| Brain: Corpus calosum | | | | Corpus callosum from above. (Anterior portion is at the top of the image.) | | | | Median sagittal section of brain (person faces to the left). Corpus callosum visible at center, in light gray.) | | Gray's | subject #189 828 | | NeuroNames | hier-173 | | MeSH | Corpus+Callosum | The corpus callosum is a structure of the mammalian brain in the longitudal fissure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200-250 million contralateral axonal projections. It is a wide, flat bundle of axons beneath the cortex. Much of the inter-hemispheric communication in the brain is conducted across the corpus callosum. Image File history File links Gray733. ...
Image File history File links Gray720. ...
It has been suggested that Human Anatomical Terms be merged into this article or section. ...
NeuroNames is a system of nomenclature for the brain and related structures. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species...
In animals the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
The human brain as viewed from above, showing the cerebral hemispheres. ...
White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. ...
It has been suggested that Human Anatomical Terms be merged into this article or section. ...
An axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body or soma. ...
Location of the cerebral cortex Slice of the cerebral cortex, ca. ...
Monotremes and marsupials do not have a corpus callosum. Families †Kollikodontidae Ornithorhynchidae - Platypus Tachyglossidae - Echidnas †Steropodontidae Monotremes (monos, single + trema, hole; refers to the cloaca) are mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials (Metatheria) and placental mammals (Eutheria). ...
Orders Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Sparassodonta (extinct) Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ...
Regions
The posterior portion of the corpus callosum is called the splenium; the anterior is called the genu (or "knee"); between the two is the body. It has been suggested that Human Anatomical Terms be merged into this article or section. ...
The posterior end of the corpus callosum is the thickest part, and is termed the splenium. ...
It has been suggested that Human Anatomical Terms be merged into this article or section. ...
The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, which is connected below with the lamina terminalis. ...
The most anterior part is the rostrum. The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, which is connected below with the lamina terminalis. ...
In humans, disputed claims have been made about the importance for gender difference of a difference in size between the corpus callosum in males and females, and analogous racial claims. RB Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, suggested in 1906 that the "exceptional size of the corpus callosum may mean exceptional intellectual activity" and claimed gender differences which were refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.[1] 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Of much more substantial popular impact was a 1982 Science article claiming to be the first report of a reliable sex difference in human brain morphology and arguing for relevance to cognitive gender differences.[2] This paper appears to be the source of a large number of lay explanations of perceived male-female difference in behaviour: for example Newsweek stated in 1992 that the corpus callosum was "Often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross talk between the hemispheres—possibly the basis for woman’s "intuition". It has also been used, for example, as the explanation of an increased single-task orientation of male, relative to female, learners; a smaller male corpus is said to make it harder for the left and right sides of the brain to work together and to explain a greater feminine ability to multitask. 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Science, the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), is one of the worlds most prestigious scientific publications. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
Intuition is an unconscious form of knowledge. ...
The relationship between known gender-specific biology (such as males having, in general, higher testosterone levels than females) and claims about behaviour (such as human males being more competitive) remains a highly contested one. Unusually, the scientific dispute in the case of the corpus callosum is not about the implications of biological difference, but whether such a difference actually exists. A substantial review paper performed a meta-analysis of 49 studies and found, contrary to de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway, that males have a larger corpus callosum, a relationship that is true whether or not account is taken of larger male brain size.[1] Bishop and Wahlstein found that "the widespread belief that women have a larger splenium than men and consequently think differently is untenable." However, more recent studies using new techniques revealed morphological sex differences in human corpus callosum.[3][4] Whether, and to what extent, these morphological differences are associated with behavioural and cognitive differences between males and females is unclear. Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ...
Ralph Holloway (b. ...
Pathology This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC) is a rare birth defect (congenital disorder) in which there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum. ...
Split-brain is the condition where the corpus callosum connecting the two halves of the brain is severed to some degree. ...
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a congenital malformation syndrome manifested by hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of the optic nerve, hypopituitarism, and absence of the septum pellucidum (a midline part of the brain). ...
External links BrainMaps is an NIH-funded interactive zoomable high-resolution digital brain atlas and virtual microscope that is based on more than 10 million megapixels (30 terabytes) of scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non-primate brains and that is integrated with a high-speed database for querying...
Additional images Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. Image File history File links Gray715. ...
| Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons. Image File history File links Gray717. ...
| Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle. Image File history File links Gray718. ...
| Coronal section of lateral and third ventricles. Image File history File links Gray723. ...
| Central part and anterior and posterior cornua of lateral ventricles exposed from above. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
| Coronal section through anterior cornua of lateral ventricles. Image File history File links Gray743. ...
| Coronal section of brain through anterior commissure. Image File history File links Gray744. ...
| Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ. Image File history File links Gray768. ...
| Corpus callosum Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
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References - ^ a b Bishop, K.M. and D. Wahlsten. "Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality?", Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 581–601, 1997.
- ^ de Lacoste-Utamsing, C., Holloway, R. L. "Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum." Science, 216, 1431–1432, 1982.
- ^ Dubb A, Gur R, Avants B, Gee J. "Characterization of sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum." Neuroimage. 2003 Sep;20(1):512-9.
- ^ Shin YW, Kim DJ, Ha TH, Park HJ, Moon WJ, Chung EC, Lee JM, Kim IY, Kim SI, Kwon JS. "Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: diffusion tensor imaging study." Neuroreport. 2005 May 31;16(8):795-8.
| Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) | | primary sulci/fissures | medial longitudinal, lateral, central, parietoöccipital, calcarine, cingulate | | frontal lobe | precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, 4), precentral sulcus, superior frontal gyrus (6, 8), middle frontal gyrus (46), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, 44-pars opercularis, 45-pars triangularis), prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47) | | parietal lobe | postcentral sulcus, postcentral gyrus (1, 2, 3, 43), superior parietal lobule (5), inferior parietal lobule (39-angular gyrus, 40), precuneus (7), intraparietal sulcus | | occipital lobe | primary visual cortex (17), cuneus, lingual gyrus, 18, 19 (18 and 19 span whole lobe) | | temporal lobe | transverse temporal gyrus (41-42-primary auditory cortex), superior temporal gyrus (38, 22-Wernicke's area), middle temporal gyrus (21), inferior temporal gyrus (20), fusiform gyrus (36, 37) | | limbic lobe/fornicate gyrus | cingulate cortex/cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), posterior cingulate (23, 31),
isthmus (26, 29, 30), parahippocampal gyrus (piriform cortex, 25, 27, 35), entorhinal cortex (28, 34) | | subcortical/insular cortex | rhinencephalon, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, corpus callosum (splenium, genu, rostrum), lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, ependyma, internal capsule, corona radiata, external capsule, fornix (commissure of fornix), anterior commissure, posterior commissure | | hippocampal formation | dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum | | basal ganglia | striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen), lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus), claustrum, extreme capsule, amygdala, nucleus accumbens | | Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. | |
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