RAM (Random Access Memory)

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Information technology Portal

Computing is the activity of developing and using computer technology, including computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology. Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of computing and the application of the theories in computing. Look up computation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Computing is a weekly newspaper/magazine published by VNU Business Publications for the United Kingdom computer industry. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... This article is about the machine. ... Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. ... Software redirects here. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...

Computing Curricula 2005^[1] defined computing:

In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast.

Definitions

The term computing has sometimes been narrowly defined, as in a 1989 ACM report on Computing as a Discipline^[2]: The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the worlds first scientific and educational computing society. ...

The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all computing is 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'

Computing Curricula 2005^[1] also recognizes that the meaning of computing depends on the context:

Computing also has other meanings that are more specific, based on the context in which the term is used. For example, an information systems specialist will view computing somewhat differently from a software engineer. Regardless of the context, doing computing well can be complicated and difficult. Because society needs people to do computing well, we must think of computing not only as a profession but also as a discipline.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times it was used in reference to mechanical computing machines.

Science and theory

• Computer science
• Theory of computation
• Computational models
• Digital Bibliography & Library Project, as of July 2007, lists over 910 000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of computer scientists
• Scientific computing
• Metacomputing

Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... The theory of computation is the branch of computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a computer. ... DBLP, a computer science bibliography website, was originally a database and logic programming bibliography site, hosted at Universität Trier, in Germany, and has existed at least since the 1980s. ... Computer science (informally: CS or compsci) is, in its most general sense, the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. ... Scientific computing (or computational science) is the field of study concerned with constructing mathematical models and numerical solution techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific and engineering problems. ... Metacomputing is all computing and computing-oriented activitiy which involves computing knowledge (science and technology) common for the research, development and application of different types of computing. ...

Hardware

See information processor for a high-level block diagram. An information processor or information processing system, as its name suggests, is a system (be it electrical, mechanical or biological) which takes information (a sequence of enumerated states) in one form and processes (transforms) it into another form, e. ...

• Computer
• Computer hardware
• Computer Hardware Design
• Computer network
• Computer system
• History of computing hardware

This article is about the machine. ... Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. ... Hardware Design, or computer hardware design, is integral to how a computer operates. ... A computer network is an interconnection of a group of computers. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and computer data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. ...

Instruction-level taxonomies

After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include: Different types of RAM. From top to bottom: DIP, SIPP, SIMM 30 pin, SIMM 72 pin, DIMM, RIMM RAM redirects here. ...

• designing instruction set architectures with simpler, faster instructions: RISC as opposed to CISC
• Superscalar instruction execution
• VLIW architectures, which make parallelism explicit

An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA), describes the aspects of a computer architecture visible to a programmer, including the native datatypes, instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external I/O (if any). ... Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), is a microprocessor CPU design philosophy that favors a smaller and simpler set of instructions that all take about the same amount of time to execute. ... A Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) is an instruction set architecture (ISA) in which each instruction can indicate several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. ... Simple superscalar pipeline. ... A Very Long Instruction Word or VLIW CPU architecture implements a form of instruction level parallelism. ...

Software

• Software engineering
• Computer programming
• Computational
• Software patent
• Firmware
• Operating systems
• Application Software
  • Databases
  • Geographic information system
  • Spreadsheet
  • Word processor
• Programming languages
  • interpreters
  • compilers
• Speech recognition

Software redirects here. ... Software engineering (SE) is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... Programming redirects here. ... This article is about the machine. ... Software patent does not have a universally accepted definition. ... A microcontroller, like this PIC18F8720 is controlled by firmware stored inside on FLASH memory In computing, firmware is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... This article is about computing. ... GIS redirects here. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... A word processor (also more formally known as a document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of viewable or printed material. ... Other listings of programming languages are: Categorical list of programming languages Generational list of programming languages Chronological list of programming languages Note: Esoteric programming languages have been moved to the separate List of esoteric programming languages. ... In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that executes, or performs, instructions written in a computer programming language. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... Speech recognition (in many contexts also known as automatic speech recognition, computer speech recognition or erroneously as voice recognition) is the process of converting a speech signal to a sequence of words in the form of digital data, by means of an algorithm implemented as a computer program. ...

History of computing

• History of computing hardware from the tally stick to the quantum computer
• History of computer science
• Punch Card
• Unit record equipment
• IBM 700/7000 series
• IBM 1400 series
• System/360
• Early IBM disk storage

Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and computer data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. ... Tally sticks are an ancient mnemonic device (memory aid) to record and document numbers or quantities even messages. ... The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computers. ... The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the twentieth century. ... Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. ... Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or tabulating machines. ... The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of incompatible large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s. ... The IBM 1400 series was a family of mid-range buisiness computers that IBM sold in the early 1960s as a replacement for unit record equipment. ... System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... Magnetic disk storage is a critical component of the computer revolution. ...

Business computing

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... CADD and CAD redirect here. ... Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product components. ... The CAD system of a fire department on a busy day. ... Customer relationship management (CRM) is a broad term that covers concepts used by companies to manage their relationships with customers, including the capture, storage and analysis of customer, vendor, partner, and internal process information. ... A data warehouse is the main repository of an organizations historical data, its corporate memory. ... Decision support systems are a class of computer-based information systems including knowledge based systems that support decision making activities. ... Electronic data processing(also: Information Technology or IT) can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data. ... Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERPs) integrate (or attempt to integrate) all data and processes of an organization into a unified system. ... GIS redirects here. ... Management Information Systems (MIS), sometimes referred to as Information Management and Systems, is the discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures — collectively called information systems — to solving business problems. ... Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP2 or MRPII) - Around 1980, over-frequent changes in sales forecasts, entailing continual reajustments in production, as well as the unsuitability of the parameters fixed by the system, led MRP (Material Requirements Planning) to evolve into a new concept : Manufacturing Resource Planning or MRP2[1] Material Requirements... Strategic Enterprise Management (SEM) refers to management techniques, metrics, and related tools (such as computer software) designed to assist companies in making high-level (strategic) decisions. ... Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain as efficiently as possible. ... This article is about managing product design and production details. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Human factors

• Accessible computing
• Human-computer interaction
• Human-centered computing

Accessible computing covers Assistive Technology Accessible Software Accessible Web Legal Issues In Accessible Computing United States Private Lawsuits Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Categories: Computer stubs | Accessibility | Disability | Assistive technology | Computing ... // Human–computer interaction (HCI), alternatively man–machine interaction (MMI) or computer–human interaction (CHI) is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. ... The field of human-centered computing (HCC) has emerged from the convergence of multiple disciplines and research areas that are concerned both with understanding human beings and with the design of computational artifacts. ...

Computer network

A computer network is an interconnection of a group of computers. ...

Wired and wireless computer network

• Types
  • Wide Area Network
  • Metropolitan Area Network
  • City Area Network
  • Village Area Network
  • Local Area Network
    • Wireless Local Area Network
• Mesh networking
• Collaborative workspace
• Internet
• Network Management

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i. ... Metropolitan area networks, or MANs, are large computer networks usually spanning a city. ... The concept of the Village Area Network or (VAN) was coined to demonstrate the importance of a networked community of technology users in small villages throughout the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta in southwest Alaska. ... LAN redirects here. ... It has been suggested that wireless network interface cards be merged into this article or section. ... Image showing mesh network layout Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. ... A collaborative workspace is an inter-connected environment in which all the participants in dispersed locations can access and interact with each other just as inside a single entity. ... Network management refers to the maintenance and administration of large-scale computer networks and telecommunications networks at the top level. ...

Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)

The main of goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network.

• Source coding
  • Codebook design for side information based transmission techniques such as Precoding
  • Wyner-Ziv coding for Cooperative wireless communications

• Security
  • Dirty paper coding for cooperative multiple antenna or user precoding

• Intelligence
  • Game theory for wireless networking
  • Cognitive communications
  • Flexible sectorization, Beamforming and SDMA

• Software
  • Software defined radio (SDR)
  • Programmable air-interface
  • Downloadble algorithm: e.g., downloadble codebook for Precoding

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Entropy encoding. ... Categories: Cryptography stubs | Cryptography ... Precoding is genralized beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in MIMO systems. ... The wireless ad-hoc network increases the flexibility of wireless networking at the cost of increased multi-user interference. ... For other uses, see Security (disambiguation). ... Dirty paper coding (DPC) is a coding technique that pre-cancels a known interference where the known interference is a interference known at the transmitter before self-data transmission. ... For other uses, see Intelligence (disambiguation). ... Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is often used in the context of economics. ... Cognitive radio is a paradigm for wireless communication in which either a network or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. ... Beamforming is a signal processing technique used with arrays of transmitting or receiving transducers that control the directionality of, or sensitivity to, a radiation pattern. ... SDMA or space-division multiple access is a channel access method which enables the use of the same frequency (for instance on GSM systems) at the same time in different spaces (cells). ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... A software-defined radio (SDR) system is a radio communication system which can tune to any frequency band and receive any modulation across a large frequency spectrum by means of programmable hardware which is controlled by software. ... Precoding is genralized beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in MIMO systems. ...

Computer security

This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering. ... Cryptology is an umbrella term for cryptography and cryptanalysis. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... Not to be confused with information technology, information science, or informatics. ... Software cracking is the modification of software to remove protection methods: copy prevention, trial/demo version, serial number, hardware key, CD check or software annoyances like nag screens and adware. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about computer hacking. ... War dialing or wardialing was a technique in the 1980s and 90s by which a computer would repeatedly dial a number (usually to a crowded modem pool) in an attempt to gain access immediately after another user had hung up. ... Wardriving is an activity consisting of driving around with a laptop or a PDA in ones vehicle, detecting Wi-Fi wireless networks. ... Social engineering is the practice of obtaining confidential information by manipulation of legitimate users. ... Dumpster diving is the practice of rummaging through trash, whether commercial or residential, to find items of use that have been discarded. ... Physical security describes measures that prevent or deter attackers from accessing a facility, resource, or information stored on physical media. ... A Black Bag Job or Black Bag Operation is a covert entry action undertaken by a police force or intelligence agency. ... Many current computer systems have only limited security precautions in place. ... Computer surveillance is the act of surveilling peoples computer activity without their knowledge, by accessing the computer itself. ... Defensive programming is a form of defensive design intended to ensure the continuing function of a piece of software in spite of unforeseeable usage of said software. ... A screenshot of a malicious website attempting to install spyware via an ActiveX Control in Internet Explorer 6 Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owners informed consent. ... Security engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the security and integrity of real-world systems. ...

Data

For other uses, see Data (disambiguation). ...

Numeric data

• integral data types - bit, byte, etc.
• real data types:
  • Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)
  • Fixed point
  • Rational number
• Decimal
  • Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
  • Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
  • Biquinary-coded decimal
• representation: Binary - Octal - Decimal - Hexadecimal (hex)
• Computer mathematics - Computer numbering formats -

In computer science, the term integer is used to refer to any data type which can represent some subset of the mathematical integers. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ... A floating-point number is a digital representation for a number in a certain subset of the rational numbers, and is often used to approximate an arbitrary real number on a computer. ... In computing, single precision is a computer numbering format that occupies one storage locations in computer memory at address. ... In computing, double precision is a computer numbering format that occupies two storage locations in computer memory at address and address+1. ... This article is about a form of limited-precision arithmetic in computing. ... In mathematics, a rational number is a number which can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. ... For other uses, see Decimal (disambiguation). ... In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary sequence. ... Excess-3 binary coded decimal (XS-3) is a numeral system used in some old computers. ... Bi-quinary coded decimal is a numeral encoding scheme used in many abacuses and in some early computers, including the Colossus. ... The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols, usually 0 and 1. ... The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. ... For other uses, see Decimal (disambiguation). ... In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... One of the common misunderstandings among computer users is a certain faith in the infallibility of numerical computations. ... The term computer numbering formats refers to the schemes implemented in digital computer and calculator hardware and software to represent numbers. ...

Character data

• storage: Character - String - Plain text
  • representation: ASCII - Unicode - Multibyte - EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) - Fieldata - Baudot

In computer programming and formal language theory, (and other branches of mathematics), a string is an ordered sequence of symbols. ... Computer files can be divided into two broad categories: binary and text. ... Original run July 6, 1998 – September 28, 1998 Episodes 13 Other Serial Experiments Lain video game (1998) Other media Serial Experiments Lain is an anime series directed by Ryutaro Nakamura, original character design by Yoshitoshi ABe, screenplay written by Chiaki J. Konaka, and produced by Yasuyuki Ueda (credited as production... Computer files can be divided into two broad categories: binary and text. ... Image:ASCII fullsvg There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding (code page) used on IBM mainframe operating systems, like z/OS, OS/390, VM and VSE, as well as IBM minicomputer operating systems like OS/400 and i5/OS. It is also employed on various non-IBM... Fieldata was a pioneering computer project run by the US Army Signal Corps in the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard for collecting and distributing battlefield information. ... The Baudot code, named after its inventor Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII and used originally and primarily on teleprinters. ...

Other data topics

• Data compression
• Digital signal processing
• Image processing
• Indexed
• Data management
• Routing

Source coding redirects here. ... Digital signal processing (DSP) is the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals. ... UPIICSA IPN - Binary image Image processing is any form of information processing for which the input is an image, such as photographs or frames of video; the output is not necessarily an image, but can be for instance a set of features of the image. ... Look up Index in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. ... This article is about routing (or routeing) in computer networks. ...

Mechatronics

• Punch card
• Key punch
• Unit record equipment

Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering (mecha for mechanisms, i. ... Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. ... IBM 029 keypunch. ... Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or tabulating machines. ...

Classes of computers

A page from the Bombardiers Information File (BIF) that describes the components and controls of the Norden bombsight. ... For other uses, see Calculator (disambiguation). ... Bold text Desktop computer with several common peripherals (Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, microphone and a printer) A desktop computer is a gay electronic machine computer which convert raw data into meaningful information, made for use on a desk in an office or home and is distinguished from portable computers such... Desktop replacement computers are personal computers that are designed to provide the full capabilities of a desktop computer while remaining portable. ... ... An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. ... Children playing on a Amstrad CPC 464 in the 1980s. ... For the band, see Laptop (band). ... For other uses, see Mainframe. ... Minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a largely obsolete term for a class of multi-user computers which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (traditionally, mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). ... The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best selling model of home computer of all time. ... A Portable computer is a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another (in other words, it is a computer that is portable). ... User with Treo (PDA with smartphone functionality) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are handheld computers, but have become much more versatile over the years. ... Handheld devices (also known as handhelds) are pocket-sized computing devices that are rapidly gaining popularity as the access to information in every walk of life becomes more and more mission critical. ... PLC & input/output arrangements A programmable logic controller (PLC), or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. ... In information technology, a server is an application or device that performs services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. ... For other uses, see Supercomputer (disambiguation). ... A Tablet PC is a notebook- or slate-shaped mobile computer. ... Game console redirects here. ... Sun SPARCstation 1+, 25 MHz RISC processor from early 1990s A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or engineering workstation, is a high-end desktop or deskside microcomputer designed for technical applications. ...

Companies - current

Apple Inc. ... Avaya Inc. ... Dell Inc. ... For the district in Saga, Japan, see Fujitsu, Saga. ... Gateway, Inc. ... Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Computer or, informally, as Bull) is a French computer company based in Paris. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... It has been suggested that Hitachi Works be merged into this article or section. ... Intel redirects here. ... International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ... Lenovo Group Limited, formerly known as Legend Group Limited, is the largest personal computer manufacturer in the Peoples Republic of China, and as of 2004 is the eighth largest in the world. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... NEC Corporation (Jp. ... Novell was also the name of a road bicycle racing team. ... Panasonic is an international brand name for Japanese electric products manufacturer Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. ... For other uses, see Red Hat (disambiguation). ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ...

Companies - historic

• Acorn, bought by Olivetti
• Bendix Corporation
• Burroughs Corporation, merged with Sperry to become Unisys
• Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard
• Control Data
• Cray
• Data General
• Digital Equipment Corporation, bought by Compaq, in turn bought by Hewlett-Packard
• Digital Research - a software company for the early microprocessor-based computers
• English Electric
• Ferranti
• General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Bull
• Honeywell, computer division bought by Bull
• ICL
• Leo
• Lisp Machines, Inc.
• Marconi
• Nixdorf Computer, bought by Siemens
• Olivetti
• Osborne
• Packard Bell
• Prime Computer
• Raytheon
• Royal McBee
• RCA
• Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox
• Siemens
• Sinclair Research, created the ZX Spectrum, ZX80 and ZX81
• Sperry, which bought UNIVAC, and later merged with Burroughs to become Unisys
• Symbolics
• UNIVAC
• Varian Data Machines, a division of Varian Associates which was bought by Sperry
• Wang

Acorn Computers Ltd. ... Olivetti Lettera 22, 1950 Ing. ... The Bendix Corporation was founded in 1924 by the inventor Vincent Bendix. ... William Seward Burroughs (1857-1898), US inventor William S. Burroughs (1914-1997), author and grandson of William Seward Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), American author of Tarzan fame The Burroughs Corporation began in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company in St. ... Sperry Corporation was a major American equipment and electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century. ... Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Control Data Corporation, or CDC, was one of the pioneering supercomputer firms. ... For other uses, see Cray (disambiguation). ... Data General was one of the first minicomputer firms from the late 1960s. ... Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Digital Research, Inc. ... English Electric logo English Electric was a 20th-century British industrial manufacturer, initially of electric motors, and expanding to include railway locomotives and aviation, before becoming part of GEC. // 1917: Dick, Kerr & Co. ... Ferranti or Ferranti International plc by the time of its collapse, was a major UK electrical engineering and equipment firm, known primarily for defence electronics and power grid systems. ... “GE” redirects here. ... Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Stock Certificate dated 1924 signed by Mark C. Honeywell - courtesy of Scripophily. ... Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Computer or, informally, as Bull) is a French computer company based in Paris. ... Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Stock Certificate dated 1924 signed by Mark C. Honeywell - courtesy of Scripophily. ... Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Computer or, informally, as Bull) is a French computer company based in Paris. ... International Computers Ltd, or ICL, was a large British computer hardware, computer software and computer services company that operated from 1968 until 2002, when it was renamed Fujitsu Services Limited after its parent company, Fujitsu. ... The British LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office I) computer, ran its first business application in 1951. ... Lisp Machines, Inc. ... The Marconi Company Ltd. ... Nixdorf Computer AG was a computer company founded by Heinz Nixdorf in 1968. ... Siemens redirects here. ... Olivetti Lettera 22, 1950 Ing. ... The Osborne Computer Corporation (OCC) was founded by Adam Osborne in 1980 based on a product of not just personal computers but portable computers. ... Two different consumer electronics companies have used the Packard Bell name. ... Prime Computer was a Natick, Massachusetts-based producer of minicomputers from 1972 until 1992. ... Raytheon Company (NYSE: RTN) is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in defense systems and defense and commercial electronics. ... Royal McBee is the name of the comupter manufacturing and retail division of Royal Typewriter wich made the early computers RPC 4000 and RPC 9000 [[1]]. Other sources also credit it as the manufacturer of the LGP-21 and the LGP-30 [2] [3] [4]. Note that the Wikipedia article... RCA, formerly an acronym for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark owned by Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson. ... Scientific Data Systems, or SDS, was a computer company founded in September 1961 by Max Palevsky, a veteran of Packard Bell and Bendix, along with eleven other computer scientists. ... Xerox Corporation (NYSE: XRX) (name pronounced ) is a global document management company, which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction systems, photo copiers, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies. ... Siemens redirects here. ... Sinclair Research Ltd was a home computer company founded by Sir Clive Sinclair in Cambridge, England. ... The ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd. ... The Sinclair ZX80 was a home computer brought to market in 1980 by Sinclair Research of Cambridge, England. ... ZX81 logo The Sinclair ZX81 home computer, released by Sinclair Research in 1981, was the follow up to the companys ZX80. ... Sperry Corporation was a major American equipment and electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century. ... UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name, which through mergers and acquisitions underwent numerous name changes. ... William Seward Burroughs (1857-1898), US inventor William S. Burroughs (1914-1997), author and grandson of William Seward Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), American author of Tarzan fame The Burroughs Corporation began in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company in St. ... Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ... UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name, which through mergers and acquisitions underwent numerous name changes. ... Varian Data Machines was a division of Varian Associates which sold minicomputers. ... Varian Associates was a company founded in 1948 by Russell and Sigurd Varian, William Hansen, and Edward Ginzton to sell the klystron, the first tube which could generate electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies, and other electromagnetic equipment. ... Sperry may refer to: Persons: Brett Sperry (contemporary), American video game designer Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860–1930), American inventor and entrepreneur, founder of Sperry Gyroscope Company Joseph Evans Sperry (1854–1930), American architect Mario Sperry (1952—), Brazilian martial artist Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913–1994), American neurobiologist and Nobel laureate Place... Wang logo circa 1976. ...

Organizations

Professional

• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
• British Computer Society (BCS)
• Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
• Computer Measurement Group (CMG)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
• Institution of Electrical Engineers
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the worlds first scientific and educational computing society. ... Established in 1957, The British Computer Society (BCS) is a body that represents those working in Information and Communications Technology ICT. It is the largest United Kingdom-based professional body for computing. ... The Canadian Information Processing Society (C.I.P.S) is the Information Technology professional society in Canada. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). ... An organizational unit of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), established in 1963 when the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) merged to create the IEEE. At the time of the merger, the AIEE’s Subcommittee on Large-Scale Computing (established... Not to be confused with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, I-triple-E). ... The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic and related technologies. ...

Standards bodies

See also: Standardization and Standards organization “Standard” redirects here. ... A standards organization, also sometimes referred to as a standards body, a standards development organization or SDO (depending on what is being referenced), is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of...

• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic and related technologies. ... “ISO” redirects here. ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ... The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standard bodies; and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite. ... WWWC redirects here. ...

Open standards

See also Open standard This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ...

• Apdex Alliance -- Application Performance Index
• Application Response Measurement (ARM)

Apdex (Application Performance Index) is an open standard developed by an alliance of companies. ... Application Response Measurement (ARM) is an open standard for monitoring and diagnosing performance bottlenecks within complex enterprise applications that use loosely-coupled designs or service-oriented architectures. ...

See also

• List of computer term etymologies
• Load (computing)

This is a list of the origins of computer-related terms (i. ... The system load is a UNIX computing term that describes the amount of work that a computer system is doing. ...

External links

• Wikipedia tree hierarchy of categories and pages under Computing

References