents that took place in the state of Gujarat in India in the year 2002 involving fatal attacks on the Muslim minority in the state by mobs of Hindus. ... The Kaluchak Massacre refers to an incident on May 14, 2002 near the town of Kaluchak in the Indian state of Jammu when three terrorists attacked a tourist bus from the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. ... The Marad massacre was a massacre of Hindu and Muslim fishermen (known as arayas). ... The Kerlanji Massacre (or Khairlanji Massacre) refers to a series of murders that took place in 2006 in a small village in India named Kherlanji (also spelled Khairlanji), located in the Bhandara district of the state of Maharashtra. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Few words are as politically or emotionally charged as terrorism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

See also

• Ayodhya debate
• Terrorism in India
• Indian nationalism
• Saffronization
• NCERT controversy
• Anti-Hinduism
• Persecution of Muslims in India
• Persecution of Hindus
• Language conflicts in India

• Sectarianism
• Hate group

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Map of India. ... Saffronization or saffronisation is a political neologism, used refer to an increase in right-wing Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) policies in India, usually in a pejorative sense, by the countrys political left. ... NCERT Logo The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is an apex resource organisation set up by the Government of India, with headquarters at New Delhi, to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on academic matters related to school education. ... Anti-Hindu leaflet launched by fundamentalist Christian churches Anti-Hindu prejudice is a negative perception against people who practice Hinduism, Hindus and Indian or Hindu culture. ... Conflicts between Muslims and non-Muslims made the persecution of both Muslims and non-Muslims a recurring phenomenon during the history of Islam. ... Persecution of Hindus refers to the religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus. ... Map of South Asia in native languages. ... Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or religious denomination. ... A hate group is an organized group or movement that advocates hate, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, religion, gender or other designated sector of society, or that supports and publishes assertions and argumentation characteristic of hate groups without necessarily explicitly advocating such hate or violence that...

References

• Manuel, Peter. "Music, the Media, and Communal Relations in North India, Past and Present," in Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, edited by David Ludden (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1996), pp. 119-39.
• M. E. Marty, R. S. Appleby (eds.), Fundamentalisms Observed The Fundamentalism Project vol. 4, eds., University Of Chicago Press (1994), ISBN 978-0226508788
  • Mumtaz Ahmad, 'Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jamaat-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat', pp. 457-530.
  • Gold, Daniel, 'Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation', pp. 531-593.
  • T. N. Madan, 'The Double-Edged Sword: Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition', pp. 594-627.
• Ludden, David, editor. Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, edited by David Ludden (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1996).

External links

• Analyses of communalism in India
• Communalists and their communities