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Computer crime, cybercrime, e-crime, hi-tech crime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category. Additionally, although the terms computer crime or cybercrime are more properly restricted to describing criminal activity in which the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, these terms are also sometimes used to include traditional crimes, such as fraud, theft, blackmail, forgery, and embezzlement, in which computers or networks are used to facilitate the illicit activity. Image File history File links Scale_of_justice. ...
The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. ...
This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...
The actus reus — sometimes called the external element of a crime — is the Latin term for the guilty act which, when proved beyond a reasonable doubt in combination with the mens rea, i. ...
Causation is the bringing about of a result, and in law it is an element in various tests for legal liability. ...
For other uses, see concurrency. ...
The mens rea is the Latin term for guilty mind used in the criminal law. ...
In the criminal law, intention is one of the three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional as opposed to strict liability crime. ...
In the criminal law, recklessness (sometimes also termed willful blindness which may have a different meaning in the United States) is one of the three possible classes of mental state constituting mens rea (the Latin for guilty mind). To commit an offence of ordinary as opposed to strict liability, the...
Criminal negligence, in the realm of criminal common law, is a legal term of art for a state of mind which is careless, inattentive, neglectful, willfully blind, or reckless; it is the mens rea part of a crime which, if occurring simultaneously with the actus reus, gives rise to criminal...
Ignorantia juris non excusat or Ignorantia legis neminem excusat (Latin for ignorance of the law does not excuse) is a public policy holding that a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for violating that law merely because he or she was unaware of its content...
In criminal law, strict liability is liability where mens rea (Latin for guilty mind) does not have to be proved in relation to one or more elements comprising the actus reus (Latin for guilty act) although intention, recklessness or knowledge may be required in relation to other elements of the...
In the criminal law, corporate liability determines the extent to which a corporation as a fictitious person can be liable for the acts and omissions of the natural persons it employs. ...
The legal principle of vicarious liability applies to hold one person liable for the actions of another when engaged in some form of joint or collective activity. ...
In criminal law, an offence against the person usually refers to a crime which is committed by direct physical harm or force being applied to another person. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Sex crimes are forms of human sexual behavior that are crimes. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Property damage is damage or destruction done to public or private property, caused either by a person who is not its owner or by natural phenomena. ...
The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ...
A young waif steals a pair of boots “Stealing†redirects here. ...
In English law, the main deception offences are defined in the Theft Act 1968 (TA68), the Theft Act 1978 and the Theft (Amendment) Act 1996. ...
Modern Obstruction of Justice, in a common law state, refers to the crime of offering interference of any sort to the work of police, investigators, regulatory agencies, prosecutors, or other (usually government) officials. ...
Bribery is a crime implying a sum or gift given alters the behaviour of the person in ways not consistent with the duties of that person. ...
Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. ...
Malfeasance in office, or official misconduct, is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. ...
An inchoate offence is the crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime. ...
The crime of attempt occurs when a person does an act amounting to more than mere preparation for a criminal offense, with specific intent to commit a crime, if that act tends but fails to effect the commission of the offense intended. ...
In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ...
An accessory is a person who assists in or conceals a crime, but does not actually participate in the commission of the crime. ...
Automatism is a disassociative state where the individual suffering from it has no control over their actions. ...
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Mistake of law and mistake of fact are two types of defense by excuse, via which a defendant may argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law or liable for damages under a civil law action. ...
In criminal trials, the insanity defenses are possible defenses by excuse, by which defendants argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law, as they were legally insane at the time of the commission of alleged crimes. ...
In criminal law, diminished responsibility (or diminished capacity) is a potential defense by excuse by which defendants argue that although they broke the law, they should not be held criminally liable for doing so, as their mental functions were diminished or impaired. ...
For English law on the criminal defence, see duress in English law. ...
This article is about the law definition of necessity. ...
For the country-specific law, see provocation in English law. ...
This article and defense of property deal with the legal concept of excused (sometimes termed justified) acts that might otherwise be illegal. ...
A contract is any promise or set of promises made by one party to another for the breach of which the law provides a remedy. ...
In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
In the common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the testator) regulates the rights of others over his property or family after death. ...
The law of trusts and estates is generally considered the body of law which governs the management of personal affairs and the disposition of property of an individual in anticipation and the event of such persons incapacity or death, also known as the law of successions in civil law. ...
The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e. ...
Cybercrime is a term used broadly to describe activity in which computers or networks are a tool, a target, or a place of criminal activity. ...
This article is about the machine. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Cybercrime is a term used broadly to describe activity in which computers or networks are a tool, a target, or a place of criminal activity. ...
A young waif steals a pair of boots “Stealing†redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Blackmail (disambiguation). ...
Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ...
Computer crime can broadly be defined as criminal activity involving an information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (ID theft), and electronic fraud.
Discussion
A common example would be when a person intends to steal information from, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Yet denial of service attacks for the purposes of extortion may result in significant damage both to the system and the profitability of the site targeted. A further problem is that many definitions have not kept pace with the technology. For example, where the offense requires proof of a trick or deception as the operative cause of the theft, this may require the mind of a human being to change and so do or refrain from doing something that causes the loss. Increasingly, computer systems control access to goods and services. If a criminal manipulates the system into releasing the goods or authorizing the services, has there been a "trick", has there been a "deception", does the machine act because it "believes" payment to have been made, does the machine have "knowledge", does the machine "do" or "refrain from doing" something it has been programmed to do (or not). Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed (consider the definition of wire fraud). A computer network is a useless group of computers. ...
A denial-of-service attack (also, DoS attack) is an attack on a computer system or network that causes a loss of service to users, typically the loss of network connectivity and services by consuming the bandwidth of the victim network or overloading the computational resources of the victim system. ...
Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person either obtains money, property or services from another through coercion or intimidation or threatens one with physical harm unless they are paid money or property. ...
The term natural language is used to distinguish languages spoken and signed (by hand signals and facial expressions) by humans for general-purpose communication from constructs such as writing, computer-programming languages or the languages used in the study of formal logic, especially mathematical logic. ...
Wire fraud is a legal concept in the United States Code which provides for enhanced penalty of any criminally fraudulent activity if it is determined that the activity involved electronic communications of any sort, at any phase of the event. ...
Issues surrounding hacking, copyright infringement through warez, child pornography, and paedophilia (see child grooming), have become high-profile. But this emphasis fails to consider the equally real but less spectacular issues of obscene graffiti appearing on websites and "cyberstalking" or harassment that can affect everyday life. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost, say, when an e-mail is intercepted whether through illegal hacking, legitimate monitoring (increasingly common in the workplace) or when it is simply read by an unauthorized or unintended person. This article is about computer hacking. ...
The Cathach of St. ...
Warez refers primarily to copyrighted works traded in violation of copyright law. ...
Child pornography refers to pornographic material depicting children. ...
Pedophilia (American English), pædophilia/paedophilia (Commonwealth English), or pedosexuality is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to prepubescent children. ...
This article is about the act of befriending and influencing a child with the intent of sexually abusing the child. ...
Obscenity in Latin obscenus, meaning foul, repulsive, detestable, (possibly derived from ob caenum, literally from filth). The term is most often used in a legal context to describe expressions (words, images, actions) that offend the prevalent sexual morality of the time. ...
For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ...
Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk someone. ...
Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behavior. ...
Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to control the flow of information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively. ...
Confidentiality has been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access and is one of the cornerstones of Information security. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
In R v Stanford (2006) EWCA Crim 258 the defendant was charged with the unlawful interception of e-mail communications to a public company under s1(2) Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. After his resignation as deputy chairman of the company, he was found to have intercepted e-mail to and from certain persons in that company. His defense under s1(6) was that the interceptions had been made at his request by the company's computer system administrator who was excluded from criminal liability because either he was a person who had a right to control the operation or use of the system (s1 (6) (a)) or because he had the express or implied consent of such a person to make the interception (s1(6)(b)). The Court of Appeal held that to "control" for the purposes of s1(6) meant to "authorize and forbid". An administrator only has the power physically to use and operate the system. There is no control in the management sense. The objective of s1 of the Act was to protect the privacy of e-mails. If anyone with unrestricted ability to operate and use a telecommunications system were exempt from criminal liability for intercepting communications, it would defeat the purpose of the statute.
E-mail and Short Message Service (SMS) messages are seen as casual communication including many things that would never be put in a letter. But unlike spoken communication, there is no intonation and accenting, so the message can be more easily distorted or interpreted as offensive. In England and Wales, s43 Telecommunications Act 1984 makes it an offense to use a public telecommunications network to send 'grossly offensive, threatening or obscene' material, and a 'public telecommunications network' is widely enough defined to cover Internet traffic which goes through telephone lines or other cables. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
“SMS†redirects here. ...
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ...
Example graph of web traffic at Wikipedia in December 2004 Internet traffic is the flow of data around the Internet. ...
Secondly, a computer can be the tool, used, for example, to plan or commit an offense such as larceny or the distribution of child pornography. The growth of international data communications and in particular the Internet has made these crimes both more common and more difficult to police. And using encryption techniques, criminals may conspire or exchange data with fewer opportunities for the police to monitor and intercept. This requires modification to the standard warrants for search, telephone tapping, etc. In the United States, larceny is a common law crime involving stealing. ...
A computer network is a system for communication among two or more computers. ...
Encrypt redirects here. ...
In the criminal law conspiracy is an agreement between two or more people to break the law at some time in the future. ...
In law, a warrant can mean any authorization. ...
A search warrant is a written warrant issued by judge or magistrate which authorizes the police to conduct a search of a person or location for evidence of a criminal offense and seize the evidence. ...
It has been suggested that Voice logging be merged into this article or section. ...
Thirdly, a computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators. Thus, specialized government agencies and units have been set up to develop the necessary expertise. See below for a link to the U.S. Department of Justice's website about e-crime and its computer forensics services. The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e. ...
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. ...
The simple definition of computer forensics - Chris L.T. Brown, Computer Evidence Collection and Preservation, 2006 Thus, it is more than the technological, systematic inspection of the computer system and its contents for evidence or supportive evidence of a civil wrong or a criminal act. ...
Fraud Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to induce another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by: This article is about the machine. ...
- altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
- altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect;
- altering or deleting stored data; or
- altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes. This requires real programming skills and is not common.
Manipulating banking systems to make unauthorized identity theft with reference to ATM fraud.
Offensive Content The content of websites and other electronic communications may be harmful, distasteful or offensive for a variety of reasons. Most countries have enacted law that place some limits on the freedom of speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, seditious or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes. This is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with entrenched beliefs, each convinced that their point of view has been unreasonably attacked. In England, s28 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 defines a racial group, following Mandla v Dowell-Lee (1983) 2 AC 548 (in which a requirement to wear a cap as part of a school uniform had the effect of excluding Sikh boys whose religion required them to wear a turban), as a group of persons defined by reference to race, color, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origin; and a religious group as a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. Therefore, it is equally an offense to show hostility to a person who practices a particular faith as to a person who has no religious belief or faith. This article is about the general concept. ...
This box: Racism has many definitions, the most common and widely accepted is that members of one race are intrinsically superior or inferior to members of other races. ...
For the black metal band, see Blasphemy (band). ...
A hate crime (bias crime), loosely defined, is a crime committed because of the perpetrators prejudices. ...
Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...
Harassment Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see cyber bullying, harassment by computer, stalking, and cyberstalking). In England, in a broader form than s43 Telecommunications Act 1984, s1 Malicious Communications Act 1988 makes it an offense to send an indecent, offensive or threatening letter, electronic communication or other article to another person. Now, s2 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 criminalizes a course of conduct amounting to harassment which the defendant knows, or ought to know, amounts to harassment of another. If a reasonable person in possession of the same information would think the course of conduct amounted to harassment of the other, the knowledge will be imputed to the defendant. Although harassment is not defined, s7 states that it includes causing alarm or distress, and conduct is defined as including speech in all its forms. In DPP v Collins (2006) 1 WLR 308 the defendant repeatedly telephoned the offices of his MP on a wide range of political matters. In conversations with employees at the office and on messages left on the telephone answering machine, he used racist terms to show the frustration he felt at the way in which his affairs were being handled. No-one was personally offended, but the staff became depressed. Charged under s127(1) Communications Act 2003, the magistrates found that the terms were offensive but that a reasonable person would not find them grossly offensive. To determine whether any message content is merely offensive or grossly offensive depended on their particular circumstances and context, i.e. in the wider society which is an open and just multi-racial society, the test of offensiveness was objective. Cyber bullying or online bullying) is a term used to refer to bullying over electronic media, usually through instant messaging and email. ...
Harassment by computer is a crime in several U.S. states. ...
For other uses, see Stalking (disambiguation). ...
The principle of imputation or attribution reflects the general public policy underpinning the operation of the law which is that ignorantia juris non excusat, the Latin for ignorance of the law is no excuse. ...
More problematic are deliberate attacks which amount to defamation although, in March 2006, Michael Keith-Smith became the first person to win damages from an individual internet user after she accused him of being a 'sex offender' and 'racist blogger' on a Yahoo! discussion site. She also claimed that his wife was a prostitute. The High Court judge decided that Tracy Williams, of Oldham, was "particularly abusive" and "her statements demonstrated that ... she had no intention of stopping her libellous and defamatory behavior". She was ordered to pay £10,000 in damages, plus £7,200 costs. In general, libel is not treated as a criminal matter except when it may provoke the person defamed into retaliatory violence (see cybersmearing as it affects business [1]. All forms of unsolicited e-mail and advertisements can also be considered to be forms of Internet harassment where the content is offensive or of an explicit sexual nature. Now termed spam, it has been criminalized in various countries[2] Slander and Libel redirect here. ...
In law, damages refers to the money paid or awarded to a claimant (as it is known in the UK) or plaintiff (in the US) following their successful claim in a civil action. ...
Her Majestys High Court of Justice (usually known more simply as the High Court) is, together with the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal, part of the Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales (which under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, is to be known as the...
In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ...
The Pound sign (£) is the symbol for Pound sterling, the currency of the United Kingdom, and some other currencies of the same name in other countries. ...
This article is about electronic spam. ...
Drug Trafficking Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.
The Internet's easy-to-learn, fast-paced character, global impact, and fairly reliable privacy features facilitate the marketing of illicit drugs. Detecting money laundering of cash earned by drug traffickers is very difficult, because dealers are now able to use electronic commerce and Internet banking facilities. Also, traffickers have been using online package tracking services offered by courier companies to keep tabs on the progress of their shipments. If there happened to be some sort of undue delay, this could signal authority interception of the drugs, which would still allow the dealers time to cover their tracks. Law enforcement is also more deficient because illicit drug deals are arranged instantaneously, over short distances, making interception by authorities much more difficult. Online banking (Internet banking) is a term used for performing transactions, payments etc. ...
The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away. Furthermore, traditional drug recipes were carefully kept secrets. But with modern computer technology, this information is now being made available to anyone with computer access.
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Government officials and IT security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet probes and server scans since early 2001. There is a growing concern among federal officials [attribution needed] that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyberterrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyberterrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack against computers, network, and the information stored on them. Cyber-terrorism is terrorism that uses cracking over computer networks and Internet-based attacks in the service of terrorism. ...
Cyber-terrorism is terrorism that uses cracking over computer networks and Internet-based attacks in the service of terrorism. ...
Even before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. government considered the potential threat of cyberterrorism serious enough that is established the National Infrastructure Protection Center in February 1998. This function was transferred to the Homeland Security Department's Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate to serve as a focal point for threat assessment, warning, investigation, and response for threats or attacks against US critical infrastructure, which provide telecommunications, energy, banking and finance, water systems, government operations, and emergency services. Successful cyberattacks against the facilities that provide these services could cause widespread and massive disruptions to the normal function of our society. is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...
1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...
Cyberterrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources. As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. At worst, cyberterrorist may use the Internet or computer resources to carry out an actual attack.
Documented Cases of Computer Crimes - The Yahoo website was attacked at 10:30 PST on Monday, 7 February 2000. The attack lasted three hours. Yahoo was pinged at the rate of one gigabyte/second.
- On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus a total of ten counts of mischief to data for his attacks on Amazon.com, eBay, Dell Computer, Outlaw.net, and Yahoo. MafiaBoy had also attacked other websites, but prosecutors decided that a total of 66 counts was enough. MafiaBoy pled not guilty.
- About fifty computers at Stanford University, and also computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the zombie computers sending pings in DoS attacks.
- In 26 March 1999, the Melissa worm infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.
is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...
MafiaBoy was the Internet alias of a high school student from the upscale area of the West Island in Montreal, Canada who launched a series of highly publicized denial-of-service attacks in February 2000 against large commercial websites including Yahoo!, Amazon. ...
Amazon. ...
This article is about the online auction center. ...
Dell, Inc. ...
Yahoo! - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Stanford redirects here. ...
A zombie computer (often abbreviated zombie) is a computer attached to the Internet that has been compromised by a security cracker, a computer virus, or a trojan horse. ...
March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the year. ...
The Melissa worm, also known as Mailissa, Simpsons, Kwyjibo, or Kwejeebo, is a mass-mailing macro virus, hence leading some to classify it as a computer worm. ...
See also Cybercrime is a term used broadly to describe activity in which computers or networks are a tool, a target, or a place of criminal activity. ...
Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owners informed consent. ...
DoS redirects here. ...
This article is about computer hacking. ...
In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents (for a complete definition: see below). ...
In the context of computer software, a Trojan horse is a program that installs malicious software while under the guise of doing something else. ...
Cyber-terrorism is terrorism that uses cracking over computer networks and Internet-based attacks in the service of terrorism. ...
Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent. ...
Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk someone. ...
Identity theft is a term first appearing in U.S. literature in the 1990s, leading to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. ...
An example of a phishing email, disguised as an official email from a (fictional) bank. ...
Virtual crime or in-game crime refers to a virtual criminal act that takes place in a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG), usually an MMORPG. The huge time and effort invested into such games can lead online crime to spill over into real world crime, and even blur the distinctions...
Applicable laws
United States - ACCESS DEVICE FRAUD. 18 U.S.C. § 1029. Fraud and related activity in connection with access devices.
- CAN-SPAM ACT. 15 U.S.C. § 7704. Controlling The Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003.
- EXTORTION AND THREATS. 18 U.S.C. § 875. EXTORTION and THREATS. Interstate communications.
- IDENTITY THEFT AND ASSUMPTION DETERRENCE ACT of 1998. 18 U.S.C. § 1028. Fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information.
- No Electronic Theft ("NET") Act. 17 U.S.C. § 506. Criminal Offenses. (criminal copyright infringement)
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA) . 17 U.S.C. § 1201. Circumvention of copyright protection systems.
- Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2701, et seq. (STORED WIRE AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSACTIONAL RECORDS ACCESS)
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act[see note] is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1984 intended to reduce hacking of computer systems. ...
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States copyright law which criminalizes production and dissemination of technology that can circumvent measures taken to protect copyright, not merely infringement of copyright itself, and heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. ...
The Canadian Criminal Code (formal title An Act respecting the Criminal Law) is the codification of most of the criminal offenses and procedure in Canada. ...
The Canadian Criminal Code (formal title An Act respecting the Criminal Law) is the codification of most of the criminal offenses and procedure in Canada. ...
- The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (chapter 24.)
- Potentially the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 (chapter 45) may also apply in relation to forgery of electronic payment instruments accepted within the United Kingdom.
The Computer Misuse Act 1990 is an Act of the UK Parliament. ...
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIP or RIPA) is a United Kingdom law covering the interception of communications. ...
The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was formally introduced into the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 19 November 2001 two months after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York. ...
The Data Protection Act (DPA) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament. ...
The Fraud Act 2006 (2006 c. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 is a law in the United Kingdom which make it unlawful to transmit an automated recorded message for direct marketing purposes via a telephone, without prior consent of the subscriber. ...
- Cybercrime Act 2001 (Commonwealth)
- Crimes Act 1900 (NSW): Part 6, ss 308-308I.
- Criminal Code (WA): Section 440a, Unlawful Operation of a Computer System
Others - Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime
- Global Survey of Cybercrime Law
- Unauthorized Access Penal Laws in 44 Countries
The Convention on Cybercrime is the first international treaty seeking to address Internet crimes by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques and increasing cooperation among nations. ...
Academic resources - Cybercrimes.net and Cyb3rCrim3.org Susan W. Brenner
- Cybercrime - High Tech crime JISC Legal Information Service
- A Guide to Computer Crime Practitioner.Com
- Criminal Justice Resources - Cybercrime
- Cybercrime NYLS
Government resources - Cybercrime.gov US Department of Justice CCIPS
- US CERT United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT)
- FBI Cyber Investigations Home Page
- US Secret Service Computer Fraud
- On Guard OnGuardOnline.gov provides practical tips from the federal government and the technology industry to help you be on guard against Internet fraud, secure your computer, and protect your personal information.
- ID Theft one-stop national resource to learn about the crime of identity theft
- FindLaw Computer Crime
- RCMP Computer Crime Prevention Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Other external links - Australian High Tech Crime Centre
- Australian Computer Abuse Research Bureau (ACARB) introduction to computer abuse concepts
- European Convention on Cybercrime [3]
- Computer Crime Research Center - Daily news about computer crime, Internet fraud and cyber terrorism
- Computer Forensics
- Cyber Crime Law - News and commentary on preventing, detecting, and prosecuting computer crimes
- Information Security Investigations - Real-life stories of hunting down computer criminals and cyber terrorists
- http://www.cybercrime.gov - U.S. Department of Justice cybercrime web site
- http://www.e-crimecongress.org - Annual e-Crime Conference Serving Europe & International corporations
- http://www.ecce-conference.com/ - e-crime and computer evidence conference (first held in 2005 - now an annual event)
- U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice Electronic Crime Program
- http://www.mosstingrett.no/info/legal.html#28 - The Legal Framework - Unauthorized Access to Computer Systems
- http://www.cybercrimelaw.org/index.cfm - Cybercrime Law
- http://www.rbs2.com/ccrime.htm#anchor666666 - Computer Crimes, Ronald B. Standler
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. ...
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