NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Corsican language

Corsican (Corsu or Lingua Corsa) is a Romance language spoken and written on the island of Corsica (France), alongside French, which is the official language. Historically Corsu is the native language of Corsica, once spoken as a first and only language by the nearly all the population. After over 200 years of being an integral part of France, nearly the entire population is fluent in French, their first language, an estimated 50% of those also have some degree of proficiency in Corsu, and a small minority, perhaps 10%, use Corsu as a first language. For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... Sardinia (pronounced ; Italian: ; Sardinian: or ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily). ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 443 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 443 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ...

Population of speakers

The January 1, 2007 estimated population of the island being about 281,000 persons, the figure for the March 8, 1999 census, when most of the studies - though not the linguistic survey work referenced in this article - were performed, was about 261,000 (see under Corsica). Only a certain percentage of the population at either time spoke Corsu with any fluency. The 2001 population of 341,000 speakers on the island given by Ethnologue^[1] is thus quite impossible, erring by at least 23% on the high side. Their figure of 402,000 speakers worldwide must be over-sanguine by at least the same percentage, probably more. For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles in their native language. ...

The use of Corsican over French had been declining. In 1980 about 70% of the population "had some command of the Corsican language."^[2] In 1990 out of a total population of about 254,000 the percentage had declined to 50%, with only 10% using it as a first language.^[3] The language was clearly on the way out when the French government reversed its non-supportive stand and began some strong measures to save it.

Whether these measures will succeed remains to be discovered. No recent statistics on Corsu are available. If 50% of the population had some measure of proficiency in 1990, assuming that the measures were effective in at least halting the decline, an estimated 140,000 persons are proficient in Corsican today.

UNESCO classifies the Corsican language as a potentially endangered language, which has "a large number of children speakers" but is "without an official or prestigious status."^[4] The classification does not state that the language is currently endangered, only that it is potentially so. In fact it is being vigorously affirmed by a population that, from the university professors to the agricultural workers, insists on speaking and writing in Corsu. Often acting according to the current long-standing sentiment unknown Corsicans cross out French roadway signs and paint in the Corsu names. The Corsican language is a key vehicle for Corsican culture, which is notably rich in proverbs and in polyphonic song. Org type Specialized Agency Acronyms UNESCO Head Director General of UNESCO KoÃ¯chiro Matsuura Japan Status Active Established 1945 Website www. ... Look up proverb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ...

Government encouragement

The 1991 "Joxe Statute", which takes its name from the then French Interior Minister, Pierre Joxe, in setting up the Collectivité Territoriale de Corse, also provided for the Assemblée de Corse, and charged it with developing a plan for the optional teaching of Corsu. The University of Corsica Pascal Paoli at Corte took a central role in the planning. These measures amount to support of the Corsican language by the French government through Corsican intermediaries.^[5] Pierre Joxe is a member of the Constitutional Council of France since 2001. ... The University of Corsica Pascal Paoli (UniversitÃ di Corsica Pasquale Paoli, in Corsican, or UniversitÃ© de Corse Pascal Paoli, in French) is a French university, based in Corte, Corsica. ... Corte (Corsican Corti) in is a town and a commune in the Haute-Corse dÃ©partement in central Corsica, in France. ...

At the primary school level Corsu can be taught up to a fixed number of hours per week (three in the year 2000) and is a voluntary subject at the secondary school level, but is required at the University of Corsica. It is available through adult education. It can be spoken in court or in the conduct of other government business if the officials concerned speak it. The Cultural Council of the Corsican Assembly advocates for its use; for example, on public signs.

Sources

The recognition by the government of France of only one official language gives an inadvertent social instability to Corsican. Its legal status therefore is a major current issue in Corsica. According to the anthropologist, Dumenica Verdoni, keeping Corsican alive is an integral part of affirming Corsican identity.^[6] To some degree the language was already being counted as dead by non-Corsicans, or as having never been a language to begin with. One may read on every hand mythological statements affirming that Corsican was never written and so there is no record of it, or that nothing is known of it prior to the 19th century. In addition to being totally false these obituaries are somewhat premature.

Part of the affirmation is the conscious creation of a modern literature in it, the Riacquistu. Persons who had a notable career in France returned to Corsica to write in Corsican, such as the musical producers, Dumenicu Togniotti, director of the Teatru Paisanu, which produced polyphonic musicals, 1973-1982, followed in 1980 by Michel Raffaelli's Teatru di a Testa Mora, and Saveriu Valentini's Teatru Cupabbia in 1984.^[7]

The descent of Corsican

In the absence of an officially sanctioned language academy the Corsican language was influenced by the languages of the major powers taking an interest in Corsican affairs; earlier by those of the Medieval Italian powers: Tuscany, Pisa and Genoa, more recently by France, which, since 1789, has promulgated the official Parisian French. Whereas there is a "pure French" defined by a French academy, there is no "pure Corsican." The term gallicised Corsican refers to Corsu up to about the year 1950. The term distanciated Corsican refers to an idealized Corsu from which various agents have succeeded in removing French or other elements. The question remains, what classification shall be assigned to the purified core language?^[8] For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pisa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ...

The only foreign nations ever to exercise a profound influence over the entire island are the Roman Republic with the subsequent Roman Empire and the French Republic, in whose revolutionary foundation some Corsicans played a key role. Rome converted the unknown prehistoric language(s) of Corsica to the Latin language throughout the island so pervasively that at its political fall not a trace of the former language, as far as is known, remained. This article is about the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For the state which existed in the 18th century, see Roman Republic (18th century). ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

Many other civilizations held some or all of the coastal cities for a time by means of castles and fleets but never with the assent of the entire population and never with complete control over the uplands or distribution over them. Corsu therefore evolved from the Latin of the island and was not a branch of Tuscan or Genoese. By the time the forces of Tuscany arrived in the 8th century, they were already speaking early Italian and the Corsicans Corsu. These historical circumstances lead to some fundamental facts about the language: it was certainly Indo-European, certainly Romance and certainly derived from a Corsican, not an Italian, line of descent. Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...

Classification by subjective analysis

Compelling as those circumstances are, they do not suffice to determine the exact relationships between Corsican, the various dialects past and present of Italian and Sardinian. One of the main sources of confusion in popular classifications is the difference between a dialect and a language. Typically it is not possible to ascertain what an author means by these terms. For example, one might read that Corsican is a "central southern Italian dialect" along with Tuscan, Campanian, Sicilian and others^[9] or that it is "closely related to the Tuscan dialect of Italian,"^[10] where it is generally understood that modern Italian came from Tuscan. It is impossible to discern from these statements whether Corsican is or is not Italian, is or is not Tuscan and did or did not come from the ancient Tuscan dialect. For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... The Italian people generally indicates as Italian dialects all vernacular idioms spoken in Italy other than Italian and other recognized languages. ...

Turning to the professional comparatists it is possible to definitely say, Corsican is not Tuscan and is not Italian. For example one of the characteristics of Tuscan and Italian is that Latin -u- in -us becomes -o: annus "year" but Italian anno. Corsican has annu, retaining the -u. Or, the -re infinitive ending as in Latin mittere, "send", is retained in Tuscan but lost in Corsican, which has mette/metta, "to put." The Latin relative pronoun, qui, "who, what", is inflected in Latin and Italian but in Corsican is the uninflectable chì. The number and profundity of differences is large and preclude the idea that they came from Tuscan rather than from Latin.^[11] It is perhaps best to believe the professional linguists when they say "the Corsican language is not the same as Tuscan" and "Corsican has preserved certain Latin forms which have disappeared elsewhere."^[12] If Corsican is not Italian it cannot be a dialect of Italian whether north or central or be Tuscan either or one of a group of related Tuscan dialects. This article is in need of attention. ...

The classification of Corsu as an independent Romance language depends on the Romance classifications available. Typically feature-by-feature phonetic and morphological comparisons establish a subjective degree of similarity between languages, it being assumed that, taking loans and influences into consideration, the most similar have the nearest common ancestor. For the Romance languages the comparisons are voluminous and considerable variation of classification exists. In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ... In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest lingual unit that carries a semantic interpretation. ...

Classification by statistical analysis

After the year 2000 a new approach to language classification made its debut. Given n graphemes (an alphabet of n letters) the frequency of any digraph (two letters)^[13] n_in_j in writing samples of a language approaches a fixed value. Using an alphabet of 26 letters plus a space it is possible to set up a matrix of 27x27 frequencies unique to that language and therefore called its Statistical Language Signature (SLS). In typography, a grapheme is the atomic unit in written language. ... Look up matrix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The SLS is an abstract summary of all the lexical items and morphological features that distinguish the language and therefore determine the overall order of its digraphs. The statistical distance of one SLS from another measures the similarity of the two languages in a totally objective manner; that is, it does not depend on a subjective analysis of features or value decisions as to which should be considered. There is some variability of the signature depending on the selection of samples and the mathematical methods of conceiving and computing distance.

The ability to characterize languages by numbers creates a sample space for them in which the clustering of points reveals groups of similar languages, or if samples are taken from the history of the language, graphs that trace the divergence of languages from each other. These methods are limited only by the comprehensiveness of the sample texts. In probability theory, the sample space or universal sample space, often denoted S, Î© or U (for universe), of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes. ...

An initial effort to develop a language classification tree having turned out unsatisfactorily in 2002 because of insufficient data a second effort in 2003^[14] utilized the text of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 52 languages as sample texts to develop two trees by two different statistical methods with results that confirmed the traditional grouping with some startling exceptions. English, for example, signs as a Romance language, which is understandable, as Middle English was a Gallicized version of Old English. By one method Sardinian and Corsican are very close but by the other rather distant, with neither being close to Italian. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

A recent attempt to bring the tree into sharper focus on the Romance languages diminished the number of languages to 34 and the statistical parameters to the Frobenius Distance and the Kalin (1-norm) Distance.^[15] It expanded the data set to include also other documents reflecting spoken language, such as newspapers, and made it diachronic, going back 22 centuries. Sardinian was not included but the results for Corsican are precise. There are no early documents for it, of course, but there are for Latin, Italian and others, which are sufficient to establish the points in sample space.

Corsican diverged from Italian, Corsican-Italian from Friulian and that group from a larger that includes Latin on the one hand and almost all the others on the other. In other words, there was a common ancestor on Italian soil and Corsica. The ancestor was not Latin and was to be distinguished from ancestors on other soils, in Iberia and Gaul. However, Romanian signs with the Balto-Slavic languages. Friulian (friulano in Italian, Furlan in Friulian) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaetian languages family, spoken in the north-east of Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia province) by about 600,000 people. ... The name Iberia refers to two distinct regions of the old world: The Iberian Peninsula, in Southwest Europe, location of modern-day Spain and Portugal, home to the pre-Roman Iberians. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...

The "Italian" from which Corsican diverged in mutual dissimilation was not modern Italian, still far in the future, but its ancestor, Tuscan, and that was not during the Tuscan period on Corsica, when it already existed. The common ancestor was a language about which little is known: spoken or vulgar Latin, often considered to be Proto-Romance. Some Latin literature, such as the plays of Plautus (featuring people who speak) give evidence to its existence. Written Latin was a literary language, hence it does not appear as an ancestor in the tree. The ancestors in Iberia and Gaul came form soldiers' Latin. They were mainly foreign troops learning the vulgate, evidently with their own stamps. Not to be confused with Latin profanity. ... Titus Macchius Plautus, generally referred to simply as Plautus, was a playwright of Ancient Rome. ...

The ancestor of Corsican, Tuscan and Friulian - which was spoken on the soil of the earlier Rhaetia - draws the attention as being on formerly Etruscan soil. Evidently when they assimilated they did so with an Etruscan-derived signature unperceived until this century. Rome certainly contained strong Etruscan elements if in fact it was not originally entirely Etruscan. Raetia as province of the Roman Empire, ca. ... Extent of Etruscan civilization and the twelve Etruscan League cities. ...

The study does discover the date of the first projected Corsican signature. It is about 1400 years ago, 600 AD more or less, well before Tuscan rule, in the early Christian period.

Dialects

The language has several dialects including Northern Corsican, spoken in the Bastia and Corte area, and Southern Corsican, spoken around Sartene and Porto-Vecchio. The dialect of Ajaccio has been described as in transition. The dialects spoken at Calvi and Bonifacio are closer to the Genoa dialect, also known as Ligurian. Location within France Bastia (French & Corsican: Bastia), is a town and commune of northern Corsica, in France. ... Corte (Corsican Corti) in is a town and a commune in the Haute-Corse dÃ©partement in central Corsica, in France. ... Sartene (Corsican: Sartè), is a town and commune of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud département, in France. ... Porto-Vecchio is a town and commune of the Corse-du-Sud département, on the island of Corsica, in France. ... Ajaccio (IPA: , Latin: ; French: ; Corsican: ), is a town in France. ... Calvi from Citadel Calvi is a small town and commune of the Haute-Corse (2B) dÃ©partement, in France. ... Bonifacio (Bunifaziu in Corsican) is a town and commune of approximately 4,000 people near the southern tip of the island of Corsica, in the département of Corse_du_Sud, France. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... The Ligurian language was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and south-eastern France known as the Ligures. ...

Languages related to Corsican in Sardinia

Gallurese is spoken in the Sardinian region of Gallura, including the archipelago of La Maddalena. Sassarese, is spoken in Sassari and in its neighbourhood, in the north-west of Sardinia. Whether these two languages should be included in the Corsican language as dialects, included in Sardinian as dialects, or considered as independent languages, is debatable. Gallurese (gadduresu) is a diasystem of the Sardinian language, spoken in the Gallura (Gaddura), north-eastern part of Sardinia including the town of Tempio Pausania (Tempiu). ... Sassarese is a diasystem of the Sardinian and Corsican languages, spoken in some areas of the north-western part of Sardinia, in Italy, such as Sassari and a few other places, such as Porto Torres and Sorso. ... Gallurese (gadduresu) is a diasystem of the Sardinian language, spoken in the Gallura (Gaddura), north-eastern part of Sardinia including the town of Tempio Pausania (Tempiu). ... Gallura (locally Gaddura) is a geographical and cultural region in northern Sardinia, Italy. ... Country Italy Region Sardinia Province Olbia-Tempio Population 11,369 Density 230. ... Sassarese is a diasystem of the Sardinian and Corsican languages, spoken in some areas of the north-western part of Sardinia, in Italy, such as Sassari and a few other places, such as Porto Torres and Sorso. ... Sassari (in Italian and Sassarese, a Corsican dialect; either Sassari or Tathari in southern Sardinian), is a town and a province in Sardinia, Italy. ... Sardinia (pronounced ; Italian: ; Sardinian: or ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily). ...

For example, Article 2 Item 4 of Law Number 26, October 15, 1997, of the Autnomous Region of Sardinia grants "al dialetto sassarese e a quello gallurese" equal legal status with the other languages on Sardinia (which Corsica does not do). They are being legally defined as different languages from Sardinian. ^[16] Sardinia (pronounced ; Italian: ; Sardinian: or ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Alphabet

Phonology

Morphology

References

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

See also

There are a number of languages of France. ... ISO 639 has three code lists. ... ISO 639 has three code lists. ... Gallurese (gadduresu) is a diasystem of the Sardinian language, spoken in the Gallura (Gaddura), north-eastern part of Sardinia including the town of Tempio Pausania (Tempiu). ... Sassarese is a diasystem of the Sardinian and Corsican languages, spoken in some areas of the north-western part of Sardinia, in Italy, such as Sassari and a few other places, such as Porto Torres and Sorso. ...

External links

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Romanians/Vlachs highlighted The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin. ... Romanian (limba romÃ¢nÄƒ, IPA: ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. ... Aromanian (also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most other countries; in Aromanian: limba armÃ£neascÃ£, armÃ£neshce or armÃ£neashti) is an Eastern Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe. ... Megleno-Romanian (known as VlÄƒheÅŸte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists) is a Romance language, similar to Aromanian, and Romanian spoken in the MoglenÃ¡ region of Greece, in a few villages in the Republic of Macedonia and also in a few villages in Romania. ... Istro-Romanian is a Romance language - more specifically, an Eastern Romannce language - that is today still spoken in a few villages in the peninsula of Istria, on the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, in what is now Croatia, but which was spoken in a substantially broader part of the... Southern Romance languages are parte of Romance languages that includes the Sardinian language and Sicilian language. ... Sassarese is a diasystem of the Sardinian and Corsican languages, spoken in some areas of the north-western part of Sardinia, in Italy, such as Sassari and a few other places, such as Porto Torres and Sorso. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Sardo Campidanese is a diasystem of the Sardinian language primarily spoken in the Province of Cagliari. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Italo-Western redirects here. ... Italiano centrale is a group of dialects of Italian spoken in Lazio and areas East of Lazio in Italy. ... The Tuscan dialect is a dialect spoken in Tuscany, Italy. ... Romanesco is a group of Romance dialects spoken in Rome and most of the surrounding regions of Lazio, Umbria, central Marche and extreme southern Tuscany in central Italy. ... Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor (Cattaro) in Montenegro. ... Istriot is a Romance language spoken in the Western Region on the coast of the Istrian Peninsula, especially in the towns of Rovinj (Rovigno) and Vodnjan (Dignano), on the upper northern part of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. ... Judeo-Italian is a term referring to Italo-Romance linguistic varieties used between the 10th and the 20th centuries in Rome and in central and northern Italy. ... Neapolitan (autonym: napulitano; Italian: ) is a Romance language spoken in the city and region of Naples, Campania (Neapolitan: NÃ pule, Italian: Napoli); close dialects are spoken throughout most of southern Italy, including the Gaeta and Sora districts of southern Lazio, parts of Abruzzo, Molise, Basilicata, northern Calabria, and northern and... Calabrian language is the name given to a number of Dialects spoken in parts of the Calabria region in Italy. ... Sicilian (, Italian: ) is a Romance language. ... Gallo-Romance languages Gallo-Italian languages Lombard Piedmontese Emilian-Romagnol Venetian Ligurian Gallo-Rhaetian languages OÃ¯l languages(including French) Burgundian Champenois Franc-Comtois French Gallo Lorrain Norman Anglo-Norman Channel Island Norman Auregnais DgÃ¨rnÃ©siais JÃ¨rriais Sercquiais Picard Poitevin-Saintongeais Walloon Rhaetian languages Friulian Ladin Romansh *Franco... This article is about the Northern Italian language occasionally called Cisalpine. ... Areas where Emiliano-Romagnolo is spoken Emiliano-Romagnolo (also known as Emilian-Romagnolo) is a Romance language mostly spoken in Emilia-Romagna. ... Ligurian is a Romance language, consisting of a group of Gallo-Italic dialects currently spoken in Liguria, northern Italy, and parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France, and Monaco. ... Genoese (Zeneize) is the variety of the ligurian language spoken in Genoa, the capital city of Liguria (Italy) . The Ligurian is listed by Ethnologue as a language in its own right (not to be confused with the ancient Ligurian language). ... Street sign in French and MonÃ©gasc in Monaco-Ville MonÃ©gasque (natively Munegascu) is a Romance language and a dialect of the modern Ligurian language. ... The term Lombard refers to a group of related varieties spoken mainly in Northern Italy (most of Lombardy and some areas of neighbouring regions) and Southern Switzerland (Ticino and GraubÃ¼nden). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Western Lombard is a Romance language spoken in Italy, in the Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, a little part of Cremona (except Crema and its neighbours), Lodi and Pavia, and the Piedmont provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and a small part of Vercelli (Valsesia), and... The gallo-siculo dialects represent a group of dialects found in central-eastern Sicily that date back to migrations from Northern Italy during the time of Roger I of Sicily and which continued after his death under his successor Roger II (from around 1080 to 1120). ... Piedmontese (also known as PiemontÃ¨is, and Piemontese in Italian) is a language spoken by over 2 million people in Piedmont, northwest Italy. ... A sign in Venetian reading Here we also speak Venetian Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over five million people,[1] mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. ... Franco-ProvenÃ§al (FrancoprovenÃ§al) or Arpitan (in vernacular: patouÃ¨s) (in Italian: francoprovenzale, provenzale alpina, arpitano, patois; French: francoprovenÃ§al, arpitan, patois) is a Romance language with several dialects in a linguistic sub-group separate from Langue dOÃ¯l and Langue dOc. ... The geographical spread of the OÃ¯l languages (except French) can be seen in shades of green and yellow in this map Langues doÃ¯l is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages which originated in the northern territories of Roman Gaul now occupied by northern... Champenois is a language spoken by a minority of people in France and in Belgium. ... Franc-Comtois is a language spoken by a minority of people in Franche-ComtÃ©. It is one of the langues doÃ¯l and is a regional language of France. ... Gallo is a regional language of France, traditionally spoken in Eastern Brittany. ... Lorrain is a language spoken by a minority of people in Lorraine in France and in Gaume in Belgium. ... Norman is a Romance language and one of the OÃ¯l languages. ... Picard is a language closely related to French, and as such is one of the larger group of Romance languages. ... Walloon (Walon) is a regional Romance language spoken as a second language by some in Wallonia (Belgium). ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is any of the various Rhaetian languages spoken in Switzerland. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Ladin (Ladino in Italian, Ladin in Ladin, Ladinisch in German) is a Rhaetian language spoken in the Dolomite mountains in Italy, between the regions of Trentino-South Tyrol and Veneto. ... Not to be confused with Romand which is one of the names for the Franco-ProvenÃ§al language. ... The Occitano-Romance branch of Romance languages encompasses the dialects pertaining to the Occitan and the Catalan languages situated in Southern France, Andorra and Eastern Spain. ... Catalan IPA: (catalÃ IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ... Balearic is the Catalan variant spoken in the Balearic Islands (Spanish las Islas Baleares), Spain. ... Catalan dialectal map Central Catalan is the Eastern Catalan dialect with the highest demographic weight, since it is commonly spoken in densely populated areas such as the whole Barcelona province, the eastern half of Tarragona province and most part of Girona province; except for it is northern part, where there... Valencian (valenciÃ ) is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) to refer to the language spoken therein, also known as Catalan (catalÃ ) in the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Aragon and the Balearic Islands; in the country of Andorra; in the southern French region of... Occitan (IPA AmE: ), known also as Lenga dÃ²c or Langue doc (native name: occitan [1], lenga dÃ²c [2]; native nickname: la lenga nÃ²stra [3] i. ... Auvergnat (French name) or Auvernhat (native name) is one of several dialects of the Occitan language spoken in Auvergne, which is a historical province in the northern part of Occitania. ... Gascon (Gascon, ; French, ) is a dialect of the Occitan language. ... Languedocien is a Romance language akin to Provençal spoken by some people in the part of southern France known as Languedoc. ... The Limousin dialect is a Romance language akin to Provençal spoken or understood by about 400 000 people in the part of southern France known as Limousin. ... Vivaro-Alpine (English name) or Vivaroalpenc, Vivaroaupenc (native name) is the northeastern dialect of the Occitan language. ... ProvenÃ§al (ProvenÃ§au) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in southern France and other areas of France and Italy. ... Shuadit, also spelled Chouhadite, Chouhadit, Chouadite, Chouadit, and Shuhadit is the extinct Jewish language of southern France, also known as Judæo-Provençal, Judéo-Comtadin, Hébraïco-Comtadin. ... This article is about a subdivision of the Romance language family. ... Astur-Leonese is a Romance language group of the West Iberian group, spoken in the Spanish provinces of Asturias (Asturian Language, asturianu, or Bable), LeÃ³n, Zamora and Salamanca (Leonese language, LlÃ¯onÃ©s). ... Asturian, Leonese, Astur-Leonese or Bable (Asturianu in Asturian, LlÃ¯onÃ©s in Leonese) is a Romance language spoken in some parts of the provinces of Asturias, LeÃ³n, Zamora and Salamanca in Spain, and in the area of Miranda de Douro in Portugal (where it is officially recognized as... Cantabrian language or Mountain language is the name received the language used in the West of Cantabria and some zones of the Valley of Pas and the Valley of Soba, in its Eastern zone. ... Extremaduran is a Romance language spoken by some thousands in Spain, most of them in the autonomous community of Extremadura and the province of Salamanca. ... The Leonese language (LlÃ¯onÃ©s in Leonese) was developed from Vulgar Latin with contributions from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Spanish provinces of LeÃ³n, Zamora, and Salamanca and in some villages in the District of BraganÃ§a, Portugal. ... The Mirandese language (LhÃ©ngua Mirandesa in Mirandese; LÃngua Mirandesa or MirandÃªs in Portuguese) is spoken in northeastern Portugal. ... Brazilian Portuguese (portuguÃªs do Brasil in Portuguese) is a group of dialects of Portuguese written and spoken by virtually all the 190 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a couple of million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan, and Paraguay. ... European Portuguese (also named Continental Portuguese or Lusitanian Portuguese) is a group of Portuguese dialects spoken in Portugal. ... Barranquenho (Barranquenhu; English: Barrancainian) is a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Extremaduran spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain, and Portugal). ... Galician (Galician: galego, IPA: ) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of historic nationality, located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y LeÃ³n. ... Fala language (SIL Code: FAX; ISO 639-2 code: roa) is a Romance language from the Portuguese-Galician subgroup spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of which 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal. ... Eonavian or Eonaviego is a term used to refer a set of dialects or falas whose linguistic dominion extends in the zone of Asturias between the Eo and Navia rivers (or more exactly Eo and Barayo rivers). ... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Not to be confused with Ladin. ... CalÃ³ (originally ZincalÃ³) or Spanish Romani is a jargon spoken by the Gitanos or Zincarli originating from Spain: CalÃ³ blends native Romani vocabulary with Spanish grammar,[1] as Spanish Gypsies lost the full use of their ancestral language. ... Aragonese redirects here. ... Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Iberian Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the Romance languages development in Iberia. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use. ...

Contents

Population of speakers GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");