NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Czech Republic

– on the European continent (camel & white)
– in the European Union (camel) [ Legend] Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Categories: Czech Republic | National flags | Stub ... The Coat of arms of the Czech Republic The Coat of Arms of the Czech Republic displays the three historical regions which make up the nation. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Å kroupâ€˜s score of Kde domov mÅ¯j Kde domov mÅ¯j? (Where is My Home?) is the national anthem of the Czech Republic. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 711 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Czech Republic ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Capital
(and largest city)

Prague
50°05′N, 14°28′E

Official languages

Parliamentary republic

- President Václav Klaus

- Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek

Independence (formed 9th century)

- from Austria-Hungary October 28, 1918

- Czechoslovakia dissolved January 1, 1993

EU accession May 1, 2004

Area

- Total 78,866 km² (117th)
30,450 sq mi

- Water (%) 2

Population

- 2008¹ estimate 10,403,136 (78th)

- 2001 census 10,230,060

- Density 132/km² (77th)
341/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2007 IMF estimate

- Total $248.902 billion (39th²)

- Per capita $24,236 (36th)

GDP (nominal) 2007 IMF estimate

- Total $175.309 billion (39th)

- Per capita $17,070 (36th)

Gini (1996) 25.4 (low) (5th)

HDI (2005) ▲ 0.891 (high) (32nd)

Currency Czech koruna (CZK)

Time zone CET (UTC+1)

- Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Internet TLD .cz³

Calling code +420⁴

¹ March 31, 2008 (See Population changes - 1st quarter of 2008).

² Rank based on 2005 IMF data.

³ Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

⁴ Shared code 42 with Slovakia until 1997.

The Czech Republic (IPA: /ˈtʃɛk riˈpʌblɨk/) (Czech: Česká republika (help· info), short form in Czech: Česko, IPA: [ʧɛsko]), is a landlocked country in Central Europe and a member state of the European Union. The country has borders with Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and Slovakia to the east. The capital and largest city is Prague (Czech: Praha), a major tourist destination. The country is composed of the historic regions of Bohemia and Moravia, as well as parts of Silesia. Not to be confused with capitol. ... The majority of the 10. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... Parliamentary republics around the world, shown in Orange (Parliamentary republics with a non-executive President) and Green (Parliamentary republics with an executive President linked to Parliament). ... This is a list of presidents of the Czech Republic. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic, including the period when the republics territory was part of federative Czechoslovakia. ... Mirek TopolÃ¡nek (pronounced ) (born May 15, 1956 in VsetÃn, Czechoslovakia, now Czech Republic) is the current prime minister of Czech Republic, from Civic Democratic Party. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The dissolution of Czechoslovakia refers to the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which took effect on January 1, 1993. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Austria Poland Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Rep. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 10,000 kmÂ² and 100,000 kmÂ². ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... IMF redirects here. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... IMF redirects here. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ... World map of GDP (Nominal and PPP). ... Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Map of countries by 2006 GDP (nominal) per capita (IMF, October 2007). ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... World map of the Gini coefficient This is a list of countries or dependencies by Income inequality metrics, sorted in ascending order according to their Gini coefficient. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... ISO 4217 Code CZK User(s) Czech Republic Inflation 1. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries that do not observe summer time Central European Time (CET) is one of the names of the time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... UTC redirects here. ... Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries that do not observe summer time Central European Summer Time (CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .cz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Czech Republic. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Following the break-up of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the successor states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, continued to share the 42 country code, until 1997, with the Czech Republic adopting 420 and Slovakia adopting 421. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Ceska_Republika. ... Landlocked countries of the world according to The World Factbook. ... Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... Tourist redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Moravia (disambiguation). ... ...

The Czech lands were under Habsburg rule from 1526, later becoming part of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. The independent republic of Czechoslovakia was created in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I. After the Munich Agreement, German occupation of Czechoslovakia and the consequent disillusion with the Western response and liberation of major part of Czechoslovakia by the Red Army, the Communist party gained the majority in 1946 elections. Following a coup in 1948, Czechoslovakia became a Communist-ruled state. Prague Spring of 1968, an attempt at reformation of the Communist regime, ended by invasion of armies of Warsaw Pact countries which didn't leave until after the 1989 Velvet Revolution. On January 1, 1993 the country peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia - 1892, then part of Austria-Hungary Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia within Czechoslovakia in 1928 The Czech lands (Czech: ÄŒeskÃ© zemÄ›) is an auxiliary term used mainly to describe the combination of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German, Hungarian, Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Italian, Polish, Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy. ... The Munich Agreement and the first Vienna Award After the Austrian Anschluss, Czechoslovakia was to become Hitlers next target. ... Western betrayal is a popular term in many Central European nations (including Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and the Baltic States) which refers to the foreign policy of several Western countries which violated allied pacts and agreements during the period from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 through... CCCP redirects here. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... -1... Non-violent protesters face armed policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: , Slovak: ) (November 16 â€“ December 29, 1989) refers to a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Communist government there;[1] it is seen as one of the most important of the Revolutions of 1989. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... The dissolution of Czechoslovakia refers to the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which took effect on January 1, 1993. ...

The Czech Republic made economic reforms such as massive privatization and flat tax. Annual gross domestic product growth has recently been around 6%. The country is the first former member of the Comecon to achieve the status of a developed country (2006) according to the World Bank.^[1] The Czech Republic also ranks best compared to the former Comecon countries in the Human Development Index.^[2] Origins People Theories Ideas Movements Topics Related Philosophy Portal Politics Portal Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). ... A flat tax, also called a proportional tax, is a system that taxes all entities in a class (typically either citizens or corporations) at the same rate (as a proportion on income), as opposed to a graduated, or progressive, scheme. ... GDP redirects here. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 â€“ 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent toâ€”but more inclusive thanâ€”the European Economic Community. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ...

The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy. President Václav Klaus is the current head of state. The Prime Minister is the head of government (currently Mirek Topolánek). The Parliament has two chambers — the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. It is also a member of the OECD, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group. States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orangeâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... For other uses, see President (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic, including the period when the republics territory was part of federative Czechoslovakia. ... The head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... Mirek TopolÃ¡nek (pronounced ) (born May 15, 1956 in VsetÃn, Czechoslovakia, now Czech Republic) is the current prime minister of Czech Republic, from Civic Democratic Party. ... The Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (in Czech PoslaneckÃ¡ snÄ›movna Parlamentu ÄŒeskÃ© republiky, abbr. ... The Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech: , usually referred to as SenÃ¡t) is the upper chamber of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (in French: Organisation de coopÃ©ration et de dÃ©veloppement Ã©conomiques; OCDE) is an international organisation of thirty countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 5 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - President of the Parliamentary Assembly Rene van der Linden... Political map of VisegrÃ¡d Group The VisegrÃ¡d Group (Czech: ; Hungarian: ; Polish: ; Slovak: ), also called the VisegrÃ¡d Four (Slovak: ) or V4, is an alliance of four Central European states: Czech Republic Hungary Poland Slovakia The VisegrÃ¡d Group originated in a summit meeting of the heads of state...

Name

See also: Names of the Czech Republic and Czech lands

After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech portion found itself without a common single-word name in English. In 1993, The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs suggested the name Czechia as an official alternative in all situations other than formal official documents and the full names of government institutions; however, this has not become widely used--though other languages have single-word names, e.g. Tschechien in German, and Czechy in Polish. The official website of the Czech Republic (www.czech.cz) run by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs does not use the name Czechia as of 2005. Its Czech equivalent is Česko. More than a decade after the split of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and the Czech Republic, the latter continues to be known by several competing names in English and Czech. ... Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia - 1892, then part of Austria-Hungary Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia within Czechoslovakia in 1928 The Czech lands (Czech: ÄŒeskÃ© zemÄ›) is an auxiliary term used mainly to describe the combination of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

History

Prague Castle

Karlštejn

Tábor

Main articles: History of Czechoslovakia and History of the Czech lands

Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlement in the area dating back to the Neolithic era. In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, the Boii (see Bohemia) and later in the 1st century Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. During the Migration Period around the 5th century, many Germanic tribes moved westwards and southwards out of Central Europe. In an equally significant migration, Slavic people from the Black Sea and Carpathian regions settled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). Following in the Germans' wake, they moved southwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present day Austria. During the 7th century the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe. The Moravian principality arose in the 8th century (see Great Moravia). The Bohemian or Czech state emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. The kingdom of Bohemia was a significant regional power during the Middle Ages. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire during the entire existence of this confederation. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1044, 626 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Prague ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1044, 626 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Prague ... Entrance to the Prague Castle at night The Prague Castle (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ½ hrad) is the castle in Prague where the Czech kings, Holy Roman Emperors and presidents of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic have had their offices. ... KarlÅ¡tejn KarlÅ¡tejn (German: Karlstein) is a large Gothic castle founded in the 14th century by Charles IV. The castle served as a place for safekeeping the Empire coronation jewels, holy relics and other royal treasures. ... SW corner of the Å½iÅ¾ka square as viewed from the church tower. ... With the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of Czechoslovakia (Slovak: ÄŒesko-Slovensko, Czech: ÄŒeskoslovensko) was formed, encouraged by, among others, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. ... The history of the Czech lands includes the following periods: Prehistory (700 000 BC â€“ 400 BC) Celts (400 BC â€“ 8 BC) â€“ Boii Germanic tribes (8 BC â€“ 511 AD) â€“ Marcomanni & Quadi Slavs: Bohemians & Moravians â€“ since the 6th century (535?) Samoâ€™s realm (623 â€“ 658) Moravian principality (late 8th century â€“ 833) in... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples: core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC maximal Celtic expansion, by the 3rd century BC the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today Celts (pronounced or , see pronunciation... Boii (Latin plural, singular Boius; Greek Î’Î¿Î¹Î¿Î¹) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul (modern France) and Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), as well as in Pannonia (today Western Hungary), Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia and also Transylvania (from 1st century to 18... For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation). ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ... Countries with dominating Slavic ethnicities West Slavic East Slavic South Slavic Slav redirects here. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Bulgar soldiers, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This biography does not cite any references or sources. ... Great Moravia was an empire existing in Central Europe between 833 and the early 10th century. ... The history of the Czech lands includes the following periods: Prehistory (700 000 BC – 400 BC) Celts (400 BC – 8 BC) – Boii Germanic tribes (8 BC – 511 AD) – Marcomanni & Quadi Slavs: Czechs & Moravians – since the 6th century (535?) Samo’s realm (623 – 658) Moravian principality (late 8th century – 833) in... PÅ™emyslid coat of arms. ... For related meanings see also Monarch (disambiguation) A monarchy, (from the Greek monos archein, meaning one ruler) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation). ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ...

Religious conflicts such as the 15th century Hussite Wars and the 17th century Thirty Years' War had a devastating effect on the local population. From the 16th century, Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then hereditary rulers of Bohemia. After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia became part of Austrian Empire and later of Austria-Hungary. Crusades First â€“ Peoples â€“ German â€“ 1101 â€“ Second â€“ Third â€“ Fourth â€“ Albigensian â€“ Childrens â€“ Fifth â€“ Sixth â€“ Seventh â€“ Shepherds â€“ Eighth â€“ Ninth â€“ Aragonese â€“ Alexandrian â€“ Nicopolis â€“ Northern â€“ Hussite â€“ Varna â€“ Otranto Hussite Wars Nekmer - SudomÄ•Å™ â€“ VÃtkov â€“ VyÅ¡ehrad â€“ Nebovidy - NÄ›meckÃ½ Brod â€“ HoÅ™ice â€“ ÃšstÃ nad Labem â€“ Tachov â€“ Lipany â€“ Grotniki The Hussite Wars, also called... Combatants Sweden Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€ Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German, Hungarian, Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Italian, Polish, Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

Štramberk

Download high resolution version (1024x768, 339 KB)A view at the town from the opposite hill near the cave of Šipka. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 339 KB)A view at the town from the opposite hill near the cave of Šipka. ... Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Moravian-Silesian District NovÃ½ JiÄÃn First documented 1211 Town status granted 1359-12-04 Area - town 9. ...

From Independence to World War 2

Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia was created in 1918. This new country incorporated regions of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia (known as Subcarpathian Rus at the time) with significant German, Hungarian, Polish and Ruthenian speaking minorities.^[3] Although Czechoslovakia was a unitary state, it provided what was at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities. However, it did not grant its minorities any territorial political autonomy, which resulted in discontent and strong support among some of the minorities to break away from Czechoslovakia. Adolf Hitler used the opportunity and, supported by Konrad Henlein's Sudeten German National Socialist Party, gained the largely German speaking Sudetenland through the 1938 Munich Agreement. Poland occupied Polish inhabited areas around Český Těšín. Hungary gained parts of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus as a result of the First Vienna Award in November 1938. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Moravia (disambiguation). ... Silesia (English pronunciation [], Czech: ; German: ; Latin: ; Polish: ; Silesian: ÅšlÅ¯nsk) is a historical region in central Europe, located along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudetes, Carpathian (Silesian Beskids) mountain range. ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpatsâ€™ka Rusâ€™; Slovak and Czech: PodkarpatskÃ¡ Rus; Hungarian: KÃ¡rpÃ¡talja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpatsâ€™ka oblastâ€™) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in PreÅ¡ov kraj... A stereotypical German The Germans (German: die Deutschen), or the German people, are a nation in the meaning an ethnos (in German: Volk), defined more by a sense of sharing a common German culture and having a German mother tongue, than by citizenship or by being subjects to any particular... Ruthenian may refer to: Ruthenia, a name applied to various parts of Eastern Europe Ruthenians, the peoples of Ruthenia Ruthenian language, a name applied to several Slavic languages This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Konrad Henlein as SS-GruppenfÃ¼hrer Konrad Henlein (May 6, 1898 - May 10, 1945) was the most important pro-Nazi politician in Czechoslovakia and leader of Sudeten German separatists. ... The Sudetendeutsche nationalsozialistische Partei or Sudeten German National Socialist Party was created when the new state of Czechoslovakia outlawed the DNSAP, the German National Socialist Workers Party. At the end of WWI, the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up into its constituent nation states, and the new Czech-dominated government considered... the german inhabitants of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. ... Sudetenland (Czech and Polish: Sudety) was the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the Western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. ... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy. ... Location of ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn Coordinates: , Country Region District KarvinÃ¡ First mentioned 1155 Government - Mayor VÃt SlovÃ¡Äek (KDU-ÄŒSL) Area - Total 33. ... The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration (November 2, 1938), which took place at Viennas Belvedere Palace on the eve of World War II. By the award, arbiters from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought a non-violent way to enforce the revanchist territorial...

Český Krumlov

Kutná Hora

Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus gained greater autonomy, with the state renamed to "Czecho-Slovakia" (The Second Republic; see Occupation of Czechoslovakia). Slovakia seceded in March 1939 and allied itself with Hitler's coalition. The remaining Czech territory was occupied by Germany, transformed it into the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The Protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and President and Prime Minister were subordinate to the Nazi Reichsprotektor ("imperial protector"). Subcarpathian Rus declared independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939 but was invaded by Hungary the same day and formally annexed on 16 March. Approximately 390,000 Czechoslovak citizens, including 83,000 Jews, were killed or executed, and hundreds of thousands of others were sent to prisons and concentration camps or as forced labour. A Nazi concentration camp existed at Terezin to the north of Prague. There was Czech resistance to Nazi occupation both home and abroad, most notably with the assassination of leading Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich in Prague suburbs on May 27, 1942. The Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fighting against the Germans were acknowledged by Allies (Czechoslovak troops fought in Great Britain, North Africa, Middle East and Soviet Union). The occupation ended on 9 May 1945 with the arrival of Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,600 Ã— 1,200 pixels, file size: 1,015 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,600 Ã— 1,200 pixels, file size: 1,015 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... , Country Region District Commune River Elevation 492 m (1,614 ft) Coordinates , Area 22. ... KutnÃ¡ Hora (helpÂ· info) medieval Czech: Hory KutnÃ©) is a city in the Czech Republic, in Central Bohemian Region of Bohemia. ... == On the same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain at Berchtesgaden and demanded the swift return of the Sudetenland to the Third Reich under threat of war. ... Capital Prague Language(s) Czech, German Political structure Protectorate Reichsprotektor - 1939-1941 Konstantin von Neurath - 1941-1942 Reinhard Heydrich (acting) - 1942-1943 Kurt Daluege (acting) - 1943-1945 Wilhelm Frick StaatsprÃ¤sident - 1939-1945 Emil HÃ¡cha Historical era World War II - Occupation March 15, 1939 - Fall of Prague May 13... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Protector is historical title with multiple meanings; this article also includes a few litteral equivalents thus rendered // Political & Administrative Heads of State in Europe in Iceland: one Sovereign was styled Beskytter af hele e Island (Protector of Land of Iceland) 25 Jun - 22 Aug 1809 (an intermezzo between Danish Governors... Motto Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Anthem Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not perished Map of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939. ... is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... ... Czech resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II is a scarcely documented subject, by and large a result of little formal resistance and an effective German policy that deterred acts of resistance or annihilated organizations of resistance. ... Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 â€“ 4 June 1942) was an SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (including the Gestapo, SD and Kripo Nazi police agencies) and Reichsprotektor (Reich Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Munich Agreement and the first Vienna Award After the Austrian Anschluss, Czechoslovakia was to become Hitlers next target. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Soviet redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In 1945-46 almost the entire German minority of Czechoslovakia, about 2.7 million people, were expelled to Germany and Austria. During this time, thousands of Germans were held in prisons, detention camps, and used as forced labour. In the summer of 1945, there were several massacres. Only 250,000 Germans who had been active in the resistance against the Nazis or were necessary for the economy were not expelled, though many of them emigrated later. Following a Soviet-organised referendum, the Subcarpathian Rus has never returned under Czechoslovak rule and became part of the Ukrainian SSR, as the Zakarpattia Oblast in 1946. Germans expelled from the Sudetenland The expulsion of Germans after World War II refers to the forced migration and ethnic cleansing of German nationals (Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) from Germany and parts of territory formerly claimed by Germany in the first three years after World War II. The policy... State motto: Ukrainian: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ– Ð²ÑÑ–Ñ… ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ—Ð½, Ñ”Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑ! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Kiev Official language Ukrainian and Russian Established In the USSR: - Since - Until December 25, 1917 December 30, 1922 August 24, 1991 Area - Total - Water (%) Ranked 3rd in the USSR 603,700 kmÂ² negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 2nd in the... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Communist era

Czechoslovakia uneasily tried to play the role of a "bridge" between the West and East. However, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly increased in popularity, particularly because of a general disappointment with the West (due to the pre-war Munich Agreement) and a favourable popular attitude towards the Soviet Union (due to the Soviets' role in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule). In the 1946 elections, with 38% of the votes, the Communists became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament. They formed a coalition government with other parties of the National Front, and moved quickly to consolidate power. The decisive step took place in February 1948. During a series of events characterized by Communists as a "revolution" and by anti-Communists as a "takeover", the Communist People's Militias secured control of key locations in Prague, and a new, all-Communist government was formed. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, in Czech and in Slovak: KomunistickÃ¡ strana ÄŒeskoslovenska (KSÄŒ) was a political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992. ... For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy. ... The National Front (in Czech: Národní fronta, in Slovak: Národný front) was a (permanent) coalition (or rather group) of parties – since 1948 also of various associations and mass organisations – from 1945 to 1990 in Czechoslovakia. ... Peoples Militias (in Czech LidovÃ© milice, in Slovak Ä½udovÃ© milÃcie) was a paramilitary organisation of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia during 1948 - 1989. ...

For the next forty-one years, Czechoslovakia was a Communist state within the eastern bloc (see Czechoslovakia: 1948-1989). This period was marked by a variety of social developments. The Communist government completely nationalized the means of production and established a command economy. The economy grew rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, but slowed down in the 1970s with increasing problems during the 1980s. The political climate was highly repressive during the 1950s (including numerous show trials), but became more open and tolerant in the 1960s, culminating in Alexander Dubček's leadership in the 1968 Prague Spring that tried to create "socialism with a human face" and perhaps even introduce political pluralism. This was forcibly ended by 21 August 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion. From then until 1989, the political establishment returned to censorship of opposition, though using more "carrot" than "whip" policy to ensure the populace's passivity. This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ... Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act by which a nation takes possession of assets without requiring the owners consent, with or without payment of compensation. ... Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: Produktionsmittel), are the combination of the means of labor and the subject of labor used by workers to make products. ... A planned economy is an economic system in which economic decisions are made by centralized planners, who determine what sorts of goods and services to produce, and how they are to be priced and allocated. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... Alexander DubÄek (November 27, 1921 â€“ November 7, 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969), famous for his attempt to reform the Communist regime (Prague Spring). ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... Socialism refers to a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Pluralism (political philosophy) This article is about pluralism in politics. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... -1...

Modern era

In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to democracy through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution". However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened until on January 1, 1993, the country peacefully split into the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatisations, with the intention of creating a market economy. Non-violent protesters face armed policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: , Slovak: ) (November 16 â€“ December 29, 1989) refers to a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Communist government there;[1] it is seen as one of the most important of the Revolutions of 1989. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... The dissolution of Czechoslovakia refers to the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which took effect on January 1, 1993. ... Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or — especially in India — disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership. ... A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets (though completley useless to some dumbasses) guided by a free price system. ...

From 1991 the Czech Republic (originally as part of Czechoslovakia, and now in its own right) has been a member of the Visegrad Group and from 1995 of the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on March 12, 1999 and the European Union on May 1, 2004. Political map in 2004 The Visegrád group (also called the Visegrád 4 or V4) is an alliance of four Central European states: Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Historically, the Visegrád group originated in 1335, when the Czech, the Polish and the Hungarian king held a meeting in... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Geography

General map of the Czech Republic

Labe near Děčín

Map of the Czech Republic showing cities and main towns

Moravian-Silesian Beskids

Main article: Geography of the Czech Republic

See also: Protected Areas of the Czech Republic

The Czech landscape is quite varied. Bohemia to the west consists of a basin, drained by the Elbe (Czech: Labe) and the Vltava rivers, and surrounded by mostly low mountains such as the Krkonoše range of the Sudetes. The highest point in the country, Sněžka, at 1,602 m (5,262 ft), is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also quite hilly. It is drained mainly by the Morava River, but it also contains the source of the Oder (Czech: Odra) River. Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea. The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, a 30,000-square-metre (7.4-acre) lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles to allow the landlocked country a place where

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