NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cremona

Cremona is a city in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments. Image File history File links Cremona-Stemma. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... The Regions of Italy were granted a degree of regional autonomy in the 1948 constitution, which states that the constitutions role is: to recognize, protect and promote local autonomy, to ensure that services at the State level are as decentralized as possible, and to adapt the principles and laws... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... In Italy, a province (in Italian: provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between municipality (comune) and region (regione). ... Cremona (It. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries that do not observe summer time Central European Time (CET) is one of the names of the time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... Central European Time West Africa Time British Summer Time* Irish Summer Time* Western European Summer Time* Category: ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... Here are a list of area codes in Italy. ... Saint Homobonus ( SantOmobono) ( Saint Gutman)) (d. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... PO may stand for: Pareto optimality Parole Officer Per os, Latin for by mouth or orally Perfect Orange a third wave ska based in Knoxville, TN from 2002-2005 Petty Officer, a Non-Commissioned Officer Rank in many Navies Pilkington Optronics, now Thales Optronics Pilot Officer, a junior commissioned rank... PO may stand for: Pareto optimality Parole Officer Per os, Latin for by mouth or orally Perfect Orange a third wave ska based in Knoxville, TN from 2002-2005 Petty Officer, a Non-Commissioned Officer Rank in many Navies Pilkington Optronics, now Thales Optronics Pilot Officer, a junior commissioned rank... Cremona (It. ...

History

Ancient city

Cremona is first mentioned in history as a settlement of the Cenomani, a Gallic(Celtic) tribe that arrived in the Po valley around 400 BC. However, the name Cremona was given (most probably) by earlier settlers. In 218 BC the Romans established there their first military outpost (a colonia) north of the Po river. Cremona and nearby Placentia (modern Piacenza, south of the Po), were founded in the same year, as bases for penetration into what became the Roman Province of Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul). Cremona quickly grew into one of the largest towns in northern Italy, as it was on the main road connecting Genoa to Aquileia, the Via Postumia. It supplied troops to Julius Caesar and benefited from his rule, but later supported Marcus Iunius Brutus and the Senate in their conflict with Augustus, who, having won, in 40 BC confiscated Cremona's land and redistributed it to his men. The famous poet Virgil, who went to school in Cremona, had to forfeit his ancestral farm ("too close to wretched Cremona"), but later regained it. The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69, when it was destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius. Cremona was rebuilt with the help of Vespasian himself, but it seems to have failed to regain its former prosperity as it disappeared from history until the sixth century, when it resurfaces as a military outpost of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire during the Gothic War. The Cenomani (Greek: , Strabo, Ptol. ... Gallic, derived from the name for the ancient Roman province of Gaul, describes the cultural traditions and national characters of the French speaking nations and regions, as Hispanic does for the Hispanophone world, Anglo-Saxon for the Anglophone, and Lusitanic for the Lusophone. ... This article is about the European people. ... PO may stand for: Pareto optimality Parole Officer Per os, Latin for by mouth or orally Perfect Orange a third wave ska based in Knoxville, TN from 2002-2005 Petty Officer, a Non-Commissioned Officer Rank in many Navies Pilkington Optronics, now Thales Optronics Pilot Officer, a junior commissioned rank... The Roman empire in 218 BC (in dark red) A Carthaginian army under Hannibal attacks Romes Spanish allies. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it. ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, PiasÃ«insa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... Province of the Roman Republic, in modern-day northern Italy. ... Map with location of Cisalpine Gaul This article is about the Roman province. ... Genoa (Genova [] in Italian - Zena [] in Genoese) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... Aquileia (Friulian Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman town of Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. ... Via Postumia, an ancient highroad of northern Italy constructed in 148 BC by the consul Spurius Postumius Albinus. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Marcus Junius Brutus Caepio (85 BC–42 BC), or simply Brutus, was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Augustus (disambiguation). ... Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BC â€“ September 21, 19 BC), later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Vergil, was a classical Roman poet, the author of epics in three modes: the Bucolics [commonly but less correctly called the Eclogues], the Georgics and the substantially completed Aeneid... For other uses, see 69 (disambiguation). ... In the Year of the four emperors (69 C.E.), Marcus Salvius Otho, with the support and aid of the Praetorian Guard, had his predecessor Galba murdered in January and claimed the throne for himself. ... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (born November 17, 9, died June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... Vitellius, Museo Nazionale della CiviltÃ Romana, Rome Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24, 15â€“December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had... The Gothic War, 535â€“552, was the expression of Justinians decision in 535 to reverse the course of events of the past century in the West and win back for the Eastern Roman Empire the provinces of Italy that had been lost, first to Odoacer and then to the...

The city in the High Middle Ages

When the Lombards invaded much of Italy in the second half of 6th century, Cremona remained a Byzantine stronghold as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The city expanded towards the north-west, with the creation of a great trenched camp outside the walls. In 603, it was conquered by the Lombard king Agilulf and again destroyed. Its territory was divided between the two duchies of Brescia and Bergamo. However, in 615 queen Theodelinda, a devout Roman Catholic intent on converting her people, had Cremona rebuilt and re-installed a bishop there. Control of the city fell increasingly to its bishop, who become a Holy Roman Empire vassal after Charlemagne's conquest of Italy. In this way, Cremona increased its power and its prosperity steadily and some of its bishops had important roles between the 10th and 11th centuries. Bishop Liutprand of Cremona was a member of the Imperial court under the Saxony dynasty and Olderic gained strong privileges for his city from emperor Otto III. Its economy was boosted by the creation of a river port out of the former Byzantine fortress. The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence comes the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... The 6th century is the period from 501 - 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... The Exarchate of Ravenna was a center of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751 A.D., when the last Exarch was put to death by the Emperors enemies in Italy, the Lombards. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ... Agilulf was duke of Turin and Lombard king of Italy. ... For the Italian administrative area, see Province of Brescia. ... Small street (via della Noca) leading to cittÃ alta. ... Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, (died 628) was the daughter of Duke Garibald I of Bavaria. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire around 1630, superimposed over modern European state borders Capital None Language(s) Latin, German, many others Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy Emperor - 962â€“967 Otto I - 973â€“983 Otto II - 996â€“1002 Otto III - 1014â€“ 1024 Henry II - 1027â€“1039 Conrad II - 1046... Charlemagne and Pippin the Hunchback. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Liutprand (Liudprand, Luitprand) (c. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 18,416 kmÂ² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density 231 /km... Otto III in a medieval manuscript Otto III (980 â€“ January 23, 1002, Paterno, Italy) was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty. ...

However, the two bishops Lambert and Ubaldo created discord with the city's people. Emperor Conrad II settled the quarrel by entering in Cremona in 1037 together with the young Pope Benedict IX. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Conrad II (c. ... // Events Construction of the church of Saint Sophia Cathedral is started in Kyiv. ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ...

Cremona as a Commune

Under Henry IV, Cremona refused to pay the oppressive taxes requested by the Empire and the bishop. According to a legend, the great gonfaloniere (mayor) Giovanni Baldesio of Cremona faced the emperor himself in a duel. As Henry was knocked from his horse, the city was saved the annual payment of the 3 kg. golden ball, which, for that year, was instead given to Berta, Giovanni's girlfriend, as her dowry. The first historical news about a free Cremona is from 1093, as it entered into an anti-Empire alliance led by Mathilde of Canossa, together with Lodi, Milan and Piacenza. The conflict ended with the defeat of Henry IV and his famous humiliation of Canossa to Pope Urban II in 1098. Cremona gained the Insula Fulcheria, the area around the nearby city of Crema, as its territory. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... HEINRICÂ·IMP[ERATOR], Emperor Henry IV. Henry IV (November 11, 1050 â€“ August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084, until his forced abdication in 1105. ... // Events Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland. ... Mathilde of Canossa by Bernini in San Pietro (Rome). ... For other places called Lodi, see Lodi. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, PiasÃ«insa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... Pope Urban II (1042 â€“ July 29, 1099), born Otho of Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was a Pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. ... Events First Crusade: end of the siege of Antioch. ... The Cathedral of Crema. ...

From this time, the new commune warred against nearby cities to enlarge its territory. In 1107, Cremona conquered Tortona, but four years later its army was heavily defeated near Bressanoro. As in many northern Italian cities, the people were divided into two opposing parties, the Guelphs, who were stronger in the new city, and the Ghibellines, who had their base in the old city. The parties were so irreconcilable that the former built a second Communal Palace, the still existing Palazzo Cittanova ("new city's palace"). Events William Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... For the medieval scholar Tortona, see Marziano da Tortona Tortona is a comune of Piedmont, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ...

When Frederick Barbarossa descended into Italy to assert his authority, Cremona sided with him in order to gain his support against Crema, which had rebelled with the help of Milan. The subsequent victory and its loyal imperial stance earned Cremona the right to create a mint for its own coinage in 1154. Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle Frederick I (German: Friedrich I. von Hohenstaufen)(1122 â€“ June 10, 1190), also known as Friedrich Barbarossa (Frederick Redbeard) was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... King Stephen of England dies at Dover, and is succeeded by his adopted son Henry Plantagenet who becomes King Henry II of England, aged 21. ...

In 1162, Imperial and the Cremonese forces assaulted Milan and destroyed it. However, in 1167 the city changed side and joined the Lombard League. Its troops were part of the army that, on May 29, 1176, defeated Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnano. However, the Lombard League did not survive this victory for long. In 1213, at Castelleone, the Cremonese defeated the League of Milan, Lodi, Crema, Novara, Como and Brescia. In 1232, Cremona allied itself with Emperor Frederick II, who was again trying to reassert the Empire's authority over Northern Italy. In the Battle of Cortenuova, the Cremonese were on the winning side. Thereafter Frederick often held his court in the city. In the Battle of Parma, however, the Ghibellines suffered a heavy defeat and up to two thousand Cremonese were made prisoners. Image File history File links Cremona_centro. ... Image File history File links Cremona_centro. ... Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund Absalon fortifies Copenhagen William Marshal, the greatest knight that... The Lombard League was an alliance formed around 1167, which at its apex included most of the cities of northern Italy (although its membership changed in time), including, among others, Milan, Piacenza, Cremona, Mantua, Bergamo, Brescia, Bologna, Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, Verona, Lodi, and Parma, and even some lords, such as... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 22 - Murder attempt by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo May 29 - Frederick Barbarossa is defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League leading to the pactum Anagninum (the Agreement of Anagni) September 17 - Seljuk Turks defeat Manuel... Combatants Holy Roman Empire and Ghibellines Lombard League(Guelphs) Commanders Frederick I Barbarossa Alberto da Giussano Strength 2500 (all cavalry) 2500 (2000 cavalry, 500 foot) The Carroccio of Legnano on the way to the battlefield. ... May 30 - Battle of Damme; English fleet under William Longsword destroyes a French fleet off the Belgian port in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 45. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... For other places called Lodi, see Lodi. ... The Cathedral of Crema. ... Novara is a city of Piedmont, in North-west Italy, to the west of Milan. ... Como (Comm in the local dialect of Lombard language) is a city in Lombardy, Italy, 45 km north of Milan. ... For the Italian administrative area, see Province of Brescia. ... // Canonization of Saint Anthony of Padua, patron of lost items Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by a revolt, taking refuge at Anagni First edition of Tripitaka Koreana destroyed by Mongol invaders Battle of Agridi 15 June 1232 Arnolfo di Cambio, Florentine architect (died 1310) Manfred of Sicily (approximate date... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 â€“ December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... The Battle of Cortenuova was fought on 27th November 1237 when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Lombard League. ... The Battle of Parma was fought in February 18, 1248 between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Guelphs. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ...

Some year later Cremona took its vengeance by defeating Parma's army. Its army, under the command of Umberto Pallavicino, captured Parma's carroccio and for centuries kept the enemy's trousers hanging from the Cathedral's ceiling as a sign of the rival's humiliation. A carroccio was a war chariot drawn by oxen, used by the medieval republics of Italy. ... Aerial view of the Duomo of Parma with its belfry. ...

During this period Cremona flourished and reached a population of up to 80,000, compared to the 69,000 of 2001. It was one of the greatest cities of Europe. Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

The Signore

In onmouseover="pv(event, 133)" onmouseout="unpv(133)" style="">1266, Pallavicino was expelled from Cremona, and the Ghibelline rule ended after his successor Buoso da Dovara relinquished control to a consortium of citizens. In 1271 the position of Capitano del Popolo ("People's Chieftain") was created. In 1276 the signore passed to marquis Cavalcabò Cavalcabò, who in 1305 was succeeded by his son Guglielmo Cavalcabò, who held power until 1310. During this period many edifices were created or restored including the belfry of the Torrazzo, the Romanesque church of San Francis, the Cathedral's transepts and the Loggia dei Militi. Moreover, agriculture was boosted with a new network of canals. After some foreign invasions (notably that of Emperor Henry VII in 1311), the Cavalcabò lasted until November 29, 1322, when a more powerful family, the Visconti of Galeazzo I, came to prominence that in Cremona was to last for a century and a half. The Visconti's signore was interrupted in 1327 by Ludwig the Bavarian, in 1331 by John of Bohemia, and in 1403 by a short-lived return of the Cavalcabò. On July 25, 1406, the captain Cabrino Fondulo killed his employer Ubaldo Cavalcabò along with all the male members of his family, and assumed control over Cremona. Later, as he was revealed as unable to face the task, he ceded back the city to the Visconti for a payment of 40,000 golden florins. For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... January 21 - Pope Innocent V succeeds Pope Gregory X as the 185th pope. ... A Signore was the unofficial head of state in the Italian city-states. ... Events August 5 - English troops capture William Wallace Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia Archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand de Got, was elected as Pope Clement V. Philip IV of France accused the Knights Templar of heresy. ... [edit] Events May 11 - In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy Abulfeda becomes governor of Hama. ... The Torrazzo. ... South transept of Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. ... Henry VII, (In German: Heinrich; in Italian: Arrigo), ca. ... Events Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 27/September 28 - Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, in which Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Frederick I of Austria Births January 11 - Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380) Deaths January 3 - King Philip V of France (born 1293) March 16 - Humphrey de... Visconti was a noble family that ruled Milan during the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance period. ... 19th century fantasy portrait of Galeazzo I Visconti. ... Events January 25 - Edward III becomes King of England. ... Louis IV of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach (born 1282) was duke of Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his brother Rudolf, also count of the Palatinate until 1329 and, German king since 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. ... Events September 8 - Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia Start of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Births Coluccio Salutati, Florentine political leader (died 1406) Deaths January 14 - Odoric, Italian explorer October 27 - Abulfeda, Arab historian and geographer (born 1273) Categories: 1331... John the Blind of Luxemburg (August 10, 1296 - August 26, 1346) was King of Bohemia and Count of Luxemburg. ... Events July 21 - Battle of Shrewsbury. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Construction of Forbidden City begins in Beijing. ...

Thus Filippo Maria Visconti made his signore hereditary. Cremona became part of the Duchy of Milan, following its fate until the unification of Italy. Under the Visconti and later the Sforza Cremona underwent high cultural and religious development. In 1411 Palazzo Cittanova become the seat of the University of fustian merchants. In 1441 the city hosted the marriage of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti in the temple built by the Benedictines, which today is the church of Saint Sigismund. In that occasion a new sweet was devised, which was later turned into the famous torrone. Ludovico il Moro supported the building of several operas for the Cathedral, the church of St. Agatha and the Communal Palace. Filippo Maria Visconti Filippo Maria Visconti, (1392–1447), who became nominal ruler of Pavia in 1402, succeeded his assassinated brother Gian Maria Visconti as Duke of Milan. ... The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1395 to 1797. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. ... Events February 11 : Peace of ToruÅ„ 1411 signed in ToruÅ„, Poland Births September 21 - Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (died 1460) Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (died 1456) Deaths June 3 - Duke Leopold IV of Austria (born 1371) November 4 - Khalil Sultan, ruler of... Fustian is a term for a variety of heavy woven cotton fabrics, chiefly prepared for menswear. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... Portrait of Francesco Sforza,, c. ... Bianca Maria Visconti, heiress of the Duchy of Milan, with her first-born son Galeazzo as Saint Mary with the child Jesus Christ Bianca Maria Visconti (born March 31, 1425 near Settimo Pavese, died October 28, 1468 in Melegnano) was the illegitimate daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan... For the college, see Benedictine College. ... TurrÃ³n de Alicante TurrÃ³n (Spanish), torrone (Italian), or torrÃ³ (Catalan), is a nougat confection, typically made of honey, sugar, and egg white, coated in crushed, toasted almonds, and usually shaped into either a rectangular tablet or a round cake. ... Ludovico Sforza (Ludovico il Moro, The Moor) (July 27, 1452â€“May 27, 1508), a member of the Sforza dynasty of Milan, Italy, was the second son of Francesco Sforza, and was famed as patron of Leonardo da Vinci and other artists. ...

In 1446 Cremona was encircled by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme. The siege was raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì from Venice. Events Mehmed II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate in favor of his father Murad II by the Janissaries. ... Condottieri (singular condottiere (in English) or condottiero (in Italian)) were mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states from the late Middle Ages until the mid-sixteenth century. ... Scaramuccia da ForlÃ¬ (?, ForlÃ¬, Italy - 1450) was an Italian condottiero active in the first half of the 15th century. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

Foreign occupations

From 1499 to 1509 Cremona was under Venetian control. The victory of the Italian League at Agnadello gave it back to the Duchy of Milan. However, the latter was assigned to Spain under the Treaty of Noyon (1513). Cremona fell to the new rulers only in 1524 when the Castle of Santa Croce surrendered. The French were finally expelled from the duchy two years later, with the Treaty of Madrid, and subsequently Cremona remained for long a foreign dominion. This did not prevent from further embellishments like the Loggia of the Cathedral's Porch by Lorenzo Trotti (1550) or the new church of San Siro and Sepolcro by Antonio Gialdini (1614). 1499 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Agnadello was the one of the more significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai, and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars. ... The War of the League of Cambrai (1508â€“16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. ... 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ... There is more than one Treaty of Madrid: Treaty of Madrid (1526), in which France renounced claims in Italy, surrendered Burgundy to Spain, and abandoned suzerainty over Flanders and Artois Treaty of Madrid (1670), in which Spain recognized British possessions in the Caribbean Sea, such as Jamaica and the Cayman... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ...

The Spanish rule was mediocre. Unable to face the famine of 1628 and the plague of 1630, the duchy, after a short-lived French conquest in 1701 during the War of Spanish Succession, passed to Austria on April 10, 1707. 1628 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events February 22 - Native American Quadequine introduces Popcorn to English colonists. ... Events January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia. ... Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal March 26 - The Acts of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ...

For later history, see Lombardy For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 820 KB) Beschreibung: Cremona, Lombardei, Dom mit Baptisterium. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 820 KB) Beschreibung: Cremona, Lombardei, Dom mit Baptisterium. ...

Main sights

Churches

The Cathedral of Cremona and the annexed Baptistery constitutes one of the most notable sites for Romanesque-Gothic art in northern Italy. External view of the Duomo of Cremona. ... The Cremona Baptistery (Italian: Battistero di Cremona) is a religious edifice in Cremona, northern Italy. ...

Buildings

Economy

The economy of Cremona is deeply linked to the agricultural production of the countryside. Food industries include salted meat, sweets (torrone), vegetable oils, cheese and Italian mustard. Heavy industries include steel, oil and one electric plant. The river-port is a base for the barges transporting goods along the Po river. TurrÃ³n de Alicante TurrÃ³n (Spanish), torrone (Italian), or torrÃ³ (Catalan), is a nougat confection, typically made of honey, sugar, and egg white, coated in crushed, toasted almonds, and usually shaped into either a rectangular tablet or a round cake. ...

Music

Cremona has a distinguished musical history. The 12th century cathedral was probably the focus of organized musical activity in the region in the late Middle Ages. By the 16th century the town had become a famous musical centre. Nowadays there are important ensembles for Renaissance and Baroque music, i.e. Choir & Consort Costanzo Porta, and festivals which maintain Cremona as one of the most important town in Italy for music. Composer Marc'Antonio Ingegneri taught there; Claudio Monteverdi was his most famous student, before leaving for Mantua in 1591. The bishop of Cremona, Nicolò Sfondrato, a fervent supporter of the Counter-Reformation, became Pope Gregory XIV in 1590. Since he was an equally fervent patron of music, the renown of the town as a musical destination grew accordingly. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Antonio Stradivari (1644? - December 18, 1737) was an Italian luthier (maker of violins and other stringed instruments), the most prominent member of that profession. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Dante by Michelino The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th to 16th centuries (AD 1300â€“1500). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... MarcAntonio Ingegneri (also spelled Ingegnieri, Ingignieri, Ingignero, Inzegneri; c. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Mantua (in Italian Mantova, in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo language Mantua) is an important city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province with the same name. ... Year 1591 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... Pope Gregory XIV (February 11, 1535 â€“ October 16, 1591), born NiccolÃ² Sfondrati, was Pope from December 5, 1590 â€“ October 16, 1591. ... Bold text{| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style=margin-left: 15px; |- | align=center colspan=2 | Years: 1587 1588 1589 - 1590 - 1591 1592 1593 |-vdsf gno[gldw[pvkijxaiamknn csogfhbvdowkhbfkqhjkhrjkhwgfhbjkpnkfokfgok3pkpk9pjhkt9erktyujkip9kijker9thhrkg9hkitr9gtkih9t0ykltk[u0jo0iey9uhyit90ertyhige9rity9riyh9ujirtyuhjnh-4e9tyigh9thiuy0h8tyh34tu8uy8u8u8u8rtu5y8ru8thu0tru0ut0rhutuh0trhu0hseogtrhr8uyhju8t89er9te9r8fy8shit ass dick bitch fuck | align=center colspan=2 | Decades: 1560s 1570s 1580s - 1590s - 1600s 1610s 1620s |- | align=center | Centuries...

From the 16th century onwards, Cremona was renowned as a centre of musical instrument manufacture, beginning with the violins of the Amati family, and later included the products of the Guarneri and Stradivari shops. To the present day, their work is widely considered to be the summit of achievement in string instrument making. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin-makers, who flourished at Cremona from about 1550 to 1740. ... Guarneri is the family name of a group of highly acclaimed violin makers (luthiers) from Cremona in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, whose standing is considered comparable to those of the Amati and Stradivari families. ... Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument, in a Romantic 19th-century print. ...

Sport

Like in many other Italian cities, Cremona's favourite sport is football. The U.S. Cremonese played for several years in Serie A, its most renowned players being Aristide Guarneri, Emiliano Mondonico, Antonio Cabrini and Gianluca Vialli - all born in or near Cremona. The brightest page in the more than one century old history of Cremonese was written in the early 1990s, when President of the team was Domenico Luzzara and the coach was Gigi Simoni; the team managed to stay in Serie A for 3 consecutive years, ending one of the championship at the tenth place. On March 27, 1993, by defeating English team Derby County in the Final to win the Anglo-Italian Cup, Cremonese became the second Italian team in football history to win at Wembley. Cremona has also a first-division waterpolo club and, by the 1980s, had built a strong basketball tradition, now brought on by the Vanoli, a team from Soresina which however plays usually in Cremona. There is also a century-old tradition in rowing and canoe racing, with three differents clubs, located along the Po river, that trained many world and olympic champions. A player (wearing the red kit) has penetrated the defence (in the white kit) and is taking a shot at goal. ... Unione Sportiva Cremonese is an Italian football club, based in Cremona. ... This article is about the Italian football league. ... Aristide Guarneri is an Italian footballer who played for Internazionale and was part of their European Cup victories in 1964 and 1965. ... Emiliano Mondonico, born on March 9, 1947 in Rivolta dAdda, is an Italian football coach. ... Antonio Cabrini, (born October 8, 1957) is a football (soccer) coach and former successful player from Italy. ... Gianluca Vialli (born July 9, 1964 in Cremona) is an Italian football striker and manager. ... Luigi Gigi Simoni (born January 22, 1939 in Crevalcore), is an Italian football manager, currently in office with Lucchese of Serie C1. ... Derby County F.C. is an English football club, currently playing in the Football League Championship. ... The Anglo-Italian Cup was a football cup competition held between clubs in England and Italy. ... Water polo is a team water sport, which can be best described as a combination of swimming, football (soccer), basketball, ice hockey, and wrestling. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 45 m Area 28. ... A coxless pair which is a sweep-oar boat. ... // This article is about flatwater canoe racing. ...

Notable people born in Cremona

This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Massimo Capra (born May 24, 1960) is a restaurant consultant and celebrity chef based in Toronto, Canada. ... Sergio Cofferati (born 30 January 1948 in Sesto ed Uniti, Cremona) is an Italian politician, and mayor of Bologna as of 2004 for the Left-Wing Democrats. ... Gerard of Cremona (Gherardo) (Cremona, Lombardy, c. ... Arcangelo Ghisleri (5 September 1855 - 19 August 1938) Ghisleri was born in Cascina SantAlberto, near Persichello in the commune of Persico Dosimo, Italy. ... Luigi Guido Grandi (October 1, 1671 – July 4, 1742) was an Italian priest, born in Cremona who was Jesuit-educated and became a member of the Camaldolensian order. ... Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri del GesÃ¹ (August 21, 1698 - October 17, 1744), more commonly known as Joseph Guarneri, is the only violin maker to rival Antonio Stradivari in the respect accorded to his instruments. ... Saint Homobonus Tucenghi, also known as Omobono, was born in Cremona, Italy in the 12th century. ... Liutprand (Liudprand, Luitprand) (c. ... For the Korean singer, see Shim Mina. ... Juanelo Turriano (Spanish name) or Gianello Torriano (Italian), also known as Giovanni Torriani (c. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Amilcare Ponchielli (August 31, 1834 â€“ January 17, 1886) was an Italian composer, largely of operas. ... Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument, in a Romantic 19th-century print. ... Ugo Tognazzi Ugo Tognazzi (March 23, 1922 - October 27, 1990) was an Italian film, TV and theatre actor, director and screenwriter. ... Gianluca Vialli (born July 9, 1964 in Cremona) is an Italian football striker and manager. ... Marco Girolamo Vida (1490?â€“1566) was an Italian poet. ...

Notable painters and architects of Cremona

Sofonisba Anguissola, Self-Portrait, 1554. ... Bernardino Campi (1522 - 1591) was an Italian Renaissance painter from Cremona. ... Giulio Campi (1500-1572), Italian painter and architect, eldest of a family prominent in Cremona as painters. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Portrait of Gentleman (Cesare Borgia) by Altobello Melone. ...

External links

Categories: 218 BC establishments | Cities and towns in Lombardy Image File history File links Provincia_di_Cremona-Stemma. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic administrative unit of both provinces and regions, and may be properly approximated in casual speech by the English word township or municipality. ... Cremona (It. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 45 m Area 9. ... Agnadello or Agnadel is a Lombard village, near which Louis XII. defeated the Venetians in 1509, and Vendôme, Prince Eugène in 1705. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 19. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 11. ... Bagnolo Cremasco is a commune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 8. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 17. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 13. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 4. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 77 m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 13. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 14. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 13. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 23. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 87 m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 8. ... Casalmaggiore is a small town in northern Italy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 12. ... Castel Gabbiano is a commune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 45. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 30. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 19. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 7. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 14. ... Corte de Cortesi con Cignone is a commune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy. ... Corte de Frati is a town and comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 14. ... The Cathedral of Crema. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 13. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 20. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 11. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 8. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 12. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 15. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 17. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 18. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 8. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 12. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 22. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 27 m Area 25. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 72 m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 14. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 2. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 11. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 7. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 16. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 80 m Area 12. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 19. ... Paderno Ponchielli is a town and comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy, Italy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 8. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 85 m Area 22. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 20. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 16. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 22. ... Piadena is a community of 3,510 inahabitants, in the Province of Cremona, Italy. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 2. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 14. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 19. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 20. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 2. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 12. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 11. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 3. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 22 m Area 27. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 29. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 18. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 14. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 7. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 13. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 33 m Area 22. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 28 m Area 16. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 17. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 12. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 26. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 11. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 45 m Area 28. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 36 m Area 19. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Francesco Pedretti Elevation m Area 45. ... Pizzighettone is a Italian town in Lombardy, part of the province of Cremona. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 17. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 84 m Area 19. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 39. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Domenico Mario Oliveri (since 2004-06-14) Elevation m Area 8. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 10. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 17. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 24. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 5. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 16. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 6. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 9. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation 46 m Area 17. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 7. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Cremona (CR) Mayor Elevation m Area 12. ...

Contents

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